A drug, C16H21NO2, that blocks beta-adrenergic activity, used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhythmia and to prevent migraine headaches.
[PRO(PYL) + PR(OP)ANOL (PROPAN(E) + -OL1) + -OL1.]
Dictionary:
pro·pran·o·lol (prō-prăn'ə-lôl', -lōl', -lŏl') ![]() |
[PRO(PYL) + PR(OP)ANOL (PROPAN(E) + -OL1) + -OL1.]
| 5min Related Video: propranolol |
| Drug Info: Propranolol |
Brand names: Inderal®Inderal® LAInnoPran XLPronol
Chemical formula:

Propranolol Hydrochloride Oral capsule, extended-release
What is this medicine?
PROPRANOLOL is a beta-blocker. Beta-blockers reduce the workload on the heart and help it to beat more regularly. This medicine is used to treat high blood pressure, heart muscle disease, and prevent chest pain caused by angina. It is also used to prevent migraine headaches. You should not use this medicine to treat a migraine that has already started.
This medicine may be used for other purposes; ask your health care provider or pharmacist if you have questions.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?
They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
•circulation problems, or blood vessel disease
•diabetes
•history of heart attack or heart disease, vasospastic angina
•kidney disease
•liver disease
•lung or breathing disease, like asthma or emphysema
•pheochromocytoma
•slow heart rate
•thyroid disease
•an unusual or allergic reaction to propranolol, other beta-blockers, medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
•pregnant or trying to get pregnant
•breast-feeding
How should I use this medicine?
Take this medicine by mouth with a glass of water. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Do not crush or chew. Take your doses at regular intervals. Do not take your medicine more often than directed. Do not stop taking except on the advice of your doctor or health care professional.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.
Overdosage: If you think you have taken too much of this medicine contact a poison control center or emergency room at once.
NOTE: This medicine is only for you. Do not share this medicine with others.
What may interact with this medicine?
Do not take this medicine with any of the following medications:
•feverfew
•phenothiazines like chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine
•sotalol
This medicine may also interact with the following medications:
•aluminum hydroxide gel
•antipyrine
•barbiturates like phenobarbital
•cimetidine
•ciprofloxacin
•diazepam
•fluconazole
•haloperidol
•isoniazid
•medicines for cholesterol like cholestyramine or colestipol
•medicines to control heart rhythm
•medicines for high blood pressure
•medicines for HIV
•medicines for mental depression
•medicines for migraine headache like almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan
•NSAIDs, medicines for pain and inflammation, like ibuprofen or naproxen
•phenytoin
•rifampin
•teniposide
•theophylline
•thyroid medicines
•tolbutamide
•warfarin
•zileuton
This list may not describe all possible interactions. Give your health care provider a list of all the medicines, herbs, non-prescription drugs, or dietary supplements you use. Also tell them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs. Some items may interact with your medicine.
What should I watch for while using this medicine?
Visit your doctor or health care professional for regular check ups. Contact your doctor right away if your symptoms worsen. Check your blood pressure and pulse rate regularly. Ask your health care professional what your blood pressure and pulse rate should be, and when you should contact them.
Do not stop taking this medicine suddenly. This could lead to serious heart-related effects.
You may get drowsy or dizzy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs mental alertness until you know how this drug affects you. Do not stand or sit up quickly, especially if you are an older patient. This reduces the risk of dizzy or fainting spells. Alcohol can make you more drowsy and dizzy. Avoid alcoholic drinks.
This medicine can affect blood sugar levels. If you have diabetes, check with your doctor or health care professional before you change your diet or the dose of your diabetic medicine.
Do not treat yourself for coughs, colds, or pain while you are taking this medicine without asking your doctor or health care professional for advice. Some ingredients may increase your blood pressure.
What side effects may I notice from receiving this medicine?
Side effects that you should report to your doctor or health care professional as soon as possible:
•allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue
•breathing problems
•changes in blood sugar
•cold hands or feet
•difficulty sleeping, nightmares
•dry peeling skin
•hallucinations
•muscle cramps or weakness
•slow heart rate
•swelling of the legs and ankles
•vomiting
Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your doctor or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome):
•change in sex drive or performance
•diarrhea
•dry sore eyes
•hair loss
•nausea
•weak or tired
This list may not describe all possible side effects. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Where should I keep my medicine?
Keep out of the reach of children.
Store at room temperature between 15 and 30 degrees C (59 and 86 degrees F). Protect from light, moisture and freezing. Keep container tightly closed. Throw away any unused medicine after the expiration date.
Last updated: 6/10/2003 4:11:00 PM
Important Disclaimer: The drug information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the diagnosis, treatment and advice of a medical professional. This drug information does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects and interactions. It should not be construed to indicate that this or any drug is safe for you. Consult your medical professional for guidance before using any prescription or over the counter drugs.
| Veterinary Dictionary: propranolol |
A β-adrenoceptor blocking agent, useful in the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias including paroxysmal tachycardia, atrial flutter and fibrillation.
| Wikipedia: Propranolol |
|
Propranolol
|
|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| (RS)-1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy)propan-2-ol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 525-66-6 |
| ATC code | C07AA05 |
| PubChem | 4946 |
| DrugBank | APRD00194 |
| ChemSpider | 4777 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C16H21NO2 |
| Mol. mass | 259.34 g/mol |
| SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 26% |
| Metabolism | hepatic (extensive) |
| Half life | 4-5 hours |
| Excretion | renal <1% |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Licence data | |
| Pregnancy cat. | |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | oral, iv |
| |
|
Propranolol (INN) is a non-selective beta blocker mainly used in the treatment of hypertension. It was the first successful beta blocker developed. It is the only drug proven effective for the prophylaxis of migraines in children. Propranolol is available in generic form as propranolol hydrochloride, as well as an AstraZeneca and Wyeth product under the trade names Inderal, Inderal LA, Avlocardyl (also available in prolonged absorption form named "Avlocardyl Retard"), Deralin, Dociton, Inderalici, InnoPran XL, Sumial, Anaprilinum (depending on marketplace and release rate).
Contents |
Scottish scientist and St. Andrews graduate James W. Black successfully developed propranolol in the late 1950s. In 1988, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Propranolol was derived from the early β-adrenergic antagonists dichloroisoprenaline and pronethalol. The key structural modification, which was carried through to essentially all subsequent beta blockers, was the insertion of a methoxy bridge into the arylethanolamine structure of pronethalol thus greatly increasing the potency of the compound. This also apparently eliminated the carcinogenicity found with pronethalol in animal models.
Newer, more selective beta-blockers (such as nebivolol) are now used in the treatment of hypertension.
Propranolol is indicated for the management of various conditions including:
While once first-line treatment for hypertension, the role for beta-blockers was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line as they perform less well than other drugs, particularly in the elderly, and evidence is increasing that the most frequently used beta-blockers at usual doses carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. [6]
Propranolol is also used to lower portal vein pressure in portal hypertension and prevent oesophageal variceal bleeding.
Propranolol is often used by musicians and other performers to prevent stage fright. It has been taken by surgeons to reduce their own inate hand tremors during surgery.[7]
Propranolol is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. [8][9][10]. Propranolol works to inhibit the actions of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that enhances memory consolidation. Studies have shown that individuals given propranolol immediately after a traumatic experience show less severe symptoms of PTSD compared to their respective control groups that did not receive the drug (Vaiva et al., 2003). However, results remain inconclusive as to the success of propranolol in treatment of PTSD.
Recent evidence (June 2008) suggests that propranolol can be used to treat severe hemangiomas[11]. This treatment may prove superior to corticosteroids, as propranolol has far less side effects.
Propranolol along with a number of other membrane-acting drugs have been investigated for possible effects on P. falciparum and so the treatment of malaria. In vitro positive effects until recently had not been matched by useful in vivo anti-parasite activity against P. vinckei,[12] or P. yoelii nigeriensis.[13] However a single study from 2006 has suggested that propranolol may reduce the dosages required for existing drugs to be effective against P. falciparum by 5- to 10-fold, suggesting a role for combination therapies.[14]
Propranolol should be used with caution in patients with:[15]
Propranolol is contraindicated in patients with:[15]
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with propranolol therapy are similar to other lipophilic beta blockers (see beta blocker).
Propranolol, like other beta blockers, is classified as Pregnancy category C in the United States and ADEC Category C in Australia. Beta-blocking agents in general reduce perfusion of the placenta which may lead to adverse outcomes for the neonate, including pulmonary or cardiac complications, or premature birth. The newborn may experience additional adverse effects such as hypoglycemia and bradycardia.[citation needed]
Most beta-blocking agents appear in the milk of lactating women. This is especially the case for a lipophilic drug like propranolol. Breastfeeding is not recommended in patients receiving propranolol therapy.[citation needed]
Propranolol is rapidly and completely absorbed, with peak plasma levels achieved approximately 1–3 hours after ingestion. Co-administration with food appears to enhance bioavailability. Despite complete absorption, propranolol has a variable bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. Hepatic impairment will therefore increase its bioavailability. The main metabolite 4-hydroxypropranolol, with a longer half-life (5.2–7.5 hours) than the parent compound (3–4 hours), is also pharmacologically active.
Propranolol is a highly lipophilic drug achieving high concentrations in the brain. The duration of action of a single oral dose is longer than the half-life and may be up to 12 hours, if the single dose is high enough (e.g., 80 mg). Effective plasma concentrations are between 10–100 ng/mL.
Toxic levels are associated with plasma concentrations above 2000 ng/ml.
Propranolol is a non-selective beta blocker, that is, it blocks the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. It has little intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) but has strong membrane stabilizing activity (only at high blood concentrations, eg overdosage). Research has also shown that propranolol has inhibitory effects on the norepinephrine transporter and/or stimulates norepinephrine release (present experiments have shown that the concentration of norepinephrine is increased in the synapse but do not have the ability to discern which effect is taking place).[16] Since propranolol blocks β-adrenoceptors, the increase in synaptic norepinephrine only results in α-adrenergic activation, with the α1-adrenoceptor being particularly important for effects observed in animal models. Therefore, some have suggested that it be looked upon as an indirect α1 agonist as well as a β antagonist. Probably owing to the effect at the α1-adrenoceptor, the racemate and the individual enantiomers of propranolol have been shown to substitute for cocaine in rats, with the most potent enantiomer being S-(-)-propranolol. Both enantiomers of the drug have a local anesthetic (topical) effect. In addition, some evidence suggests that propranolol may function as a partial agonist at one or more serotonin receptors (possibly 5-HT1B).
Beta blockers, including propranolol, have an additive effect with other drugs which decrease blood pressure, or which decrease cardiac contractility or conductivity. Clinically-significant interactions particularly occur with:[15]
The usual maintenance dose ranges for oral propranolol therapy vary by indication:
Intravenous (IV) propranolol may be used in acute arrhythmia or thyrotoxic crisis.[19]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
| Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ; Propranolol | |
| practolol | |
| Inderal (trademark) |
| What are propranolol hydrochoride tabs used for? Read answer... | |
| What are the effects of Snorting Propranolol? Read answer... | |
| Can you drink alchohol when taking propranolol? Read answer... |
| Does propranolol have hcg in it? | |
| Can you get high on propranolol? | |
| Can you take phentermine and propranolol together? |
Copyrights:
![]() | Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Read more | |
![]() | Drug Info. Gold Standard. Copyright © 2008 by Gold Standard. All rights reserved. Read more | |
![]() | Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved. Read more | |
![]() | Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Propranolol". Read more |
Mentioned in