| Benedict IX | |
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| Papacy began | October, 1032 (first term) |
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| Papacy ended | July, 1048 (third term) |
| Predecessor | John XIX Sylvester III Clement II |
| Successor | Sylvester III Gregory VI Damasus II |
| Birth name | Theophylactus of Tusculum |
| Born | c. 1012 Rome, Italy |
| Died | September 5, 1065, or 1085 Grottaferrata, Italy |
| Other popes named Benedict | |
Pope Benedict IX (c. 1012 – 1065 or 1085), born Theophylactus of Tusculum, was Pope on three occasions between 1032 and 1048. One of the youngest popes, he was the only man ever to have sold the papacy.
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Biography
Benedict was born in Rome as Theophylactus, the son of Alberic III, Count of Tusculum, and the nephew of Pope Benedict VIII (1012–1024) and Pope John XIX (1024–1032). His father obtained the Papal chair for him, granting it to his son in October 1032.
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia[1] and other sources, Benedict IX was around 18 to 20 years old when made pontiff, although some sources claim 11 or 12.[2] He reportedly led an extremely dissolute life, and also allegedly had few qualifications for the papacy other than connections with a socially powerful family, although in terms of theology and the ordinary activities of the Church he was entirely orthodox. St. Peter Damian described him as "feasting on immorality" and "a demon from hell in the disguise of a priest" in the Liber Gomorrhianus. The Catholic Encyclopedia calls him "a disgrace to the Chair of Peter."[1]
He was also accused by Bishop Benno of Piacenza of "many vile adulteries and murders".[3] Pope Victor III in his third book of Dialogues, referred to "his rapes, murders and other unspeakable acts. His life as a pope so vile, so foul, so execrable, that I shudder to think of it."[4]
He was briefly forced out of Rome in 1036 but returned with the help of Emperor Conrad II.
In September 1044 the opposition forced him out of the city again and elected John, Bishop of Sabina, as Pope Sylvester III. Benedict IX's forces returned in April 1045 and expelled his rival, who however kept his claim to the papacy for years.
In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned his office to pursue marriage, selling his office to his godfather, the pious priest John Gratian, who named himself Gregory VI.
Benedict IX soon regretted his resignation and returned to Rome, taking the city and remaining on the throne until July 1046, although Gregory VI continued to be recognized as the true pope. At the time, Sylvester III also restated his claim.
German King Henry III (1039-1056) intervened, and at the Council of Sutri in December 1046 Benedict IX and Sylvester III were declared deposed while Gregory VI was encouraged to resign, which he did. The German Bishop Suidger was crowned Pope Clement II.
Benedict IX had not attended the council or accepted his deposition. When Clement II died in October 1047, Benedict seized the Lateran Palace in November 1047, but was driven away in July 1048.
In July 1048, German troops drove him out of the city. Bishop Poppo of Brixen was elected as Pope Damasus II and universally recognized as such. Benedict IX refused to appear on charges of simony in 1049 and was excommunicated.
Benedict IX's eventual fate is obscure but he seems to have given up his claims. Pope Leo IX (1049–1054) may have lifted the ban on him. Benedict IX was buried in the Abbey of Grottaferrata, where he died either in 1065 or in 1085, possibly after.
Benedict is usually recognized as having had three terms as pope:
- the first lasting from his election to his expulsion in favour of Sylvester III (October, 1032 - September, 1044)
- the second from his return to his selling the papacy to Gregory VI (April - May, 1045)
- the third from his return after the death of Clement II to the advent of Damasus II. (November, 1047 - July, 1048)
References
- ^ a b
"Pope Benedict IX". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_IX. - ^ Russel, Bertrand (1945). History of Western Philosophy, p.412. Simon and Schuster, New York.
- ^ “Post multa turpia adulteria et homicidia manibus suis perpetrata, postremo, etc.” Dümmler, Ernst Ludwig (1891), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite, I (Bonizonis episcopi Sutriensis: Liber ad amicum ed.), Hannover: Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters, pp. 584, http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/(volumiID)/A9E60829767DA2D2C1256D6B0074177B/$FILE/AlimBonizoAdamicum.doc?openelement, retrieved on 2008-01-03.
- ^ "Cuius vita quam turpis, quam freda, quamque execranda extiterit, horresco referre." Victor III, Pope (1934), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Libelli de lite (Dialogi de miraculis Sancti Benedicti Liber Tertius auctore Desiderio abbate Casinensis ed.), Hannover: Deutsches Institut für Erforschung des Mittelalters, pp. 141, http://www.uan.it/alim/letteratura.nsf/(volumiID)/D8115E7BB6446DC9C1256D660075CE62/$FILE/AlimDesiderioDialogi.doc?openelement, retrieved on 2008-01-03
See also
External links
| Roman Catholic Church titles | ||
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| Preceded by John XIX |
Pope 1032–1044 |
Succeeded by Sylvester III |
| Preceded by Sylvester III |
Pope 1045 |
Succeeded by Gregory VI |
| Preceded by Clement II |
Pope 1047–1048 |
Succeeded by Damasus II |
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