Pope Paul II: Biography from Answers.com

The papacy of Paul II (1417 - 1471) was marked by few accomplishments and an autocratic rule over the College of Cardinals. Because of this and his devotion to games and festivities, scholars rank him as one of the worst of the Renaissance popes.

The future Pope Paul II was born Pietro Barbo in Venice in 1417, the nephew of Pope Eugenius IV. His father was the nobleman Niccolo Barbo and his mother, Eugenius's sister, was Polixena Condulmer. Like many Venetians of his class, Barbo anticipated a career in business; but when his uncle became pope the course of his life changed. Barbo's rise through the ecclesiastical ranks was precipitous. He was first archdeacon of Bologna, then bishop of Cervia, and later bishop of Vicenza. In 1440 Pope Eugenius elevated him to cardinal-deacon. He was twenty-three years old at the time. Nicholas V, his uncle's successor, named him cardinal-priest of San Marco. He also enjoyed the favor of Pope Calixtus III, Nicholas's successor. Following the death of Pius II in 1464 he was elected pope (August 30, 1464) on the first ballot. He took the name Paul II, though he had considered the name Formosus II, after the ninth-century pope whose body was exhumed and placed on trial in what has come to be known as the Cadaver Synod.

Reneged on His Pledge

Paul immediately made himself unpopular with the cardinals. Prior to his election the cardinals had drawn up an eighteen-point pact; the primary clauses redefined the powers of the pope and called for an ecumenical council within three years. Among the pact's other important points were the reform of the Curia (the Vatican ministries and departments), fixing the number of cardinals at twenty-four, and the resumption of war against the Turks. Cardinal Barbo signed the pact with his colleagues; but upon his election he refuted it, especially the points dealing with papal power. He declared the pact to be guidelines rather than a mandate. Paul II drew up an alternate agreement that amended the original pact and forced the cardinals to sign it with threats of excommunication. All but one signed the new document.

Paul delighted in the outward trappings of his position. He elevated the papal court to one of splendor that would rival, if not outdo, any of the European kings. Considered vain and an intellectual lightweight, he promoted carnivals and games. In 1470 he decreed that beginning in 1475 there would be a holy year every twenty-five years, ostensibly to promote the festivities he enjoyed.

Initiated Unpopular Reforms

In 1466 Paul moved the papal residence from the Vatican to the newly completed Palazzo di San Marco (now the Palazzo di Venezia). He had begun building the palace when he was a cardinal. That same year Paul abolished the college of abbreviators, or apostolic writers, who were in charge of the Vatican's formal documents. This unpopular move led to a protest by the historian Bartolomeo Platina, and Paul had him imprisoned and tortured. In 1468 Paul took action against the Roman Academy because he suspected it to be a bastion of pagan rituals and ideas. He also forbade the teaching of pagan poets to Roman children. Nevertheless Paul was a collector of ancient art and during his reign protected universities and supported the newly invented technique of printing.

In 1466 he also summoned the king of Bohemia, George Podiebrad, to Rome, charged him with heresy, excommunicated him, and nominally stripped him of his title and power. Podiebrad was suspected of being a Hussite, or follower of the Czech theologian and reformer John Hus. Podiebrad's apologist, Gregory of Heimberg, subsequently accused Paul of immorality; a move that resulted in Gregory's own excommunication. As a result, a power vacuum was created in Central Europe, especially after Podiebrad's death in 1471. Paul allied himself with Matthias Hunyadi, the King of Hungary, who not only wished to claim Bohemia but also needed support for his war against the Turks. Ultimately Hunyadi did not secure Bohemia for himself, and the area was politically and militarily weakened. After the fall of Negropont (present day Khalkis, capital of the island of Evvoia in the Aegean Sea) to the Turks in 1470, Paul supported Hunyadi and his Albanian ally, Scanderber, in their attempt to repel the invaders. Negropont had been under the rule of Venice, and Paul's support was chiefly financial as he could not muster other European rulers to provide troops. The military result was a stalemate.

Was a Strong Civil Ruler

Paul did provide strong government in Rome and throughout the Papal States. He reorganized the municipal government, revising statutes and defining the duties of the officials and the courts. He also oversaw the establishment of a special court to deal with the crime of murder. Regarding the Papal States, Paul almost immediately moved to secure Vatican control in rebellious areas. In 1465, the year of his election as pope, Everso, Count of Anguillara, died. Everso had succeeded in prying loose most of the Patrimony and placed himself as its ruler. (The Patrimony was the area of the central Italian peninsula that formed the basis of the Papal States; according to legend the Emperor Constantine had bequeathed it to Pope Sylvester I in the fourth century following his conversion). In 1465 Paul sent troops to fight and defeat Everso's sons, thus reestablishing the Vatican's political authority over the area.

Paul's final act of diplomacy was to negotiate a marriage between Ivan III of Russia, who was the first to be called Tsar (of Muscovy), and the Catholic daughter (some believe niece) of the last Byzantine emperor. In the midst of these negotiations, Paul died suddenly of a stroke on July 26, 1471. He was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. Paul's reputation was damaged by a posthumous biography published by Bartolomeo Platina, whom Paul had once imprisoned.

Books

Duffy, Eamon, Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes, Yale University Press, 1997.

John, Eric, editor, The Popes: A Concise Biographical History, Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1964.

McBrien, Richard P., Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II, New York: HarperCollins, 1997.

Online

"Pope Paul II," Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11578a.htm (October 21, 2002).

Paul II

Papacy began	August 30, 1464
Papacy ended	July 26, 1471
Predecessor	Pius II
Successor	Sixtus IV
Personal details
Birth name	Pietro Barbo
Born	February 23, 1417(1417-02-23) Venice, Republic of Venice
Died	July 26, 1471 (aged 54) Rome, Papal States
Other Popes named Paul

Papal styles of Pope Paul II


Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	None

Pope Paul II (February 23, 1417 – July 26, 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.

1 Early life and election
2 Conflict
3 Final years
4 Legacy
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links

Early life and election

He was born in Venice, and was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447), through his mother. His adoption of the spiritual career, after having been trained as a merchant, was prompted by his uncle's election as Pope. His consequent promotion was rapid; he became a cardinal in 1440 and gained popularity through his tender-hearted generosity.

He was elected Pope by the accessus in the first ballot,^[1] by a majority of fourteen of the nineteen cardinals in conclave on August 30, 1464, to succeed Pope Pius II (1458 – 1464). Beforehand, in order to secure to the cardinals a greater share of power than they had enjoyed under Pius II, a capitulation was subscribed by all except Ludovico Trevisan; it bound the future pope to continue the Turkish war, but he was not to journey outside Rome without the consent of a majority of the cardinals, nor to leave Italy without the consent of all. The maximum number of cardinals was limited to twenty-four, and any new pope was to be limited to only one cardinal-nephew. All creations of new cardinals and advancements to certain important benefices, were to be made only with the consent of the College of Cardinals.^[2] Upon taking office, Paul II was to convene an ecumenical council within three years. But these terms of subscription were modified by Paul II at his own discretion, and this action lost him the confidence of the College of Cardinals. The justification for setting aside the capitulations, seen to be under way by the Duke of Milan's ambassador as early as 21 September, lay in connecting any abridgement of the pope's absolute monarchy in the Papal States with a consequent abridgement of his sole authority in spiritual matters.^[3] Almost from his coronation, Paul withdrew and became inaccessible: audiences were only granted at night; even good friends waited a fortnight to see him; his suspiciousness was widely attested.

Paul II, cardinal-nephew of Eugene IV, who was cardinal-nephew of Gregory XII.

Conflict

A sore point was his abuse of the practice of creating cardinals in pectore, without publishing their names. Anxious to raise new cardinals to increase the number who were devoted to his interests, but restricted by the terms of the capitulation, which gave the College a voice in the creation of new members, in the winter of 1464-65 Paul created two secret cardinals both of whom died before their names could be published. In his fourth year he created eight new cardinals (18 September, 1467); five were candidates pressed by kings, placating respectively James II of Cyprus, Edward IV of England, Louis XI of France, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Ferdinand I of Naples; one was the able administrator of the Franciscans; the last two elevated his old tutor and a first cardinal-nephew.^[4] Two further cardinal-nephews were added on 21 November, 1468.^[5] In a sign of his increasing secretiveness and paranoia, he added two more cardinals secretly at the same consistory, and four more at the beginning of 1471, expecting to reveal them only in his testament.

Tensions with the College of Cardinals came to the fore when in 1466, attempting to downsize redundant offices, Paul II proceeded to annul the college of abbreviators, whose function it was to formulate papal documents; a storm of indignation arose, inasmuch as rhetoricians and poets with humanist training, of which Paul deeply disapproved, had long been accustomed to benefiting from employment in such positions. Bartolomeo Platina, who was one of these, wrote a threatening letter to the Pope, and was imprisoned but later discharged. However, in 1467 Platina was again imprisoned on the charge of having participated in a conspiracy against the Pope, and was tortured along with other abbreviators, like Filip Callimachus who fled to Poland in 1478, all of whom had been accused of pagan views. Not unaccountably, Platina, in his Vitae pontificum, set forth an unfavorable delineation of the character of Paul II.

Final years

Pope Paul rejected King George of Podebrady of Bohemia on the grounds that he upheld the conventions of Basel in favor of the Utraquists. In August 1465, Paul II summoned Podebrady before his Roman tribunal, and, when the King failed to come, allied himself with the insurgents in Bohemia, and released the King's subjects from their oath of allegiance. In December, 1466, he pronounced the ban of excommunication and sentence of deposition against Podebrady. Podebrady's apologist, Gregory of Heimberg, subsequently accused Paul of immorality; a move that resulted in Gregory's own excommunication.

Just when ultimately the King's good success disposed the Pope in favor of reconciliation, Paul II died, on July 26, 1471 of a stroke allegedly whilst being sodomized by a page boy. After his death, one of his successors suggested that he should rather have been called Maria Pietissima, "Our Lady of Pity", because he was inclined to break into tears at times of crisis. Some historians have suggested the nickname was rather due either to Paul propensity to enjoy dressing up in sumptuous ecclesiastical finery,^[6] or his likely homosexuality^[7]

As a result of Paul's death a power vacuum was created in Central Europe, especially after Podebrady himself died in 1471.

Legacy

Although Paul II was a committed opponent of humanist learning, he oversaw and approved the introduction of printing into the Papal State, first at Subiaco in 1464 by Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweynheim, and at Rome itself in 1467. The result was that books and other documents became far more numerous, and less expensive to procure than the previous handwritten manuscripts. Printing put the materials needed for an advanced education into the hands of more people than ever before, including an increasing number of laypeople. The output of printing presses at this period was, as a matter of course, subject to governmental scrutiny; during Paul II's reign, books produced in the Papal State were largely limited to Latin classical literature and ecclesiastical texts.

The chronicler Stefano Infessura's republican and anti-papal temper makes his diary a far from neutral though well-informed witness. But it is certain that though Paul II opposed the humanists, he was second to none in providing for popular amusements: in 1466 he permitted the horse-race that was a feature of Carnival to be run along the main street, the Via Lata, which now became known from this annual event as the Via del Corso. He displayed an extravagant love of personal splendor that gratified his sense of self-importance.^[8]. After his death Sixtus IV and a selected group of cardinals inspected the treasure laid up against expenditures against the Turks: they found fifty-four silver shells filled with pearls, to a value of 300,000 ducats, jewels and gold intended for refashioning, worth another 300,000 ducats, and a magnificent diamond worth 7000 ducats, which was sent to Cardinal d'Estouteville to cover monies he had advanced to the pontiff. The coin was not immediately found.^[9] The story of Cardinal Ammanati that he meant to take the name Formosus II ("handsome"),^[10] but was persuaded not to, is more often repeated than the story that he was dissuaded from Marcus, being Venetian and the Cardinal of San Marco, because it was also the war-cry of Venice.^[11] .

However, the Catholic Encyclopedia asserts, "justice requires notice of his strict sense of equity, his reforms in the municipal administration, and his fight against official bribery and traffic in posts of dignity."^[12]

In statecraft, Paul II lacked eminence and achieved nothing of consequence for Italy. In the Papal States, however, he terminated, in 1465, the regime of the counts of Anguillara, a house that had played a consistent anti-papal role since the plot of Stefano Porcari and the unruly insurrection of Tiburzio di Maso in 1460.

Notes

^ "The populace assembled in front of the Vatican received the news with joy," Pastor duly notes (IV:ii); acclamation of a new bishop of Rome by the people was a custom of the early church long in abeyance.
^ Ref. Burkle-Young
^ Offered by Pastor IV 1894:21.
^ Francis A. Burkle-Young, "The election of Pope Sixtus IV (1471): Background"
^ "The great number of cardinal-nephews created in the reigns of Sixtus IV, Alexander VI, and Julius II were testimony to the effectiveness of Paul II in opening the floodgates," Francis A. Burkle-Young asserts.
^ He was described as "a collector of statuary, jewellery, and (it was said) handsome youths"
^ Karlen, 'Sexuality and homosexuality', New York, 1971
^ Pastor IV 1894:16, 20ff.
^ A cardinal's report to the Duke of Milan's ambassador, related in Pastor vol. IV 1894:211.
^ The chronicler N. della Tuccia says that for half a century no handsomer man had been seen in the Senate or the Church (Pastor IV 1894:16.
^ Pastor IV 1894:13 and note, 15.
^ Weber, N.A. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI. New York, Robert Appleton Company (1911), Pope Paul II, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11578a.htm, retrieved 2007-07-11

References

Pastor, Ludwig (1894). The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. IV.

External links

Francis A. Burkle-Young, "The election of Pope Paul II (1464)"

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Pope Paul II

Biography

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