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10 Billion KG

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Most of the methods to detect black holes rely on their gravitational effects. The following are ways in which black holes can be detected, at least in theory:

  • Hawking radiation: This radiation would be way too weak to detect a stellar black hole, but it might be used to detect primordial black holes. This method hasn't been successfully applied yet; perhaps there are no primordial black holes.
  • A black hole's gravitational effect on a neighboring object; for example, stars orbiting Sag A* make it possible not only to conclude that there is probably a black hole there, but also to estimate its mass (current estimate: about 4.3 million solar masses).
  • Matter falling into the black hole will emit strong x-rays.
  • An accretion disk around a black hole will heat up through friction, and also emit radiation.
  • Gravitational lensing of objects behind the black hole also make it possible to detect a black hole in some cases (when there is a good alignment).
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Yes - a lot things, in fact. Primordial black holes are small - probably around the size of an atom's nucleus, which is ranges from 1.75×10−15m (hydrogen) to 15×10−15 m for heavier elements. What's smaller than this are electrons, quarks, strings, and the Planck length.

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A stellar black hole would be the remnant or end product of the normal sequence of evolution of a star; the word 'stellar,' which simply means "pertaining to a star," disambiguates the type of black hole from those that might have been created through other processes, for example, primordial black holes thought to have been created in the early universe, or highly energetic particle collisions, etc. A stellar black hole is thus a black hole created when a massive star has exhausted its fuel and collapsed under its own gravity overcoming all outward forces which might resist collapse.

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It's possible that some "primordial" black holes were created from local density fluctuations immediately after the big bang, though we don't know of any that are so small that they could only have been formed in this way.

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