list of Presidents of the United States

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PresidentPolitical PartyDates in OfficeVice President(s)
George Washington 1789-97John Adams
John AdamsFederalist1797-1801Thomas Jefferson
Thomas JeffersonDemocratic-Republican1801-9Aaron Burr, 1801-5George Clinton, 1805-9
James MadisonDemocratic-Republican1809-17George Clinton, 1809-12(no Vice President, Apr., 1812-Mar., 1813)Elbridge Gerry, 1813-14(no Vice President, Nov., 1814-Mar., 1817)
James MonroeDemocratic-Republican1817-25Daniel D. Tompkins
John Quincy AdamsDemocratic-Republican1825-29John C. Calhoun
Andrew JacksonDemocratic1829-37John C. Calhoun, 1829-32(no Vice President, Dec., 1832-Mar., 1833)Martin Van Buren, 1833-37
Martin Van BurenDemocratic1837-41Richard M. Johnson
William Henry HarrisonWhig1841John Tyler
John TylerWhig1841-45(no Vice President)
James Knox PolkDemocratic1845-49George M. Dallas
Zachary TaylorWhig1849-50Millard Fillmore
Millard FillmoreWhig1850-53(no Vice President)
Franklin PierceDemocratic1853-57William R. King, 1853(no Vice President, Apr., 1853-Mar., 1857)
James BuchananDemocratic1857-61John C. Breckinridge
Abraham LincolnRepublican1861-65Hannibal Hamlin, 1861-65Andrew Johnson, 1865
Andrew JohnsonDemocratic/National Union1865-69(no Vice President)
Ulysses Simpson GrantRepublican1869-77Schuyler Colfax, 1869-73Henry Wilson, 1873-75(no Vice President, Nov., 1875-Mar., 1877)
Rutherford Birchard HayesRepublican1877-81William A. Wheeler
James Abram GarfieldRepublican1881Chester A. Arthur
Chester Alan ArthurRepublican1881-85(no Vice President)
Grover ClevelandDemocratic1885-89Thomas A. Hendricks, 1885(no Vice President, Nov., 1885-Mar., 1889)
Benjamin HarrisonRepublican1889-93Levi P. Morton
Grover ClevelandDemocratic1893-97Adlai E. Stevenson
William McKinleyRepublican1897-1901Garret A. Hobart, 1897-99(no Vice President, Nov., 1899-Mar., 1901)Theodore Roosevelt, 1901
Theodore RooseveltRepublican1901-9(no Vice President, Sept., 1901-Mar., 1905)Charles W. Fairbanks, 1905-9
William Howard TaftRepublican1909-13James S. Sherman, 1909-12(no Vice President, Oct., 1912-Mar., 1913)
Woodrow WilsonDemocratic1913-21Thomas R. Marshall
Warren Gamaliel HardingRepublican1921-23Calvin Coolidge
Calvin CoolidgeRepublican1923-29(no Vice President, 1923-25)Charles G. Dawes, 1925-29
Herbert Clark HooverRepublican1929-33Charles Curtis
Franklin Delano RooseveltDemocratic1933-45John N. Garner, 1933-41Henry A. Wallace, 1941-45Harry S. Truman, 1945
Harry S. TrumanDemocratic1945-53(no Vice President, 1945-49)Alben W. Barkley, 1949-53
Dwight David EisenhowerRepublican1953-61Richard M. Nixon
John Fitzgerald KennedyDemocratic1961-63Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines JohnsonDemocratic1963-69(no Vice President, 1963-65)Hubert H. Humphrey, 1965-69
Richard Milhous NixonRepublican1969-74Spiro T. Agnew, 1969-73(no Vice President, Oct. 10, 1973-Dec. 6, 1973)Gerald R. Ford, 1973-74
Gerald Rudolph FordRepublican1974-77(no Vice President, Aug. 9, 1974-Dec. 19, 1974)Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1974-77
Jimmy CarterDemocratic1977-81Walter F. Mondale
Ronald Wilson ReaganRepublican1981-89George H.W. Bush
George Herbert Walker BushRepublican1989-93J. Danforth Quayle
Bill ClintonDemocratic1993-2001Albert Gore, Jr.
George Walker BushRepublican2001-9Dick Cheney
Barack Hussein ObamaDemocratic2009-Joseph R. Biden, Jr.


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List of Presidents of the United States

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The White House, the president's official residence and center of the administration

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected to the office of President more than twice. Furthermore, no person who served more than two years of a term — to which someone else was elected — may be elected more than once.[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.[2] The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,[3] Zachary Taylor,[4] Warren G. Harding,[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,[6] James A. Garfield,[6][7] William McKinley,[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).[9]

George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous Electoral College vote. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841, and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945. He is the only president to serve more than two terms and a constitutional amendment was passed to prevent that from reoccurring. John F. Kennedy was the first president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president who is an African American; he assumed the office on January 20, 2009.[10]

Contents

List of presidents

Parties

      No party       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

No.
[n 1]
President Took office Left office Party Term
[n 1]
Vice President
1 Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg George Washington
(1732–1799)
[11][12][13]
April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 no party 1 (1789)   John Adams
2 (1792)
2 Adamstrumbull.jpg John Adams
(1735–1826)
[14][15][16]
March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 Federalist 3 (1796) Thomas Jefferson
3 Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800.jpg Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[17][18][19]
March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 Democratic-
Republican
4 (1800) Aaron Burr
5 (1804) George Clinton
4 James Madison.jpg James Madison
(1751–1836)
[20][21][22]
March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 Democratic-
Republican
6 (1808) George Clinton[n 2]
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812
vacant[n 3]
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
7 (1812) Elbridge Gerry[n 2]
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814
vacant[n 3]
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5 Jm5.gif James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[23][24][25]
March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 Democratic-
Republican
8 (1816) Daniel D. Tompkins
9 (1820)
6 John Quincy Adams by Gilbert Stuart, 1818.jpg John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[26][27][28]
March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 Democratic-
Republican
10 (1824) John C. Calhoun
7 Andrew jackson head.jpg Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[29][30][31]
March 4, 1829 March 4, 1837 Democratic 11 (1828) John C. Calhoun[n 4]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832
vacant[n 3]
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
12 (1832) Martin Van Buren
8 Mb8.gif Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[32][33][34]
March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 Democratic 13 (1836) Richard Mentor Johnson
9 William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835.jpg William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[35][36][37]
March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841
[n 2]
Whig 14 (1840) John Tyler
10
[n 5]
WHOportTyler.jpg John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[38][39][40]
April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841
vacant[n 3]
no party[n 6]
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11 JamesKnoxPolk.png James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[41][42][43]
March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 Democratic 15 (1844) George M. Dallas
12 Zachary Taylor 2.jpg Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[44][45][46]
March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850
[n 2]
Whig 16 (1848) Millard Fillmore
13 Millard Fillmore by George PA Healy, 1857.jpg Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[47][48][49]
July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 Whig vacant[n 3]
14 Franklin Pierce by GPA Healy, 1858.jpg Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[50][51][52]
March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 Democratic 17 (1852) William R. King[n 2]
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853
vacant[n 3]
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15 JamesBuchanan crop.jpg James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[53][54][55]
March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 Democratic 18 (1856) John C. Breckinridge
16 Lincoln by George H Story c1915.jpg Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[56][57][58]
March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865
[n 7]
Republican 19 (1860) Hannibal Hamlin
Republican
National Union[n 8]
20 (1864) Andrew Johnson
17 Aj17.gif Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[59][60][61]
April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 Democratic
National Union;[n 8]
no party[n 9]
vacant
[n 3]
18 Ug18.gif Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[62][63][64]
March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 Republican 21 (1868) Schuyler Colfax
22 (1872) Henry Wilson[n 2]
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875
vacant[n 3]
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19 Rhayes.png Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[65][66][67]
March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 Republican 23 (1876) William A. Wheeler
20 James Garfield portrait.jpg James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[68][69][70]
March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881
[n 7]
Republican 24 (1880) Chester A. Arthur
21 Chester A Arthur by Daniel Huntington crop.jpeg Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[71][72][73]
September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Republican vacant[n 3]
22 Grover Cleveland portrait2.jpg Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[74][75]
March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889 Democratic 25 (1884) Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2]
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885
vacant[n 3]
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23 Benjamin Harrison by Eastman Johnson (1895).jpg Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[76][77][78]
March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 Republican 26 (1888) Levi P. Morton
24 Grover Cleveland portrait2.jpg Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[74][75]
March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 Democratic 27 (1892) Adlai Stevenson I
25 Official White House portrait of William McKinley.jpg William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[79][80][81]
March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901
[n 7]
Republican 28 (1896) Garret Hobart[n 2]
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899
vacant[n 3]
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
29 (1900) Theodore Roosevelt
26 TRSargent.jpg Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[82][83][84]
September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909 Republican vacant[n 3]
30 (1904) Charles W. Fairbanks
27 TaftOfficial Portrait.jpg William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[85][86][87]
March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 Republican 31 (1908) James S. Sherman[n 2]
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912
vacant[n 3]
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28 Ww28.gif Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[88][89][90]
March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic 32 (1912) Thomas R. Marshall
33 (1916)
29 Wh29.gif Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[91][92][93]
March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923
[n 2]
Republican 34 (1920) Calvin Coolidge
30 Calvin Coolidge.jpg Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[94][95][96]
August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 Republican vacant[n 3]
35 (1924) Charles G. Dawes
31 Herbert Clark Hoover by Greene, 1956.jpg Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[97][98][99]
March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Republican 36 (1928) Charles Curtis
32 Franklin Roosevelt - Presidential portrait.jpg Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[100][101][102]
March 4, 1933 (1933-03-04) April 12, 1945 (1945-04-12)
[n 2]
Democratic 37 (1932)
[n 10]
John Nance Garner
38 (1936)
39 (1940) Henry A. Wallace
40 (1944) Harry S. Truman
33 HarryTruman.jpg Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[103][104][105]
April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Democratic vacant[n 3]
41 (1948) Alben W. Barkley
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower, official Presidential portrait.jpg Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[106][107][108]
January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961
[n 11]
Republican 42 (1952) Richard Nixon
43 (1956)
35 John F Kennedy Official Portrait.jpg John F. Kennedy
(1917–1963)
[109][110][111]
January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963
[n 7]
Democratic 44 (1960) Lyndon B. Johnson
36 Lyndon B. Johnson - portrait.png Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
[112][113]
November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 Democratic vacant[n 3]
45 (1964) Hubert Humphrey
37 Richard Nixon - Presidential portrait.jpg Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[114][115][116]
January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974
[n 4]
Republican 46 (1968) Spiro Agnew[n 4]
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973
47 (1972)
vacant[n 3]
October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38 Gerald Ford - Presidential portrait.jpg Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[117][118][119]
August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 Republican vacant[n 3]
August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39 James E. Carter - portrait.gif Jimmy Carter
(1924– )
[120][121][122]
January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 Democratic 48 (1976) Walter Mondale
40 Ronald Reagan - Presidential portrait.jpg Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[123][124][125]
January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 Republican 49 (1980) George H. W. Bush
50 (1984)
41 George H. W. Bush - portrait by Herbert Abrams (1994).jpg George H. W. Bush
(1924– )
[126][127][128]
January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 Republican 51 (1988) Dan Quayle
42 Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton
(1946– )
[129][130][131]
January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 Democratic 52 (1992) Al Gore
53 (1996)
43 PresidentGWB OfficialPortrait.jpg George W. Bush
(1946– )
[132][133][134]
January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 Republican 54 (2000) Dick Cheney
55 (2004)
44 Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg Barack Obama
(1961– )
[135][136][137]
January 20, 2009 Incumbent Democratic 56 (2008) Joe Biden

Living former presidents

As of March 2012, there are four living former presidents of the United States. The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (1974–1977), on December 26, 2006.

President Term of office Date of birth
Jimmy Carter 1977–1981 (1924-10-01) October 1, 1924 (age 87)
George H. W. Bush 1989–1993 (1924-06-12) June 12, 1924 (age 87)
Bill Clinton 1993–2001 (1946-08-19) August 19, 1946 (age 65)
George W. Bush 2001–2009 (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 65)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b A presidency is defined as consecutive time in office served by a single person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Gerald Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, serving out the remainder of what would have been Nixon's second term. The fact that Ford was not voted into office does not affect the numbering, which makes him the 38th president. In addition, under this numbering, Grover Cleveland is counted as having two separate presidencies, having served two non-consecutive terms.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no provision for filling a vacancy in the Vice Presidency. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  4. ^ a b c Resigned.
  5. ^ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  6. ^ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  7. ^ a b c d Assassinated.
  8. ^ a b Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  9. ^ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
  10. ^ This term was shortened by 43 days due to the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution going into effect, moving inauguration day from March 4 to January 20.
  11. ^ Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.

References

  1. ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11–27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html. Retrieved October 1, 2008. 
  2. ^ "Excerpts from "Forgotten Presidents" - The Patriots Handbook, by George Grant". Harrold.org. http://www.harrold.org/rfhextra/PresidentsForgotten.html. Retrieved August 8, 2011. 
  3. ^ Cleaves 1939, p. 152
  4. ^ Ingersoll, Jared. "Death of the President". University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/taylor/essays/biography/6. Retrieved November 2, 2010. 
  5. ^ Russell, Francis (1962). The Shadow of Blooming Grove—Warren G. Harding in His Times. Easton Press. p. 591. ISBN ISBN 0070543380. 
  6. ^ a b Martin, Paul "Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard", Smithsonian Magazine, April 8, 2010, Retrieved November 15, 2010
  7. ^ Donald (1996), p. 597.
  8. ^ "Big Ben Parker and President McKinley's Assassination". Math.buffalo.edu. http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/parker_and_mckinley.html. Retrieved August 8, 2011. 
  9. ^ "Nixon Resigns". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html. Retrieved December 31, 2008. 
  10. ^ "Obama wins historic US election". BBC. November 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/us_elections_2008/7709978.stm. Retrieved November 5, 2008. 
  11. ^ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  12. ^ "George Washington – no Political Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/washington. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  13. ^ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portraits. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  14. ^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  15. ^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/adams. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  16. ^ "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=2. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  17. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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  19. ^ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=3. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  20. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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  22. ^ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=4. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  23. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  24. ^ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/monroe. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  25. ^ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=5. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  26. ^ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnquincyadams/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  27. ^ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/johnqadams. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  28. ^ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=6. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  29. ^ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjackson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  30. ^ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jackson. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  31. ^ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=7. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  32. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  33. ^ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/vanburen. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  34. ^ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=8. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  35. ^ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  36. ^ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/williamhenryharrison. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  37. ^ "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=9. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  38. ^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johntyler/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  39. ^ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/tyler. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  40. ^ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=10. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  41. ^ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamespolk/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  42. ^ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/polk. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  43. ^ "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=11. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  44. ^ "Biography of Zachary Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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  46. ^ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=12. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  47. ^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/millardfillmore/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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  50. ^ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklinpierce/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  51. ^ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/pierce. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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  53. ^ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesbuchanan/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  54. ^ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/buchanan. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  55. ^ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=15. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  56. ^ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/abrahamlincoln/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  57. ^ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/lincoln. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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  65. ^ "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/rutherfordbhayes/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  66. ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/hayes. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  67. ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=19. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  68. ^ "Biography of James Garfield". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  69. ^ "James Garfield – Republican Party – 20th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/garfield. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  70. ^ "James A. Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=20. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  71. ^ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/chesterarthur/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  72. ^ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/arthur. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  73. ^ "Chester A. Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  74. ^ a b "Grover Cleveland – Democratic Party – 22nd and 24th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/cleveland. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  75. ^ a b "Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=22. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  76. ^ "Biography of Benjamin Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  77. ^ "William Henry Harrison – Whig Party – 23rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/benjaminharrison. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  78. ^ "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=23. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  79. ^ "Biography of William McKinley". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williammckinley/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  80. ^ "William McKinley – Republican Party – 25th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/mckinley. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  81. ^ "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=24. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  82. ^ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  83. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/teddyroosevelt. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  84. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=25. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  85. ^ "Biography of William Howard Taft". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  86. ^ "William Howard Taft – Republican Party – 27th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taft. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  87. ^ "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=26. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  88. ^ "Biography of Woodrow Wilson". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  89. ^ "Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – 28th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  90. ^ "Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=27. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  91. ^ "Biography of Warren G. Harding". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/warrenharding/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  92. ^ "Warren Harding – Republican Party – 29th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  93. ^ "Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=28. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  94. ^ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/calvincoolidge/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  95. ^ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  96. ^ "Calvin Coolidge (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=29. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  97. ^ "Biography of Herbert Hoover". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  98. ^ "Herbert Hoover – Republican Party – 31st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  99. ^ "Herbert Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=30. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  100. ^ "Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  101. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democratic Party – 32nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  102. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=31. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  103. ^ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  104. ^ "Harry S Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  105. ^ "Harry S Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=32. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  106. ^ "Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  107. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/eisenhower. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  108. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=33. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  109. ^ "Biography of John F. Kennedy". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  110. ^ "John F. Kennedy – Democratic Party – 35th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  111. ^ "John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=34. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  112. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  113. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=35. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  114. ^ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  115. ^ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/nixon. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  116. ^ "Richard M. Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=36. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  117. ^ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  118. ^ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  119. ^ "Gerald R. Ford (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=37. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  120. ^ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  121. ^ "Jimmy Carter – Democratic Party – 39th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  122. ^ "Jimmy Carter (October 1, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=38. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  123. ^ "Biography of Ronald Reagan". Whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  124. ^ "Ronald Reagan – Republican Party – 40th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  125. ^ "Ronald Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=39. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  126. ^ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  127. ^ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/georgebush. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  128. ^ "George Bush (June 12, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=40. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  129. ^ "Biography of William J. Clinton". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  130. ^ "Bill Clinton – Democratic Party – 42nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/billclinton. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  131. ^ "Bill Clinton (August 19, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=41. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  132. ^ "Biography of President George W. Bush". Whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewbush/. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  133. ^ "George W. Bush – Republican Party – 43rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/georgewbush. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  134. ^ "George W. Bush (July 6, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  135. ^ "President Barack Obama". Whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/. Retrieved January 20, 2009. 
  136. ^ "Barack Obama – Democratic Party – 44th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/obama. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  137. ^ "Barack Obama (August 4, 1961 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=43. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 

External links


Oxford Essential Desk Reference:

United States: U.S. Presidents

Top

President

Party

Life Dates

Term

Vice President

George Washington

Federalist

1732–1799

1789–1797

John Adams

John Adams

Federalist

1735–1826

1797–1801

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-Republican

1743–1826

1801–1809

Aaron Burr; George Clinton

James Madison

Democratic-Republican

1751–1836

1809–1817

George Clinton; Elbridge Gerry

James Monroe

Democratic-Republican

1758–1831

1817–1825

Daniel D. Tompkins

John Quincy Adams

Democratic-Republican

1767–1848

1825–1829

John C. Calhoun

Andrew Jackson

Democratic

1767–1845

1829–1837

John C. Calhoun; Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren

Democratic

1782–1862

1837–1841

Richard M. Johnson

William Henry Harrison

Whig

1773–1841

1841

John Tyler

John Tyler

Whig

1790–1862

1841–1845

 

James Knox Polk

Democratic

1795–1849

1845–1849

George M. Dallas

Zachary Taylor

Whig

1784–1850

1849–1850

Millard Fillmore

Millard Fillmore

Whig

1800–1874

1850–1853

 

Franklin Pierce

Democratic

1804–1809

1853–1857

William R. King

James Buchanan

Democratic

1791–1868

1857–1861

John C. Breckinridge

Abraham Lincoln

Republican

1809–1865

1861–1865

Hannibal Hamlin; Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson

Union

1808–1875

1865–1869

 

Ulysses Simpson Grant (b. Hiram Ulysses Grant)

Republican

1822–1885

1869–1877

Schuyler Colfax; Henry Wilson

Rutherford Birchard Hayes

Republican

1822–1893

1877–1881

William A. Wheeler

James Abram Garfield

Republican

1831–1881

1881

Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur

Republican

1829–1886

1881–1885

 

Stephen Grover Cleveland

Democratic

1837–1908

1885–1889

Thomas A. Hendricks

Benjamin Harrison

Republican

1833–1901

1889–1893

Levi P. Morton

[Stephen] Grover Cleveland

Democratic

1837–1908

1893–1897

Adlai E. Stevenson

William McKinley

Republican

1843–1901

1897–1901

Garret A. Hobart; Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican

1858–1919

1901–1909

Charles W. Fairbanks

William Howard Taft

Republican

1857–1930

1909–1913

James S. Sherman

[Thomas] Woodrow Wilson

Democratic

1856–1924

1913–1921

Thomas R. Marshall

Warren Gamaliel Harding

Republican

1865–1923

1921–1923

Calvin Coolidge

[John] Calvin Coolidge

Republican

1872–1933

1923–1929

Charles G. Dawes

Herbert Clark Hoover

Republican

1874–1964

1929–1933

Charles Curtis

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic

1882–1945

1933–1945

John N. Garner; Henry A. Wallace; Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman

Democratic

1884–1972

1945–1953

Alben W. Barkley

Dwight David Eisenhower

Republican

1890–1969

1953–196l

Richard M. Nixon

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Democratic

1917–1963

1961–1963

Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson

Democratic

1908–1973

1963–1969

Hubert H. Humphrey

Richard Milhous Nixon

Republican

1913–1994

1969–1974

Spiro T. Agnew; Gerald R. Ford

Gerald Rudolph Ford (b. Leslie Lynch King)

Republican

1913–

1974–1977

Nelson A. Rockefeller

James Earl Carter, Jr.

Democratic

1924–

1977–1981

Walter F. Mondale

Ronald Wilson Reagan

Republican

1911–

1981–1989

George Bush

George Herbert Walker Bush

Republican

1924–

1989–1993

J. Danforth Quayle

William Jefferson Clinton (b. William Jefferson Blythe)

Democratic

1946–

1993–2001

Albert A. Gore, Jr.


Image The White House. “Presidents of the United States,” www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/presidents/html
Patrick, John J. et al. The Oxford Guide to the U.S. Government. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.



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