Pozzuoli

Pozzuoli
—  Comune  —
Comune di Pozzuoli
Panorama of Pozzuoli
Coat of arms
Pozzuoli Location of Pozzuoli in Italy
Coordinates: 40°49′N 14°07′E / 40.817°N 14.117°E / 40.817; 14.117Coordinates: 40°49′N 14°07′E / 40.817°N 14.117°E / 40.817; 14.117
Country	Italy
Region	Campania
Province	Naples (NA)
Frazioni	Arco Felice, Campana Annunziata, Cuma, Licola Centro, Licola Lido, Lucrino, Montenuovo, Monterusciello, Pisciarelli, Toiano
Government
- Mayor	Pasquale Giacobbe
Area
- Total	43 km2 (16.6 sq mi)
Elevation	28 m (92 ft)
Population (30 April 2009)
- Total	83,398
- Density	1,939.5/km2 (5,023.3/sq mi)
- Demonym	Puteolani
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	80078, 80014, 80125
Dialing code	081
Patron saint	St. Proculus
Saint day	November 16
Website	Official website

Pozzuoli is a city of the province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. It is the main city of the Phlegrean peninsula.

History

Pozzuoli began as the Greek colony of Dicaearchia. The Roman colony was established in 194 BC, and took the Latin name Puteoli 'little wells', referring to the many hot springs in the area, most notably Solfatara. This is because Pozzuoli lies in the center of the Campi Flegrei, a caldera.

Puteoli was the great emporium for the Alexandrian grain ships, and other ships from all over the Roman world. It also was the main hub for goods exported from Campania, including blown glass, mosaics, wrought iron, and marble. The Roman naval base at nearby Misenum housed the largest naval fleet in the ancient world.

The local volcanic sand, pozzolana formed the basis for the first effective concrete, as it reacted chemically with water. Instead of just evaporating slowly off, the water would turn this sand/lime mix into a mortar strong enough to bind lumps of aggregate into a load-bearing unit. This made possible the cupola of the Pantheon, the first real dome.

The Serapium of Pozzuoli.

The apostle Paul landed here on his way to Rome, from which it was 170 miles distant. Here he stayed for seven days (Acts 28:13, 14) and then began with his companions his journey by the Appian Way to Rome.

Puteoli was the location for a spectacular stunt (in 37 AD) by the eccentric Caligula, who on becoming Emperor ordered a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the town to the famous neighboring resort of Baiae, across which he proceeded to ride his horse, in defiance of an astrologer's prediction that he had "no more chance of becoming Emperor than of riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae."

Saint Proculus (San Procolo) was martyred here with his companions in the fourth century, and is the city's patron saint. The seven eagle heads on the coat-of-arms for the town of Pozzuoli are said to represent seven of these martyrs. November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus. St. Proculus was affectionately nicknamed 'u pisciasotto ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of rain. The townspeople also celebrated his feast day on the second Sunday in May.[1]

From August 1982 to December 1984 the city experienced hundreds of tremors and bradyseismic activity which reached a peak on October 4, 1983 damaging 8,000 buildings in the city center and dislocating 36,000 people, many permanently. The events raised the sea bottom by almost 2 m, and rendered the Bay of Pozzuoli too shallow for large craft.

Flavian Amphitheater (Amphitheatrum Flavium) arena floor and seating.

Flavian Amphitheater (Amphitheatrum Flavium), from below.

Fumarole in the Solfatara.

Main sights

The town has a number of tourist attractions. These include:

• The Macellum or Temple of Serapis, considered the city's symbol. The "temple" was actually a marketplace. Its name derives from the misinterpretation of its function after a statue of the god Serapis was found in 1750 at this location. The Macellum includes three majestic columns in cipolin marble, which show erosion from molluscs when, at an earlier time, the ground level was much lower due to bradyseism, and sea-water could flow in.^[1]

• Flavian Amphitheater (Amphitheatrum Flavium), the third largest Italian amphitheater after the Colosseum and the Capuan Amphitheater. 

• Solfatara (volcanic crater with active fumaroles)

• Forum

• Sanctuary of San Gennaro (St. Januarius). With the Cathedral of Naples, it is one of the two places in which the alleged miracle of the liquefaction of the saint's blood occurs.

• Lake Avernus, in which Virgil, in the 6th book of his Aeneid, placed the entrance to Hell. The name derives from Greek, and means "Without Birds", referring to the absence of birds due to the sulfur gas that sprung from it. Nearby are the Temple of Apollo, the Grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl and Cocceiu's Grotto, a gallery carved by the Romans to connect Lucrino to Cumae. The latter was damaged during World War II and is no longer visitable.

• Lake Lucrino, in the frazione of the same name. The lake was considered an infernal place, due to volcanic phenomena. It was a renowned resort in Roman times and included the villa of Cicero, which later held the remains of emperor Hadrian. Pliny the Elder cites it in Naturalis historia (ix, 25) as the home of a dolphin who had made friends with a child. According to Pliny, when the child fell ill and died, the dolphin died of broken heart also. The tale is considered the first known Urban legend.

Famous people

• Italian Baroque composer Giovanni Battista Pergolesi died here.
• The Roman Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla died at his villa here
• The actress Sophia Loren, born in Rome, grew up here.
• Saint Paul, the Apostle landed here on his way to Rome. (Acts 28:13)
• Josephus landed here on his way to Rome. (The Life of Flavius Josephus 3.16)
• Francesco Banchini, folk musician
• Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, Viceroy of Naples died here on 15 October 1496.

Transportation

It is easily reached by train from Naples, on the metro 'Linea 2'.

Twinnings

• Agios Dimitrios, a suburb of Athens in Greece

Neighbouring communes

• Bacoli
• Giugliano in Campania
• Monte di Procida
• Naples
• Quarto

Bibliography

• Paolo Amalfitano and others, I Campi Flegrei, Venice 1990
• Piero Alfredo Gianfrotta, Fabio Maniscalco (eds.), Forma Maris. Forum Internazionale di Archeologia Subacquea, Puteoli 1998
• Puteoli. Studi di Storia Romana

External links

• www.flegrei.com
• Mapquest - Pozzuoli
• Kub Foto Pozzuoli
• Tourist Information Pozzuoli

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pozzuoli

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