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The Portuguese people (Portuguese: os Portugueses; literally the Portuguese) are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Portuguese is their native language and Roman Catholicism is their predominant nominal religion.
Once the builders and owners of a global empire, due to colonization and emigration, Portuguese people-related communities can be found in the most diverse regions of the world beyond their native Portugal, from North and South America to Africa and Asia.
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General traits
Modern Portuguese are an Iberian ethnic group and their ancestry is very similar to other western and southern European peoples, particularly from Spain, with whom it shares ancestry and has cultural proximity. It is largely consistent with the geographic position of the western part of the Iberian peninsula, located on the extreme southwest of continental Europe. There are clear connections with Mediterranean people as well as with those of Atlantic and Western Europe. Dark to medium brown hair and brown and hazel eyes predominate in a majority of Portuguese people, however, blond hair and blue or green eyes are also found with some regular frequency. Chestnut and auburn colored hair types occur generally. Light, true red hair (meaning red shades that are non-auburn) is seen on occasion.
Ancestry
Historical origins
The Portuguese are a southwestern European population, with origins predominantly from Atlantic Europe, Western Europe and the Mediterranean.
The earliest modern humans inhabiting Portugal are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000-40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese traces largely a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples which began arriving to the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago.
Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice-age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from what is now Northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, links modern Iberians to the populations of much of Western Europe and particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe. Recent books published by geneticists Bryan Sykes, Stephen Oppenheimer and Spencer Wells have argued the large Paleolithic and Mesolithic Iberian influence in the modern day Irish, Welsh and Scottish gene-pool as well as parts of the English. Indeed, Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b (of Paleolithic origin) is the most common haplogroup in practically all of the Iberian peninsula and western Europe[2]. Within the R1b haplogroup there are modal haplotypes. One of the best-characterized of these haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and in the British Isles. In Portugal it reaches 33% generally and higher than 90% in some of the northern regions of the country.
The Neolithic colonization of Europe from Western Asia and the Middle East beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Iberia, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the demic diffusion model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent.[3][4]
Starting in the 3rd millennium BC as well as in the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Iberia of speakers of Indo-European languages occurred. These were later (7th and 5th Centuries BC) followed by others that can be identified as Celts.
Eventually urban cultures developed in southern Iberia, such as Tartessos, influenced by the Phoenician colonization of coastal Mediterranean Iberia, with strong competition from the Greek colonization.
These two processes defined Iberia's, and Portugal's, cultural landscape - Mediterranean towards the southeast and a Continental in the northwest, as historian José Mattoso describes it.[5] Given the origins from Paleolithic and Neolithic settlers as well as Indo-European migrations, one can say that the Portuguese ethnic origin is mainly a mixture of pre-Roman Pre-Indo-Europeans (such as, in other parts of Iberia, the Iberians, Tartessians and Aquitanians), Pre-Celtic, Proto-Celtic and Celtic peoples, producing peoples such as the Lusitanians of Lusitania, the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici and the Cynetes of the Alentejo and the Algarve.
The Romans were an important influence on Portuguese culture, considering the Portuguese language itself derives from Latin.
Other influences included the Phoenicians/Carthaginians (small semi-permanent commercial coastal establishments in the south before 200 BC), the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and the Sarmatian Alans (both migrated to North Africa, while some were partially integrated by the Visigoths and Suevi), and the Visigoths and Suevi (including the Buri, permanently established in the early 5th century), along with, in the period of the Al-Andalus, numbers of Arabs and Berbers, Saqaliba (people of Slavic origin) and Jews who also settled in what is today Portuguese territory.
For the Y-chromosome and MtDNA lineages of the Portuguese and other peoples see this map and this one.
Other historical influences
General
The ancestry of modern Portuguese has been influenced by the many people which have passed on its territory throughout history. These people include the Pre-Indo-European people of Iberia, Proto-Celts and Celts (such as the Lusitanians, Calaicians, Celtici, Cynetes and other Pre-Roman People of the Iberian Peninsula, such as other minor local tribes as the Bracari, Coelerni, Equaesi, Grovii, Interamici, Leuni, Luanqui, Limici, Narbasi, Nemetati, Paesuri, Quaquerni, Seurbi, Tamagani, Tapoli, Turduli, Turduli Veteres, Turdulorum Oppida, Turodi and Zoelae), Phoenicians (Punics), Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Suebi, Visigoths, Alans, Buri, Vikings, Byzantines, Saqaliba (Slavs), Berbers and Arabs (Moors), and Jews (Sephardim or Marranos).
Genetic impact of Muslim rule
There exists a number of studies which focus on the genetic impact of the eight centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus) on the genetic make up of the Iberian population. Recent studies agree that there is some genetic relationship between some regions in Iberia and some North African populations as a result of this period of history. Iberia is the region in Europe which has the most significant presence of E-M81[6][7], U6 and Haplotype Va[8], although this influence may be the result of ancient demic processes that predate the Islamic presence[9], and may constitute the result of some common western Mediterranean population background. In Portugal, North Africans Y-DNA haplogroups (especially the typically North West African Y-chromosome haplotypes E-M81) are found at a total frequency of 7.1 %[10]. Some mtDNA studies also found evidence of the characteristic North African haplogroup U6 especially in northern Portugal[11][12]. Although the absolute frequency of U6 is low (4-6%), Gonzalez et al. 2003 estimated a possible North African ancestry proportion of 27% in North Portugal, because U6 is not a common lineage in North Africa itself[13].
Nevertheless, the North African and Arab element in modern day Iberian ancestry is exceedingly trivial when compared to the pre-Islamic ancestral basis, and the Gibraltar Strait seems to have functioned much more as a genetic barrier than a bridge.[14][15][16].
Middle-Eastern genetic markers
According to a recent study that was published in the American Journal of Human Genetics in December 2008 by Adams et al., about 30 percent of modern Portuguese (23.6 in the north and 36.3 in the south) have DNA reflecting what can be a male Sephardic Jewish ancestry and about 14 % (11.8 in the north and 16.1% in the south) have a probable Moorish ancestry[17]. Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin, these proportions attest to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants. In agreement with the historical record, analysis of haplotype sharing and diversity within specific haplogroups suggests that the Sephardic Jewish component is more ancient than the Moorish one. [18][19]
Sub-Saharan genetic markers
Portugal is also the region in Europe with the highest frequency of the female mediated mtDNA haplogroup L of Sub-Saharan origin, likely a result of Berber and Arab colonization. According to a study by Pereira et al. 2005 that analysed 549 Portuguese individuals, sub-Saharan mtDNA L haplogroups were found at rates of 11.38% in the south, 5.02% in the center and 3.21% in the north[20][21]. Brehm at al. 2003 also found a significant Sub-Saharan imprint in the Autonomous regions of Portugal, with L haplogroups constituting about 13% of the lineages in Madeira and 3.4 % in the Azores[22].
Demography
Demographics of Portugal
There are around 10 to 10.2 million native Portuguese in Portugal, out of a total population of 10.75 million (estimate).
Native minority languages in Portugal
A small minority of about 15,000 speak the Mirandese language, close to Leonese [23] in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso and Mogadouro - even if all of the speakers are bilingual with Portuguese.
An even smaller minority of no more than 2,000 people speak Barranquenho, a dialect of Portuguese heavily influenced by Extremaduran, spoken in the Portuguese town of Barrancos (in the border between Extremadura and Andalusia, in Spain, and Portugal).
Ethnic minorities in Portugal
People from the former colonies (namely Brazil, Africa - Afro-Portuguese, and parts of India) have, in the last two to three decades, migrated to Portugal.[24] More recently, a great number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now the third biggest ethnic minority [25]), are also migrating to Portugal. There is also a small Chinese minority.
There is also a small minority of Gypsies (Ciganos) of about 40,000 people[26] and an even smaller minority of Jews of about 5,000 persons (some Ashkenazi, the majority Sephardi, such as the Belmonte Jews).
Minorities of Portuguese descent
| Country | Total |
|---|---|
| Total | 5,485,373 |
| Europe | 1,806,292 |
| France | 798,837 |
| United Kingdom | 500,000 [27] |
| Germany | 170,000 |
| Switzerland | 152,826 |
| Spain | 126,651 [28] |
| Luxembourg | 54,490 |
| Belgium | 38,000 |
| Rest of Europe | 28,422 |
| Americas | 3,281,853 |
| United States | 1,471,549[29] |
| Brazil | 1,200,000[30] |
| Venezuela | 550,000 [31] |
| Canada | 415,000 |
| Guyana | 50,000[27] |
| Bermuda | 2,400[32] |
| Rest of the Americas | 24,776 |
| Africa | 731,228 |
| South Africa | 300,000 |
| Angola | 367,908[33] |
| Mozambique | 54,355[34] |
| Rest of Africa | 8,965 |
| Asia | 30,000 |
| Oceania | 56,000 |
In the whole world there are easily more than one hundred million people with recognizable Portuguese ancestors, due to the colonial expansion and worldwide immigration of Portuguese from the 16th century onwards to India, the Americas, Macau and East-Timor, Malaysia, Indonesia and Africa. Between 1886 and 1966, Portugal lost to emigration more than any West European country except Ireland.[35] From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million Portuguese left Europe to live in Brazil and the United States.[36] About 40 million Brazilians have relatively recent Portuguese background, due to massive immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[citation needed] About 1.2 million Brazilian citizens are native Portuguese.[30] Significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in[37]: (see table)
Portuguese Sephardic Jews (mostly descendants) are also important in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil[38] and Turkey.
In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, and California. In the Pacific, Hawaii has a sizable Portuguese element that goes back 150 years (see Portuguese Americans and Luso Americans). Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940 (see Portuguese Canadians). Argentina and Uruguay had Portuguese immigration in the early 20th century. Portuguese fishermen, farmers and laborers dispersed across the Caribbean, especially Bermuda (10% of the population)[39], Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891)[40], Trinidad[41] and the island of Barbados where there is high influence from the Portuguese community.[42]
In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged white emigration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, there were up to 1 million Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces.[43] An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, while others moved to Brazil and south to South Africa.[44]
As of 1989, some 4,000,000 Portuguese were living abroad, mainly in France, Germany, Brazil, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Canada, Venezuela, and the United States.[45]
Portuguese constitute 13% of the population of Luxembourg. In 2006 there were estimates to be over half a million people of Portuguese origin in the United Kingdom (see Portuguese in the United Kingdom), this is considerably larger than the around 50,000 Portuguese born people alone residing in the country in 2001 (however this figure doesn't include British born people of Portuguese descent). In areas such as Thetford and the crown dependencies of Jersey and Guernsey, the Portuguese form the largest ethnic minority groups at 30% of the population, 20% and 3% respectively. The British capital London is home to the largest number of Portuguese people in the UK, with the majority being found in Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth and Westminster.[27]
As a result of interracial marriage and cultural influence, there are Portuguese influenced people with their own culture and Portuguese based dialects in parts of the world other than former Portuguese colonies, most notably in Malaysia and Singapore (see Kristang people), Barbados, Aruba, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana (see Portuguese immigrants in Guyana), Equatorial Guinea and Sri Lanka (see Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers).
How many Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry?
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There are no exact figures about the number of Brazilians of Portuguese descent, as the Portuguese immigration to Brazil is as old a phenomenon as the country's colonization and happened in different immigration waves during the last centuries (see Portuguese-Brazilian and White Latin American).
| Portuguese immigration to Brazil from the beginning of colonization, in 1500, until present day in 1990 Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE) |
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| Nationality | 1500-1700 | 1701-1760 | 1808-1817 | 1827-1829 | 1837-1841 | 1856-1857 | 1881-1900 | 1901-1930 | 1931-1950 | 1951-1960 | 1961-1967 | 1981-1991 | |||
| Portuguese | 100,000 | 600,000 | 24,000 | 2,004 | 629 | 16,108 | 316,204 | 754,147 | 148,699 | 235,635 | 54,767 | 4,605 | |||
Even with Portuguese heritage, many Portuguese-Brazilians identify themselves as being simply Brazilians, since Portuguese culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of Brazil (like many British Americans in the United States who will never describe themselves as of British extraction, but only as "Americans").
In 1872, there were 3.7 million Whites in Brazil (the vast majority of them of Portuguese ancestry), 4.1 million mixed-race people (mostly of Portuguese-African-Native American ancestry) and 1.9 million Blacks. These numbers give the percentage of 80% of people with total or partial Portuguese ancestry in Brazil in the 1870s.[46]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a new large wave of immigrants from Portugal arrived. From 1881 to 1991, over 1.5 million Portuguese immigrated to Brazil. In 1906, for example, there were 133,393 Portuguese-born people living in Rio de Janeiro, comprising 16% of the city's population. Rio is, still today, considered the largest "Portuguese city" outside of Portugal itself.[47][48]
Genetic studies also confirm the strong Portuguese racial influence in Brazilians. According to a study, at least half of the Brazilian population's Y Chromosome comes from Portugal. Black Brazilians have an average of 48% non-African genes, most of them may come from Portuguese ancestors.[49]
It was estimated that around 5 million Brazilians can acquire Portuguese citizenship, due to the last Portuguese nationality law that grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals.[50]
See also
- Genetic history of Europe
- European ethnic groups
- Romance languages
- Portuguese Africans
- Portuguese-Brazilians
- Portuguese Luxembourger
- Portuguese of Black African ancestry
- Portuguese British
- Portuguese Americans
- Portuguese Canadians
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References
- ^ According to official data from the Portuguese Government. The following figures are also from that same source. Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP - DGACCP/DAX/DID - Maio 1999.
- ^ "Summarized Percent Frequencies of R1b, R1a, I1b* (xM26), E3b1 and J2e". Oxford Journals. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964/TBL1. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ "Estimating the impact of Prehistoric Admixture of the Genome of Europeans". Oxford Journals. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ "Testing the Choice of Hybrid and Parental Populations". Oxford Journals. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361#F04. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ Mattoso, José (dir.), História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese).
- ^ "Phylogeny and frequency distributions of Hg E and its main subclades". May 2004. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1181965&rendertype=figure&id=FG1.
- ^ Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:. PMID 15069642.
- ^ Gérard N, Berriche S, Aouizérate A, Diéterlen F, Lucotte G (June 2006). "North African Berber and Arab influences in the western Mediterranean revealed by Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes". Hum. Biol. 78 (3): 307–16. doi:. PMID 17216803.
- ^ A recent and thorough study about Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal revealed The mtDNA and Y data indicate that the Berber presence in that region dates prior to the Moorish expansion in 711 AD [...] Our data indicates that male Berbers, unlike sub-Saharan immigrants, constituted a long-lasting and continuous community in the country - Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry
- ^ "Frequencies of E1b1b1b, E1b1b1a-b and J1 chromosomes with 0-1-steps neighbour chromosome within the NW African dataset",Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe, Capelli et al. 2009
- ^ Mitochondrial DNA Affinities at the Atlantic Fringe of Europe, Gonzalez et al. . 2003
- ^ "The most probable associated historical event is obviously the Islamic invasion of Iberia (A.D. 711), because it was carried out mainly by a North African contingent, most of it composed of recently converted Berbers. Nevertheless, this explanation meets some difficulties. In fact, Islamic rule lasted until almost the end of the 13th century in southern Portugal and the 15th century in southern Spain, whereas some regions in northern Iberia, such as northern Portugal, Galicia, and Basque Country, studied here, remained untouched (or were contacted just slightly by sporadic raids). Thus it appears paradoxical that the highest frequencies for this haplogroup are to be found in northern Iberia and in northern Portugal, in particular. The reasons for that distribution are probably to remain historically obscure because of the absence of quantified records. We can at least speculate that during the first period of the Reconquista (involving only the north), interbreeding between Christians and (female) Muslims (not necessarily slaves) was easier than in the final period. Indeed, during the first period, not only were many Moorish slaves (particularly females) recorded, but also special privileges were given to them in the charters of new (or refounded) towns, whereas during the second period (in the south) the Islamic communities were, at least in urban areas, isolated into ghettos (mourarias) and the colonization and/or repeopling of rural areas was performed by the already vast demographic surpluses from the north (Gomes 1999).", African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times, Pereira et al. 2005
- ^ "Our results clearly reinforce, extend, and clarify the preliminary clues of an important mtDNA contribution from northwest Africa into the Iberian Peninsula. (...) our own data allow us to make minimal estimates of the maternal African pre-Neolithic, Neolithic, and/or recent slave trade input into Iberia. For the former, we consider only the mean value of the U6 frequency in northern African populations, excluding Saharans, Tuareg, and Mauritanians (16%), as the pre-Neolithic frequency in that area, and the present frequency in the whole Iberian Peninsula (2.3%) as the result of the northwest African gene flow at that time. The value obtained (14%) could be as high as 35% using the data of Corte-Real et al. (1996), or 27% with our north Portugal sample. In the same vein, the Saharan Neolithic gene flow can be estimated as 13%, taking the actual frequencies for the sub-Saharan African haplogroups (51%) in southern northwest African samples (Tuareg, Saharans, and Mauritanians) as the frequency of the African Neolithic, and that of the Iberian Peninsula (6.8%) as the result of the putative Neolithic maternal gene flow. This value could rise to 23% when only south Portugal is taken into account.", Mitochondrial DNA Affinities at the Atlantic Fringe of Europe, Gonzalez et al. . 2003
- ^ Dupanloup, I et al., Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(7):1361-1372. 2004.
- ^ Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J (April 2001). "High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68 (4): 1019–29. doi:. PMID 11254456.
- ^ Comas D, Calafell F, Benchemsi N, et al. (October 2000). "Alu insertion polymorphisms in NW Africa and the Iberian Peninsula: evidence for a strong genetic boundary through the Gibraltar Straits". Hum. Genet. 107 (4): 312–9. doi:. PMID 11129330. http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00439/bibs/0107004/01070312.htm.
- ^ The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula, Adams et al. 2008
- ^ "Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin", [1]
- ^ "They are really assuming that they are looking at this migration of Jewish immigrants, but the same lineages could have been introduced in the Neolithic" said Stephen Oppenheimer. On the other hand, Chris Tyler-Smith, an expert on Y-chromosome genetics and a collaborator with the team that carried the study [2], argues that the individual differences in Y-chromosome markers suggest that Iberians and Sephardic Jews must share ancestry more recent than several millennia, [3].
- ^ Pereira L, Cunha C, Alves C, Amorim A (April 2005). "African female heritage in Iberia: a reassessment of mtDNA lineage distribution in present times". Hum. Biol. 77 (2): 213–29. doi:. PMID 16201138.
- ^ Sub-Saharan DNA admixture in Europe
- ^ Mitochondrial portraits of the Madeira and Açores archipelagos witness different genetic pools of its settlers, Brehm et al. 2003
- ^ Unesco.org
- ^ Charis Dunn-Chan ,Portugal sees integration progress, BBC
- ^ http://www.sef.pt/portal/v10/PT/aspx/estatisticas/index.aspx?id_linha=4224&menu_position=4142#0
- ^ European Roma Rights Centre
- ^ a b c "UK-Portuguese Newspaper Launched in Thetford Norfolk". NewswireToday. http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/10592/. Retrieved on 2009-01-17.
- ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística National Institute of Statistics (Spain).
- ^ Portuguese in the US statistics U.S. Census Bureau
- ^ a b Recently Portuguese Immigrants in Brazil
- ^ PRODUCTO online 247: De padres inmigrantes
- ^ Joshua project country profile - Bermuda Ethnic groups - Bermuda
- ^ Angola: History, Geography, Government, and Culture Infoplease.com
- ^ Mozambique: History, Geography, Government, and Culture Infoplease.com
- ^ Portugal - Emigration
- ^ Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration
- ^ Direcção Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (1999), Dados Estatísticos sobre as Comunidades Portuguesas, IC/CP - DGACCP/DAX/DID - Maio 1999.
- ^ Portuguese Jews in Brazil - in Portuguese
- ^ BERMUDA
- ^ Portuguese emigration from Madeira to British Guiana
- ^ The Portuguese in Trinidad and Tobago
- ^ The Portuguese of the West Indies
- ^ Portugal - Emigration, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.
- ^ Dismantling the Portuguese Empire, Time Magazine (Monday, Jul. 07, 1975)
- ^ Portugal Migration, The Encyclopedia of the Nations
- ^ Evolution of Brazilian population according to "colour" (Evolução da população brasileira segundo a cor), in Reis, J.J., "Presença Negra: conflitos e encontros", in Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, p. 94.
- ^ Venâncio, R.P., "Presença portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes", in Brasil 500 anos, 2000, Rio de Janeiro, IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
- ^ Carvalho, R., Pelos mesmos direitos do imigrante, 2003, Observatório da Imprensa from the State University of Campinas (Brazil).
- ^ Parra FC, Amado RC, Lambertucci JR, Rocha J, Antunes CM, Pena SD (January 2003). "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (1): 177–82. doi:. PMID 12509516.
- ^ Cinco milhões de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses
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