Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email
Answers.com

propane

 
Dictionary: pro·pane   (prō'pān') pronunciation
n.
A colorless gas, C3H8, found in natural gas and petroleum and widely used as a fuel.


Search unanswered questions...
Enter a question here...
Search: All sources Community Q&A Reference topics
Chemistry Dictionary: propane
Top

A colourless gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H8; m.p. –190°C; b.p. –42°C. It is the third member of the alkane series and is obtained from petroleum. Its main use is as bottled gas for fuel.




Colourless, easily liquefied hydrocarbon gas (C3H8 or, more fully, CH3CH2CH3). Separated in large quantities from natural gas, light crude oil, and oil-refinery gases, it is available as liquefied propane or as a major constituent of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It is an important raw material for the manufacture of ethylene and for the petrochemical industry. It is also used as a refrigerant, extractant, solvent, aerosol propellant, and fuel for portable cooking appliances, torches, and lighters.

For more information on propane, visit Britannica.com.

How Products are Made: How is propane made?
Top

Background

Propane is a naturally occurring gas composed of three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms. It is created along with a variety of other hydrocarbons (such as crude oil, butane, and gasoline) by the decomposition and reaction of organic matter over long periods of time. After it is released from oil fields deep within Earth, propane is separated from other petrochemicals and refined for commercial use. Propane belongs to a class of materials known as liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs), which are known for their ability to be converted to liquid under relatively low pressures. As a liquid, propane is 270 times more compact than it is as a gas, which allows it to be easily transported and stored as a liquid until ready for use. Approximately 15 billion gal (57 billion L) of propane are consumed annually in the United States as a fuel gas. The greatest consumers are the chemical and manufacturing industries, which use propane as chemical intermediates and aerosol propellants, followed by residential homes and commercial establishments, who use propane for heating and in dryers and portable grills.

The value of petroleum products has long been recognized by the civilized world, with documented examples of their use stretching back more than 5,000 years. The ancient Mesopotamians used petroleum-derived tar-like compounds for many applications, including caulking for masonry and bricks and adhesives for jewelry. About 2,000 years ago Arabian scientists learned one of the basic tenets of petroleum chemistry—that it can be distilled or separated into different parts, or fractions, based on their boiling points, and that each fraction has its own distinctive properties.

The modern era of refining is considered to have begun in 1859, when petroleum was found in Pennsylvania and the Sennaca Oil Company drilled the first oil well there. From a depth of 70 ft (21.2 m) the world's first oil well produced nearly 300 tons (305 metric tons) of oil in its first year, and thus an entire industry was born. Propane was first recognized as an important component of petroleum in 1910, when a Pittsburgh motor car owner asked chemist Dr. Walter Snelling why the gallon of gasoline he had purchased was half gone by the time he got home. The car owner thought the government should investigate why consumers were being cheated, because the gasoline was evaporating at a rapid and expensive rate. Snelling discovered a large part of liquid gasoline was actually composed of propane, butane, and other hydrocarbons. Using coils from an old hot water heater and other miscellaneous pieces of laboratory equipment, Snelling built a still that could separate the gasoline into its liquid and gaseous components. Since the days of Snelling, chemists have made tremendous advances in techniques for processing propane and other LPGs. Today, the manufacture of propane gas is an $8 billion industry in the United States.

Raw Materials

Because propane has natural origins, it is not "made" of other raw materials; instead, it is "found" in petroleum chemical mixtures deep within the earth. These petroleum mixtures are literally rock oil, combinations of various hydrocarbon-rich fluids which accumulate in subterranean reservoirs made of porous layers of sandstone and carbonate rock. Petroleum is derived from various living organisms buried with sediments of early geological eras. The organisms were trapped between rock layers without oxygen and could not break down, or oxidize, completely. Instead, over tens of millions of years, the residual organic material was converted to propane-rich petroleum via two primary processes, diagenesis and catagenesis. Diagenesis occurs below 122°F (50°C) when the organic "soup" undergoes microbial action (and some chemical reactions) which result in dehydration, condensation, cyclization, and polymerization. Catagenesis, on the other hand, occurs under high temperatures of 122-424°F (50-200°C) and causes the organic materials to react via thermocatalytic cracking, decarboxylation, and hydrogen disproportionation. These complex reactions form petroleum in the sedimentary rocks.

The Manufacturing
Process

Propane manufacture involves separation and collection of the gas from its petroleum sources. Propane and other LPGs are isolated from petrochemical mixtures in one of two ways—by separation from the natural gas phase of petroleum and by refinement of crude oil.

  1. Both processes begin when underground oil fields are tapped by drilling oil wells. The gas/oil hydrocarbon mixture is piped out of the well and into a gas trap, which separates the stream into crude oil and "wet" gas, which contains natural gasoline, liquefied petroleum gases, and natural gas.
  2. Crude oil is heavier and sinks to the bottom of the trap; it is then pumped into an oil storage tank for later refinement. (Although propane is most easily isolated from the "wet gas" mixture, it can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil undergoes a variety of complex chemical processes, including catalytic cracking, crude distillation, and others. While the amount of propane produced by refinery processing is small compared to the amount separated from natural gas, it is still important because propane produced in this manner is commonly used as a fuel for refineries or to make LPG or ethylene.)
  3. The "wet" gas comes off the top of the trap and is piped to a gasoline absorption plant, where it is cooled and pumped through an absorption oil to remove the natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gases. The remaining dry gas, about 90% methane, comes off the top of the trap and is piped to towns and cities for distribution by gas utility companies.
  4. The absorbing oil, saturated with hydrocarbons, is piped to a still where the hydrocarbons are boiled off. This petroleum mixture is known as "wild gasoline." The clean absorbing oil is then returned to the absorber, where it repeats the process.
  5. The "wild gasoline" is pumped to stabilizer towers, where the natural liquid gasoline is removed from the bottom and a mixture of liquefied petroleum gases is drawn off the top.
  6. This mixture of LP gases, which is about 10% of total gas mixture, can be used as a mixture or further separated into its three parts—butane, isobutane, and propane (about 5% of the total gas mixture).

Quality Control

As described above, propane must be carefully isolated from a complex mixture of petrochemicals which includes methane, ethane, ethene, propene, isobutane, isobutene, butadiene, pentane, and pentene, to name a few. If such impurities are not removed, the propane or propane and butane mixture will not liquefy properly. Liquefaction at appropriate temperature and pressure is critical for the gas to be economically useful. The liquefied gas industry has established standardized specifications that LPG mixtures must conform to in order to be considered acceptable for use as fuel gas. Standardized test methodologies for evaluating these specifications are approved and published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). For example, the LPG known as "commercial propane" must have a maximum vapor pressure of 200 psig at 100°F (38°C) and can have no more than 0.0017 ounces (0.05 ml) of residual matter. Furthermore, the allowed amount of volatile residue is strictly limited, and the gas must meet established guidelines for corrosivity to copper, volatile sulfur content, and moisture. Other mixtures of propane and butane are commercially available which have slightly different target values.

These tightly held quality standards make propane an environmentally attractive fuel. In fact, to meet pipeline standards, nearly all pollutants are removed from propane before it is allowed to enter pipelines. When used in properly adjusted and maintained burners, propane's emissions easily meet the standards for clean air set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their testing has proven that propane is environmentally safer than other hydrocarbon energy sources, and that properly processed propane can be used as a motor fuel which is significantly cleaner than gasoline. Studies have shown that, compared to gasoline, propane engines have as much as 45% less ozone-forming potential. Results of another recent EPA study show propane reduces total hydrocarbon emissions by 29% according to the new Federal Clean Air Standards. Furthermore, carbon monoxide emissions are 93% below the standard, hydrocarbon emissions are 73% below the standard, and nitrogen oxide emissions are 57% below the standard.

Byproducts/Waste

As detailed above, the manufacture of propane produces a variety of byproducts that are economically useful. Actually, it is more accurate to think of these not as byproducts but as co-products, since they are produced along with propane as part of petroleum refinement. These co-products may be in the form of solids, gases, or liquids. Solids (or semisolids) include bitumes, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide and are sold for fuel purposes. The liquid fractions include crude oil, which is further refined to give a variety of products. These oils vary dramatically in appearance and physical properties like boiling point, density, odor, and viscosity. The different fractions of crude oil are referred to as "light" or "heavy" depending on their density. Light crude is rich in low-boiling and paraffinic hydrocarbons; heavy crudes are higher-boiling and more viscous. They yield a variety of asphalt-like molecules. Many of the co-products of propane production, such as propylene and butylene, are useful in gasoline refining, synthetic rubber manufacture, and the production of petrochemicals.

The Future

As the field of petroleum chemistry evolves, propane chemistry will continue to advance. Improvements will be made in the way propane is separated from petroleum. One area that offers opportunity for advancement is in the area of oil well production. Much natural gas is burned at remote oil wells because the extensive piping system required to transport it is prohibitively expensive. There are efforts underway to convert more of this wasted gas to condensable gases, which could be easily stored and transported. It is also important to note that propane is likely to become increasingly popular as a fuel gas based on economic factors and enviromnental concerns. In fact, in the Clean Air Act of 1990 Congress named LPGs as one of the clean-burning alternative fuels designated to take national air quality into the twenty-first century.

Where to Learn More

Books

Clark, William, ed. Handbook of Butane! Propane Gases. Butane-Propane News, Inc., 1972.

Other

National Propane Gas Association. http://www.propanegas.com/npga/ (July 14,1997).

[Article by: Randy Schueller]


 
propane, CH3CH2CH3, colorless, gaseous alkane. It is readily liquefied by compression and cooling. It melts at −189.9°C and boils at −42.2°C. Propane occurs in nature in natural gas and (in dissolved form) in crude oil; it is also a byproduct of petroleum refining. It is used chiefly as a fuel. For this purpose it is sold compressed in cylinders of various sizes, often mixed with other hydrocarbons, e.g., butane. Propane fuel is used in a type of cigarette lighter and in portable stoves and lamps.


Wikipedia: Propane
Top
Propane
skeletal structure of the propane molecule
displayed structure of the propane molecule
ball-and-stick model of the propane molecule
space-filling model of the propane molecule
IUPAC name
Identifiers
CAS number 74-98-6 Yes check.svgY
PubChem 6334
UN number 1978
RTECS number TX2275000
SMILES
InChI
ChemSpider ID 6094
Properties
Molecular formula C3H8
Molar mass 44.1 g mol−1
Appearance Colorless gas
Density 1.83 kg/m3, gas
507.7 kg/m3, liquid
Melting point

−187.6 °C (85.5 K)

Boiling point

−42.09 °C (231.1 K)

Solubility in water 0.07 mg/mL (20 °C)
Hazards
MSDS External MSDS
EU classification Highly flammable (F+)
R-phrases R12
S-phrases (S2), S9, S16
NFPA 704
NFPA 704.svg
4
1
0
 
Explosive limits 2.37–9.5%
Related compounds
Related alkanes Ethane
Butane
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties
n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic
data
Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
 Yes check.svgY (what is this?)  (verify)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a transportable liquid. It is derived from other petroleum products during oil or natural gas processing. It is commonly used as a fuel for engines, oxy-gas torches, barbecues, portable stoves and residential central heating.

When used as vehicle fuel, it is commonly known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or LP-gas), which can be a mixture of propane along with small amounts of propylene, butane, and butylene. An odorant such as ethanethiol or thiophene is added so that people can easily smell the gas in case of a leak.

Contents

History

Propane was first identified as a volatile component in gasoline by Dr. Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1910. The volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons caused them to be known as "wild" because of the high vapor pressures of unrefined gasoline. On March 31 the New York Times reported on Dr. Snelling's work with liquefied gas and that "...a steel bottle will carry enough [gas] to light an ordinary home for three weeks."[1]

It was during this time that Dr. Snelling, in cooperation with Frank P. Peterson, Chester Kerr and Arthur Kerr, created ways to liquefy the LP Gases during the refining of natural gasoline. Together they established American Gasol Co., the first commercial marketer of propane. Dr. Snelling had produced relatively pure propane by 1911, and on March 25, 1913 his method of processing and producing LP Gases was issued patent #1,056,845.[2] A separate method of producing LP Gas through compression was created by Frank Peterson and patented in 1912.

The 1920s saw increased production of LP Gas, with the first year of recorded production totaling 223,000 gallons in 1922. In 1927, annual marketed LP Gas production reached one million gallons, and by 1935, the annual sales of LP Gas had reached 56 million gallons. Major industry developments in the 1930s included the introduction of railroad tank car transport, gas odorization and the construction of local bottle-filling plants. The year 1945 marked the first year that annual LP Gas sales reached a billion gallons. By 1947, 62% of all U.S. homes had been equipped with either natural gas or propane for cooking.[3]

In 1950, 1,000 propane-fueled buses were ordered by the Chicago Transit Authority, and by 1958, sales in the U.S. had reached 7 billion gallons annually. In 2004 it was reported to be a growing $8-billion to $10-billion industry with over 15 billion gallons of propane being used annually in the U.S.[4]

The "prop-" root found in propane and other three-carbon chains was derived from propionic acid.[5]

Properties and reactions

Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a similar fashion to other alkanes. In the presence of excess oxygen, propane burns to form water and carbon dioxide.

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat
Propane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

When not enough oxygen is present for complete combustion, incomplete combustion occurs when propane burns and forms water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon.

C3H8 + 3.5 O2 → CO2 + CO + C + 4 H2O + heat
Propane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Carbon + Water

Unlike natural gas, propane is heavier than air (1.5 times as dense). In its raw state, propane sinks and pools at the floor. Liquid propane will flash to a vapor at atmospheric pressure and appears white due to moisture condensing from the air.

When properly combusted, propane produces about 50 MJ/kg. The gross heat of combustion of one normal cubic meter of propane is around 91 megajoules[6]

Propane is nontoxic; however, when abused as an inhalant it poses a mild asphyxiation risk through oxygen deprivation. Commercial products contain hydrocarbons beyond propane, which may increase risk. Commonly stored under pressure at room temperature, propane and its mixtures expand and cool when released and may cause mild frostbite.

Propane combustion is much cleaner than gasoline combustion, though not as clean as natural gas combustion. The presence of C–C bonds, plus the multiple bonds of propylene and butylene, create organic exhausts besides carbon dioxide and water vapor during typical combustion. These bonds also cause propane to burn with a visible flame.

Greenhouse gas emissions factors for propane are 62.7 kg CO2/ mBTU[7] or 1.55 kg of CO2 per litre[8] or 73.7 kg / GJ[9].

Energy content

The energy density of propane is 46.44 megajoules per kilogram[10] (91,690 BTU per gallon).

Uses

Fuels for heating

Heating oil
Wood pellet
Kerosene
Propane
Natural gas
Wood
Coal



A 20lb propane cylinder.

Propane is used as fuel in cooking on many barbecues, portable stoves and in motor vehicles. The ubiquitous 4.73-gallon (20 lb.) steel container is often dubbed a "barbecue tank". Propane remains a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because its low boiling point of −42 °C (−43.6 °F) makes it vaporize as soon as it is released from its pressurized container. Therefore, no carburetor or other vaporizing device is required; a simple metering nozzle suffices. Propane powers some locomotives, buses, forklifts, taxis and ice resurfacing machines and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers. In many rural areas of North America, propane is used in furnaces, cooking stoves, water heaters, laundry dryers, and other heat-producing appliances. In this application, it is usually stored in a large, permanently-placed cylinder which is recharged by a propane-delivery truck. As of 2000, 6.9 million American households use propane as their primary heating fuel.[11]

Commercially-available "propane" fuel, or LPG, is not pure. Typically in the USA and Canada, it is primarily propane (at least 90%), with the rest mostly butane and propylene (5% maximum), plus odorants. This is the HD-5 standard, (Heavy Duty-5%maximum allowable propylene content) written for internal combustion engines. LPG, when extracted from natural gas, does not contain propylene. LPG, when refined from crude oil does contain propylene. Not all products labelled "propane" conform to this standard. In Mexico, for example, the butane content is much higher.

Domestic and industrial fuel

A local delivery truck, behind the pickup truck
Retail sale of propane in Monmouth, Oregon

In North America, local delivery trucks called "bobtails", with an average tank size of 3,000 gallons, fill up large tanks (sometimes called pigs) that are permanently installed on the property, or other service trucks exchange empty cylinders of propane with filled cylinders. Large tractor-trailer trucks called "cargo-liners", with an average tank size of 10,000 gallons, transport the propane from the pipeline or refinery to the local delivery plant. The bobtail and transport are not unique to the North American market, though the practice is not as common elsewhere, and the vehicles are generally referred to as tankers. In many countries, propane is delivered to consumers via small or medium-sized individual tanks.

Propane use is growing rapidly in non-industrialized areas of the world. Propane is replacing wood and other traditional fuel sources in such places, where it is now sometimes called "cooking gas". North American barbecue grills powered by propane cannot be used overseas.[citation needed] The "propane" sold overseas is actually a mixture of propane and butane. The warmer the country, the higher the butane content, commonly 50/50 and sometimes reaching 75% butane. Usage is calibrated to the different-sized nozzles found in non-U.S. grills.[citation needed] Americans who take their grills overseas — such as military personnel — can find U.S.-specification propane at AAFES military post exchanges.

North American industries using propane include glass makers, brick kilns, poultry farms and other industries that need portable heat.

Refrigeration

Propane is also instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration, usually by means of a gas absorption refrigerator.

Blends of pure, dry "isopropane" (R-290a) (commercial term used to describe isobutane/propane mixtures) and isobutane (R-600a) have negligible Ozone depletion potential and very low Global Warming Potential and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a, and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.[12]

In motor vehicles

Such substitution is widely prohibited or discouraged in motor vehicle air-conditioning systems, on the grounds that using flammable hydrocarbons in systems originally designed to carry non-flammable refrigerant presents a significant risk of fire or explosion.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons.[21][22] One particular test was conducted by a professor at the University of New South Wales that unintentionally tested the worst case scenario of a sudden and complete refrigerant loss into the passenger compartment followed by subsequent ignition. He and several others in the car sustained burns to the face, ears, and hands, and several observers received lacerations from the burst glass of the front passenger window.[23]

Vehicle fuel

Propane is also being used increasingly for vehicle fuels. In the U.S., 190,000 on-road vehicles use propane, and 450,000 forklifts use it for power.[citation needed] It is the third most popular vehicle fuel in America, behind gasoline and diesel. In other parts of the world, propane used in vehicles is known as autogas. About 13 million vehicles worldwide use autogas.[citation needed]

The advantage of propane is its liquid state at a moderate pressure. This allows fast refill times, affordable fuel tank construction, and ranges comparable to (though still less than) gasoline. Meanwhile it is noticeably cleaner (both in handling, and in combustion), results in less engine wear (due to carbon deposits) without diluting engine oil (often extending oil-change intervals), and until recently was a relative bargain in North America. Octane rating is a noticeably higher 110. In the United States the propane fueling infrastructure is the most developed of all alternative vehicle fuels. Many converted vehicles have provisions for topping off from "barbecue bottles". Purpose-built vehicles are often in commercially-owned fleets, and have private fueling facilities. A further saving for propane fuel vehicle operators, especially in fleets, is that pilferage is much more difficult than with gasoline or diesel fuels.

Propane is generally stored and transported in steel cylinders as a liquid with a vapor space above the liquid. The vapor pressure in the cylinder is a function of temperature. When gaseous propane is drawn at a high rate, the latent heat of vaporisation required to create the gas will cause the bottle to cool. (This is why water often condenses on the sides of the bottle and then freezes). In addition, the lightweight, high-octane compounds vaporize before the heavier, low-octane ones. Thus the ignition properties change as the tank empties. For these reasons, the liquid is often withdrawn using a dip tube.

Other

  • Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
  • Propane is used in some flamethrowers, as the fuel, or as the pressurizing gas. Most movies featuring flame-throwers utilize propane.
  • Some propane becomes a feedstock for propyl alcohol, a common solvent.
  • Propane is the primary fuel for hot air balloons.
  • It is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.
  • Propane is mixed with silicone to form a propellant (sold as green gas) which is used to power gas guns used in airsoft combat gaming. Straight propane can also be used, with the use of a Propane Adapter.
  • Liquid propane is commonly used in theme parks and in the movie industry as an inexpensive, high-energy fuel for explosions and other special effects.

Propane risks and alternate gas fuels

City of Austin propane tank

Propane is heavier than air. If a leak in a propane fuel system occurs, the gas will have a tendency to sink into any enclosed area and thus poses a risk of explosion and fire. The typical scenario is a leaking cylinder stored in a basement; the propane leak drifts across the floor to the pilot light on the furnace or water heater, and results in an explosion or fire.

Propane is bought and stored in a liquid form (LPG), and thus fuel energy can be stored in a relatively small space. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), largely methane, is another gas used as fuel, but it cannot be liquefied by compression at normal temperatures, as these are well above its critical temperature. It therefore requires very high pressure to be stored as a liquid, which poses the hazard that, in an accident, a CNG tank may burst with great force, or leak rapidly enough to become a self-propelled missile. Therefore, CNG is much less efficient to store, due to the large tank volume required. Thus propane is much more commonly used to fuel vehicles than is natural gas, and requires just 1,220 kilopascals (177 psi) of pressure to keep it liquid at 37.8 °C (100 °F).[24]

Sources

Home-storage propane tanks being transported through Nevada.

Propane is produced as a by-product of two other processes: natural gas processing and petroleum refining.

The processing of natural gas involves removal of butane, propane and large amounts of ethane from the raw gas, in order to prevent condensation of these volatiles in natural gas pipelines. Additionally, oil refineries produce some propane as a by-product of production of cracking petroleum into gasoline or heating oil.

The supply of propane cannot easily be adjusted to meet increased demand, because of the by-product nature of propane production. About 90% of U.S. propane is domestically produced.

The United States imports about 10% of the propane consumed each year, with about 70% of that coming from Canada via pipeline and rail. The remaining 30% of imported propane comes to the United States from other sources via ocean transport.

After it is produced, North American propane is stored in huge salt caverns located in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada; Mont Belvieu, Texas and Conway, Kansas. These salt caverns were hollowed out in the 1940s,[25] and they can store 80 million or more barrels of propane. When the propane is needed, most of it is shipped by pipelines to other areas of the Midwest, the North and the South, for use by customers. Propane is also shipped by barge and rail car to selected U.S. areas.[citation needed]


Retail cost

United States

As of November 2009, the retail cost of propane was approximately US$2.20 per gallon, or roughly $24 per 1 million BTUs.[26] This is approximately equal to gasoline at $2.73 per gallon.

See also

References

  1. ^ The New York Times April 1, 1912, Page 9. "GAS PLANT IN STEEL BOTTLE.; Dr. Snelling's Process Gives Month's Supply in Liquid Form.". http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C04E3DB1F31E233A25752C0A9629C946396D6CF. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
  2. ^ National Propane Gas Association. "The History of Propane". http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=634. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
  3. ^ npga.org
  4. ^ Propane Education and Research Council. "Fact Sheet - The History of Propane". http://www.propanecouncil.org/newsroom/fact_sheetsDetail.cfv?id=5. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
  5. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary entry for propane
  6. ^ Ulf Bossel: Well-to-Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle, Proceedings of Fuel Cell Forum 2003
  7. ^ http://members.propanecouncil.org/assets/propane-reduces-greenhouse-gas-emmissions-fact-sheet/asset-direct/propane-reduces-greenhouse-gas-emmissions-fact-sheet.pdf[dead link]
  8. ^ EarthFuture.com - Carbon Activism for Beginners
  9. ^ http://www.cns-snc.ca/events/CCEO/graphics/2a_jannasch_paper.pdf
  10. ^ Energy Density of Propane
  11. ^ U. S. Census Bureau, U.S. Departments of Energy and Transportation statistics (2000). "General U.S. Industry Statistics and Characteristics of Propane". http://www.npga.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=633. Retrieved 2007-09-06. 
  12. ^ European Commission on retrofit refrigerants for stationary applications
  13. ^ U.S. EPA hydrocarbon-refrigerants FAQ
  14. ^ Compendium of hydrocarbon-refrigerant policy statements, October 2006
  15. ^ MACS bulletin: hydrocarbon refrigerant usage in vehicles
  16. ^ Society of Automotive Engineers hydrocarbon refrigerant bulletin
  17. ^ Shade Tree Mechanic on hydrocarbon refrigerants
  18. ^ Saskatchewan Labour bulletin on hydrocarbon refrigerants in vehicles
  19. ^ VASA on refrigerant legality & advisability
  20. ^ Queensland (Australia) government warning on hydrocarbon refrigerants
  21. ^ New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 16 October 1997
  22. ^ New South Wales (Australia) Parliamentary record, 29 June 2000
  23. ^ VASA news report on hydrocarbon refrigerant demonstrations
  24. ^ "Propane Vapor Pressure". The Engineering ToolBox. 2005. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/propane-vapor-pressure-d_1020.html. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
  25. ^ Argonne National Laborator (1999). "Salt Cavern Information Center". http://web.ead.anl.gov/saltcaverns/uses/hcstorage/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
  26. ^ US Energy Information Administration (November 7, 2009). "Heating Oil and Propane Update". http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/hopu/hopu.asp. 

External links


Translations: Propane
Top

Dansk (Danish)
n. - propan

Nederlands (Dutch)
propaan

Français (French)
n. - propane

Deutsch (German)
n. - (Chem.) Propan

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (χημ.) προπάνιο

Italiano (Italian)
propano

Português (Portuguese)
n. - propano (m)

Русский (Russian)
пропан

Español (Spanish)
n. - propano

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - propan

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
丙烷

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 丙烷

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 프로판(메탄계 탄화수소의 하나)

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - プロパン

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) غاز البروبين‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮פרופן (גז)‬


 
 
Learn More
prop– (prefix)
chloropropane (organic chemistry)
depropanization (chemical engineering)

What are the uses of propane? Read answer...
How is propane used? Read answer...
What does propane bond with? Read answer...

Help us answer these
What does propane mean?
What is a unit of propane?
How is propane refined?

Post a question - any question - to the WikiAnswers community:

 

Copyrights:

Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Chemistry Dictionary. A Dictionary of Chemistry. Sixth Edition. Copyright © Market House Books Ltd, 2008. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
How Products are Made. How Products are Made. Copyright © 2002 by The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/ Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Propane" Read more
Translations. Copyright © 2007, WizCom Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.  Read more