proof

Dictionary: proof   (prūf)

1. The evidence or argument that compels the mind to accept an assertion as true.
2. 1. The validation of a proposition by application of specified rules, as of induction or deduction, to assumptions, axioms, and sequentially derived conclusions.
   2. A statement or argument used in such a validation.
3. 1. Convincing or persuasive demonstration: was asked for proof of his identity; an employment history that was proof of her dependability.
   2. The state of being convinced or persuaded by consideration of evidence.
4. Determination of the quality of something by testing; trial: put one's beliefs to the proof.
5. Law. The result or effect of evidence; the establishment or denial of a fact by evidence.
6. The alcoholic strength of a liquor, expressed by a number that is twice the percentage by volume of alcohol present.
7. Printing.
   1. A trial sheet of printed material that is made to be checked and corrected. Also called proof sheet.
   2. A trial impression of a plate, stone, or block taken at any of various stages in engraving.
8. 1. A trial photographic print.
   2. Any of a limited number of newly minted coins or medals struck as specimens and for collectors from a new die on a polished planchet.
9. Archaic. Proven impenetrability: “I was clothed in Armor of proof” (John Bunyan).

1. Fully or successfully resistant; impervious. Often used in combination: waterproof watches; a fireproof cellar door.
2. Of standard alcoholic strength.
3. Used in proving or making corrections.

1. Printing.
   1. To make a trial impression of (printed or engraved matter).
   2. To proofread (copy).
2. 1. To activate (dormant dry yeast) by adding water.
   2. To work (dough) into proper lightness.
3. To treat so as to make resistant: proof a fabric against shrinkage.

1. Printing. To proofread.
2. To become properly light for cooking: The batter proofed overnight.

[Middle English prove, preve, from Anglo-Norman prove and from Old French prueve, both from Late Latin proba, from Latin probāre, to prove. See prove.]

A measure of the amount of alcohol (ethanol) in drinks. Proof spirit contains 49.28% ethanol by weight (about 57% by volume). Degrees of proof express the percentage of proof spirit present, so 70° proof spirit contains 0.7 × 57% alcohol.

Copy of printed material that is inspected for errors and examined for fidelity to the original copy before the rest of the printing run is completed. If changes or corrections are necessary, they are made from the proof. The corrected proof is often used as a file copy.

noun

1. That which confirms: attestation, authentication, confirmation, corroboration, demonstration, evidence, substantiation, testament, testimonial, testimony, validation, verification, warrant. See true/false.
2. A fact or circumstance that gives logical support to an assertion, claim, or proposal: argument, ground (often used in plural), reason, wherefore, why. Idioms: why and wherefore. See reason/unreason.
3. A procedure that ascertains effectiveness, value, proper function, or other quality: assay, essay, test, trial, tryout. See investigate.

adjective

Having the capacity to withstand: immune, impervious, insusceptible, resistant, resistive, unsusceptible. See resist/yield.

Definition: evidence, authentication
Antonyms: hypothesis, theory

The establishment of a fact by evidence; to find the truth.

For more information on proof, visit Britannica.com.

Informally, a procedure that brings conviction. More formally, a deductively valid argument starting from true premises, that yields the conclusion. Most formally, in proof theory, a proof is a sequence of formulae of which each member is either an axiom or is derived from a set of preceding members by application of a rule of inference, and which terminates with the proposition proved. The final member of such a sequence is a theorem. In 17th- and 18th-century usage ‘proof’ has the same implications of a chain of intuitive ideas as demonstration.

The establishment of a fact by the use of evidence. Anything that can make a person believe that a fact or proposition is true or false. It is distinguishable from evidence in that proof is a broad term comprehending everything that may be adduced at a trial, whereas evidence is a narrow term describing certain types of proof that can be admitted at trial.

The phrase burden of proof includes two distinct concepts, the burden of persuasion and the burden of going forward. The burden of persuasion is the duty of a party to convince the trier of fact of all the elements of a cause of action. The burden of going forward refers to the need of a party to refute evidence introduced at trial that damages or discredits his or her position in the action. The burden of persuasion remains with the plaintiff or prosecutor throughout the action, whereas the burden of going forward can shift between the parties during the trial.

In a civil action, the requisite degree of proof is a preponderance of the evidence. The plaintiff must show that more probably than not the defendant violated his or her rights. In a criminal action, the prosecutor has the burden of establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

See: preponderance of evidence.

n.

Evidence having a shade more of plausibility than of unlikelihood. The testimony of two credible witnesses as opposed to that of only one.

Dansk (Danish)
n. - bevis, prøve, korrektur
adj. - uigennemtrængelig
v. tr. - imprægnere
v. intr. - læse korrektur

idioms:

• living proof    levende bevis
• proof against    bevis mod
• proof positive    positivt bevis
• proof sheet    korrekturark

Nederlands (Dutch)
bewijs, drukproef, alcoholgehalte, test, afstotend, drukproef controleren

Français (French)
n. - preuve, (Math, Philos) preuve, (Imprim) épreuve, (Phot) épreuve, niveau étalon (alcool)
adj. - à l'épreuve de, à l'abri de
v. tr. - imperméabiliser, (Typ) corriger les épreuves de
v. intr. - corriger, (Typ) corriger des épreuves

idioms:

• living proof of    (être) la preuve vivante de
• living proof that    être) la preuve vivante que
• proof against    (être) à l'épreuve de, (être) à l'abri de
• proof positive    preuve formelle
• proof sheet    épreuve

Deutsch (German)
n. - Beweis, Abzug
adj. - unempfindlich
v. - Korrektur lesen, einen Abzug herstellen von, abdichten

idioms:

• living proof of    lebender Beweis
• living proof that    lebender Beweis, dass
• proof against    unempfindlich gegen etwas
• proof positive    eindeutige Beweise
• proof sheet    Korrekturfahne

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - απόδειξη, δοκιμή, δοκιμασία, τεκμήριο, (τυπογρ.) δοκίμιο, (χημ.) βαθμός περιεκτικότητας σε οινόπνευμα (κν. γράδα, γραδάρισμα)
adj. - ανθεκτικός, απρόσβλητος, αδιαπέραστος, στεγανός
v. - στεγανοποιώ, καθιστώ απρόσβλητο, θωρακίζω, (τυπογρ.) τυπώνω δοκίμιο

idioms:

• living proof    ζωντανή απόδειξη
• proof against    απρόσβλητος από ή έναντι
• proof positive    πειστική απόδειξη
• proof sheet    τυπογραφικό δοκίμιο

Italiano (Italian)
prova, dimostrazione, certificato, percentuale, a prova di, rendere impenetrabile, tirare una bozza

idioms:

• living proof    prova vivente
• proof against    impermeabile a
• proof positive    prova assoluta
• proof sheet    minuta

Português (Portuguese)
n. - prova (f)
adj. - à prova de, de prova
v. - provar

idioms:

• living proof    prova viva
• proof against    à prova de
• proof positive    prova positiva
• proof sheet    prova tipográfica

Русский (Russian)
доказательство, крепость (напитка), испытание, пробный оттиск, корректура, проверка, стойкий, непроницаемый, упорный, делать непроницаемым

idioms:

• living proof    живое свидетельство
• proof against    непроницаемый, устойчивый, доказательство против
• proof positive    полное доказательство
• proof sheet    корректурный оттиск, контрольный экземпляр

Español (Spanish)
n. - prueba, comprobación, muestra, grado, graduación
adj. - resistente, a prueba de, insensible
v. tr. - impermeabilizar, hermetizar, tirar una prueba de
v. intr. - impermeabilizar, hermetizar, tirar una prueba de

idioms:

• living proof of    prueba viviente, testigo viviente de
• living proof that    prueba viviente, comprobación viviente de que
• proof against    a prueba de, hacer resistente a
• proof positive    prueba concluyente
• proof sheet    prueba, galerada

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - bevis, prov, korrektur, provtryck, råkopia, normalstyrka (alkohol)
adj. - motståndskraftig, orubblig, -tät, -beständig, normalstyrka
v. - korrekturläsa, impregnera, preparera, ta ett avdrag av

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
证据, 试验, 证明, 不能透入的, 防...的, 证明用的, 检验, 使不被穿透, 校对, 被校对

idioms:

• living proof    现存的证据
• proof against    不能穿透的, 耐...的, 能防...的
• proof positive    确实的证据
• proof sheet    校样

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 證據, 試驗, 證明
adj. - 不能透入的, 防...的, 證明用的
v. tr. - 檢驗, 使不被穿透, 校對
v. intr. - 被校對

idioms:

• living proof    現存的證據
• proof against    不能穿透的, 耐...的, 能防...的
• proof positive    確實的證據
• proof sheet    校樣

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 증명, 증거
adj. - 검사필의, 보증 붙은
v. tr. - ~에내구력을 부여하다
v. intr. - ~에내구력을 부여하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 証拠, 証明, 校正刷り, 試し焼き, 試験, 吟味, 検算, 標準強度
adj. - 耐える, 標準強度の, 検査済みの, 保証付きの
v. - 防水にする, 耐久性加工をする, 校正する

idioms:

• proof against    ～のきかない
• proof positive    確証
• proof sheet    校正刷り

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) برهان, دليل, بينه, اثبات, امتحان, مقياس, قوة المشروبات الروحيه, تصحيح نصوص مطبوعه (صفه) مانع, ضد, مقاوم (فعل) جعل مانعا أو مقاوما, صحح نص مطبوع‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮הוכחה, ראיה, מבחן, טיוטת הגהה, עוצמת-כוהל, הדפסת או הטבעת מבחן, שלבים בפתרון בעיה מתמטית או פילוסופית‬
adj. - ‮חסין, מחוסן, עמיד, אטים, בעוצמה כוהלית מוכחת‬
v. tr. - ‮חיסן, איטם‬
v. intr. - ‮הגיה‬

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