Pope Nicholas V: Biography from Answers.com

Nicholas V (1397 - 1455) was first of the Renaissance popes. Befitting the times, Nicholas V was a complex man whose character mixed humanism with religious fervor.

Born Tommaso Parentucelli in 1397 at Sarzana, Papal States, near Lucca, he was the son of a poor physician. Nevertheless, he was educated at the University of Bologna and was a tutor in the Strozzi household in Florence. As an impoverished priest, Parentucelli rang bells in the churches of Florence. During these years, he developed a love of antiquity and the arts that fully complemented his love of learning. While at the university he came under the patronage of Niccolò Albergata, the bishop (and later cardinal) of Bologna. After Bishop Albergata died in 1443, Parentucelli entered the service of Cardinal Candriani. Parentucelli learned much about papal diplomacy during these years.

Garnered Early Successes

In 1444 Pope Eugenius IV elevated him to Bishop of Bologna. In 1446 he and Aeneas Sylvius (later Pope Pius II) held successful negotiations on the Vatican's behalf in Germany with Frederick III. The German princes withdrew their opposition to Eugenius, which left the antipope, Felix V, out on a limb. For his work, Eugenius made Bishop Parentucelli a cardinal in December 1446. In less than three months, Eugenius died; and on March 6, 1447, Cardinal Parentucelli was elected pope. He was a compromise choice; but one of the candidates and faction leaders, Cardinal Prospero Colonna, quickly embraced his election. The Cardinal announced the decision and crowned him on March 19. As pope he took the name Nicholas V in honor of his first patron.

Outmaneuvered the Antipope

The dynamic Nicholas had early political successes, including removing mercenaries from the Papal States, renewing the allegiance of other Italian cities to the Papal States, and restoring order to Rome. The Concordat of Vienna of 1448 further sealed the Vatican's hold over Germany. By its agreement Frederick III recognized both the spiritual supremacy of the Vatican over his subjects and all Vatican appointees and annates (annual taxes). This repudiated the decrees of the Council of Basle.

Hostile to the papacy because of corruption and the nepotism of Pope Martin V, the Council of Basle had convened on March 7, 1431. By the end of the year, the Council was clashing with Pope Eugenius IV, who had ordered it dissolved. In 1435 the Council passed a decree abolishing annates. On January 24, 1438, the Council deposed Eugenius IV and voided his acts. They replaced him with the former duke of Savoy, Amadeus VIII, who in 1431 had taken up a life of religious contemplation. Amadeus took the name Felix V. However he enjoyed very little support among Europe's powers, and by the irregularity of his election became an antipope.

The Council of Basle was permanently weakened by the Concordat of Vienna, and Nicholas was able to focus on Felix V. In April 1449, he persuaded Felix to resign his dubious office with the generous terms of the rank of cardinal-bishop and a pension. In addition, he was to be viewed as second only to Nicholas in the Church. Within weeks of Felix's resignation, the Council of Basle dissolved itself.

Nicholas proclaimed 1450 to be a jubilee year, which further enhanced Rome's prestige as pilgrims came to the city. He also organized several missions aimed at reform and reconciliation within the church in Germany, France, and Austria. In 1450 Pope Nicholas canonized the charismatic St. Bernardino of Siena, whose preaching style had attracted numerous followers throughout the Italian peninsula. On March 19, 1452, Nicholas crowned Frederick III Holy Roman Emperor, the last time the emperor was crowned in Rome. The papacy had reached its most prestigious level in decades.

Dealt with Setbacks

Although largely successful, Nicholas also faced numerous crises that went badly. The jubilee, for instance, was twice marred by tragedy. The summer of 1450 was a plague season that took the lives of many pilgrims in Rome and throughout the Italian peninsula. When the plague subsided, the pilgrims resumed their journeys. But on December 19, 1450, during the jubilee's final week, a stampede of pilgrims on the Ponte Sant' Angelo (begun by a bucking mule) caused the deaths of more than 200 people; some were trampled and others fell in the Tiber River and drowned. Nevertheless, the jubilee was a success; and the money the Vatican acquired through tributes funded Nicholas's restoration programs.

Setbacks of a political nature could not be overlooked. A plot to assassinate Nicholas was uncovered in January 1453. Later that year, after Constantinople fell to the Turks, Nicholas sought ways to aid the Greeks. On September 29, 1453 he issued a decree calling for a crusade, but his call went unheeded. Elsewhere, the Vatican played no part in the 1454 Peace of Lodi between Milan and Venice, which took place in spite of Nicholas's failed efforts at a peace conference of Italian city-states. Subsequently, Nicholas and the king of Naples and Sicily agreed to the terms of the Peace of Lodi, and the Italian League was formed. It was Nicholas's final important diplomatic act. He died on March 24, 1455 and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.

Initiated Rebuilding Program

By far Nicholas's most enduring successes, that for which he has rightly earned the title of the first Renaissance pope, were the numerous architectural and art projects he sponsored in Rome. Although it was Eugenius IV who brought Fra Angelico to Rome, Nicholas is most associated with the early Renaissance artist and his frescoes of the lives of Sts. Stephen and Lawrence that adorn the chapel of San Lorenzo. The chapel itself was completed during Nicholas's tenure as part of his restoration program. Nicholas's rebuilding program also attracted some of the finest architects of the time, including Leo Battista Alberti. Nicholas sponsored the renovation of churches and ancient walls, the Castle of San Angelo, and a good deal of the Capitol, as well as roads and bridges. He began rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica; the construction of the Vatican Palace was also begun in his time.

Beginning in his student days, Nicholas had accumulated manuscripts and achieved a reputation as a collector even before his elevation to pope. His personal library consisted of 807 manuscripts in Latin and 353 in Greek. After his death, this collection became the foundation for the Vatican Library.

Books

Duffy, Eamon, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes, Yale University Press, 1997.

John, Eric, editor, The Popes: A Concise Biographical History, Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1964.

McBrien, Richard P, Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II, HarperCollins, 1997.

Online

"Pope Nicholas V," Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11058a.htm (February 28, 2006).

Nicholas V

Papacy began	March 6, 1447
Papacy ended	March 24, 1455
Predecessor	Eugene IV
Successor	Callistus III
Personal details
Birth name	Tomaso Parentucelli
Born	15 November 1397(1397-11-15) Sarzana, Republic of Genoa
Died	24 March 1455 (aged 57) Rome, Papal States
Other Popes named Nicholas

See also, Antipope Nicholas V.

Pope Nicholas V (Italian: Niccolò V; November 15, 1397 – March 24, 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was Pope from March 6, 1447 to his death in 1455.

1 Biography
2 Pope Nicholas V and slavery
3 References
4 Notes
5 See also
6 External links

Biography

He was born at Sarzana, Liguria, where his father was a physician. His father died while he was young, but in Florence, Parentucelli became a tutor in the families of the Strozzi and Albizzi, where he made the acquaintance of the leading humanist scholars.

He studied at Bologna, gaining a degree in theology in 1422, whereupon the bishop, Niccolò Albergati, was so much struck with his capacities that he took him into his service and gave him the chance to pursue his studies further, by sending him on a tour through Germany, France and England. He was able to collect books, for which he had an intellectual's passion, wherever he went. Some of them survive, with his marginal annotations.

He distinguished himself at the Council of Florence, and in 1444, when his patron died, he was appointed bishop of Bologna in his place. Civic disorders at Bologna were prolonged, so Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447) soon named him as one of the legates sent to Frankfurt to negotiate an understanding between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire, with regard to undercutting or at least containing the reforming decrees of the Council of Basel (1431–1439).

His successful diplomacy gained him the reward, on his return to Rome, of the title of Cardinal priest of Santa Susanna (December 1446). He was elected Pope in succession to Eugene IV on 6 March of the following year, taking the name of Nicholas V in honour of his early benefactor.

The eight scant years of his pontificate (1447–1455) were important in the political, scientific, and literary history of the world. Politically, he made the Concordat of Vienna, or Aschaffenburg (February 17, 1448) with the German King, Frederick III (1440–1493), by which the decrees of the Council of Basel against papal annates and reservations were abrogated so far as Germany was concerned; and in the following year he secured a still greater tactical triumph, when the resignation of the Antipope Felix V (1439–1449) (7 April) and his own recognition by the rump of the Council of Basel (1431–39), assembled at Lausanne, put an end to the Western Schism (1378–1417).

The next year, 1450, Nicholas V held a Jubilee at Rome; and the offerings of the numerous pilgrims who thronged to Rome gave him the means of furthering the cause of culture in Italy, which he had so much at heart. In March 1452 he crowned Frederick III as Emperor in St. Peter's, the last occasion of the coronation of an Emperor at Rome.

Papal styles of Pope Nicholas V


Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	None

Within the city of Rome, Nicholas V introduced the fresh spirit of the Renaissance. His plans were of embellishing the city with new monuments worthy of the capital of the Christian world.

His first care was practical, to reinforce the city's fortifications, cleaning and even paving some main streets and restoring the water supply. The end of ancient Rome is sometimes dated from the destruction of its magnificent array of aqueducts by 6th century invaders. In the Middle Ages Romans depended for water on wells and cisterns, and the poor dipped their water from the yellow Tiber. The Aqua Virgo aqueduct, originally constructed by Agrippa, was restored by Pope Nicholas V, and emptied into a simple basin that Leon Battista Alberti designed, the predecessor of the Trevi Fountain.

But the works on which Nicholas V especially set his heart were the rebuilding of the Vatican and the Borgo district, and St Peter's Basilica, where the reborn glories of the papacy were to be focused.

He got as far as pulling down part of the ancient basilica, made some alterations to the Lateran Palace (of which some frescos by Fra Angelico bear witness), and laid up 2,522 cartloads of marble from the dilapidated Colosseum for use in the later constructions.

Much later portrait of Filippo Calandrini, the half-brother of Nicholas V, and his cardinal-nephew

Under the generous patronage of Nicholas V, humanism made rapid strides as well. The new humanist learning had been hitherto looked on with suspicion in Rome, a possible source of schism and heresy, an unhealthy interest in paganism. To the contrary, Nicholas V instead employed Lorenzo Valla as a notary and kept hundreds^{[dubious – discuss]} of copyists and scholars, with the special aim of wholesale translations of Greek works, pagan as well as Christian, into Latin, giving as much as ten thousand gulden for a metrical translation of Homer. This industry, coming just before the dawn of printing, contributed enormously to the sudden expansion of the intellectual horizon.

Nicholas V founded a library of nine thousand volumes. The Pope himself was a man of vast erudition, and his friend Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, later Pope Pius II (1458–1464), said of him that "what he does not know is outside the range of human knowledge."

In 1452, Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting the King of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery. Dum Diversas legitimised the colonial slave trade that begun around this time with the expeditions by Henry the Navigator to find a sea route to India, which were financed with African slaves. This approval of slavery was reaffirmed and extended in his Romanus Pontifex of 1455.

He was compelled, however, to add that the lustre of his pontificate would be forever dulled by the fall of Constantinople, which the Turks took in 1453. The Pope bitterly felt this catastrophe as a double blow to Christendom and to Greek letters. "It is a second death," wrote Aeneas Silvius, "to Homer and Plato."

Nicholas V preached a crusade, and endeavoured to reconcile the mutual animosities of the Italian states, but without much success. He did not live long enough to see the effect of the Greek scholars armed with unimagined manuscripts, who began to find their way to Italy.

In undertaking these works Nicholas V was moved "to strengthen the weak faith of the populace by the greatness of that which it sees." The Roman populace, however, appreciated neither his motives nor their results, and in 1452 a formidable conspiracy for the overthrow of the papal government, under the leadership of Stefano Porcaro, was discovered and crushed. This revelation of disaffection, together with the fall of Constantinople in 1453, darkened the last years of Pope Nicholas V. "As Thomas of Sarzana," he said, "I had more happiness in a day than now in a whole year."

Pope Nicholas V and slavery

Nicholas issued the bull "Dum Diversas" (June 18 1452) in response to a request from the Portuguese monarchy. King Alfonso V was conferred the right to "attack, conquer, and subjugate Saracens, Pagans and other enemies of Christ wherever they may be found." It gave title over all lands and possessions seized and permitted the Portuguese to take the inhabitants and consign them to perpetual slavery. The geographical area of the concession given in the bull is not explicit but Richard Raiswell argues that the use of the terms "pagans" and "other enemies of Christ" indicates the scope of the bull was applicable to the newly discovered lands along the west coast of Africa and that the ambiguity of the text was such that it encouraged the Portuguese to extend their explorations further afield. He further argues that the use of crusading language in the bull served to make the Christian-Muslim relationship the model for Africa.^[1]

The ownership of the Canary Islands continued to be a source of dispute between Spain and Portugal and Nicholas was asked to settle the matter, ultimately in favor of the Portuguese.^[2] The bull issued by Nicholas "Romanus Pontifex" (8 January 1455) reaffirmed "Dum Diveras" and also sanctioned the purchase of black slaves from "the infidel".^[3] According to Raiswell (1997) he expressed enthusiasm when recalling the number of slaves that had been captured, brought back to Portugal, baptised and expressed his hope that the entire populations of these new found lands would be converted. Stogre (1992) notes that this bull, perhaps in part due to misleading information provided by the Portuguese, introduced the concept of military force, rather than peaceful evangelisation, for missionary purposes and that it applied to lands that had never previously been subject to Christian ownership, subsequently leading to the "brutal dispossession and enslavement of the indigenous population".^[4] The bull also conferred exclusive trading rights to the Portuguese between Morocco and the Indies with the rights to conquer and convert the inhabitants.^[5] A significant concession given by Nicholas in a brief issued to King Alfonso in 1454 extended the rights granted to existing territories to all those that might be taken in the future.^[6]

It is argued that collectively the two bulls issued by Nicholas gave the Portuguese the rights to acquire slaves along the African coast by force or trade. The concessions given in them were confirmed by bulls issued by Pope Calixtus III "Inter Caetera quae" (1456), Sixtus IV "Aeterni regis" (1481) and Leo X (1514) and they became the models for subsequent bulls issued by Pope Alexander VI : "Eximiae devotionis" (May 3 1493), "Inter Caetera" (May 4 1493) and "Dudum Siquidem (September 23 1493) when he conferred similar rights to Spain in relation to the new found lands in the Americas.^[7]

References

"The Historical Encyclopedia of World slavery", Editor Junius P. Rodriguez, ABC-CLIO, 1997, ISBN 0874368855
"That the world may believe: the development of Papal social thought on aboriginal rights", Michael Stogre S.J, Médiaspaul, 1992, ISBN 2890395499
- "A violent evangelism", Luis N. Rivera, Luis Rivera Pagán[1], Westminster John Knox Press, 1992, ISBN 0664253679

Notes

^ "The Historical encyclopedia of world slavery", Richard Raiswell, p. 469
^ Stogre, p. 65
^ "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", P. 281
^ Stogre, p. 66
^ The Historical Encyclopedia of world slavery", Richard Raiswell, p. 469
^ "Slavery and the Catholic Church", John Francis Maxwell, p. 55, Barry Rose Publishers, 1975
^ "The Historical Encyclopedia of world slavery", Richard Raiswell, p. 469, "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", P. 281, Luis N. Rivera, 1992, p. 25

External links

Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911
Catholic Encyclopedia 1908: Nicholas V.
Full text of his Papal Bull Pontifex Romanus in English translation :

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Pope Nicholas V

Contents

Biography

Pope Nicholas V and slavery

References

Notes

See also

External links