quango

Quango or qango is an acronym (variously spelt out as quasi non-governmental organisation, quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation, and quasi-autonomous national government organisation) used notably in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and elsewhere to label colloquially an organisation to which government has devolved power. In the United Kingdom the official term is "non-departmental public body" or NDPB.

History

The term has its origin in a humorous shortening of quasi-NGO, an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government,^[1] while mainstream NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause. Numerous quangos were created from the 1980s onwards. Examples in the United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the Press Complaints Commission and the Water Services Regulation Authority.

An essential feature of a quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as executive agencies providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed (see below).^[2] This spawned the related acronym qualgo, a 'quasi-autonomous local government organisation'.^[3]

The less contentious term non-departmental public body (NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was:

"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from Ministers." [2]

Use

United Kingdom

The use in the UK of executive agencies charged with service delivery functions has arisen alongside so-called non-departmental public bodies. These agencies do not usually have a legal identity separate from that of their parent department; and, unless they have trading fund status, their accounts form part of the accounts of the parent department. The National Health Service also has bodies called special health authorities, technically neither NDPBs nor executive agencies. The Department of Health chooses to designate all three types as "arm's length bodies".

Network Rail, responsible for the UK's railway infrastructure, may be regarded as a quango, subject, however, to the question of whether the entity is, as its formal structure might suggest, a non-governmental private company, or a state-owned enterprise.

List of QUANGOs in the United Kingdom

Ireland

Ireland in 2006 had more than 800 quangos, 482 at national and 350 at local level, with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion.^[4]

Criticism

The Times has accused Quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess.^[5] In 2005 Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos, for example, claimed that the UK had 529 quangos, many of which were useless and duplicated the work of others. In August 2008 a report by the pressure group the Taxpayers' Alliance, claimed that £15 billion was being wasted by the regional development agencies, quangos set up with the stated goal of encouraging economic development in their respective English regions.^[6]

Popular culture

Britpop band Blur released a song called 'Mr. Robinson's Quango' on their 1995 album The Great Escape. The lyrics allude to Mr. Robinson being a 'dirty dealer' and a mason, as well as not doing very much, amongst other things.

Quangos were mentioned in several episodes of the popular British sitcom Yes Minister, which satirised political life. In particular, the chairmanship of a quango played a central role in the episode Jobs for the Boys from the first series of the sitcom.

See also

• Executive agency
• Departments of the United Kingdom Government
• Scottish public bodies
• Off-budget enterprise
• Non-governmental organization
• GONGO

References

External links

• Defining Quango Article From political site Governing Dynamo
• Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies
• Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006
• The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006
• Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006
• Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095
• UK government site about the process of making public appointments