A musical note that can be likened to a comma in punctuation is the quarter note. Just as a comma can indicate a pause in a sentence, a quarter note represents a brief pause or duration in music.

chromatic pair is meant a pair of MOS in some rank two temperament (which may often be a subgroup temperament) in which the smaller of the pair is analogous to Meantone, the diatonic scale, and the larger to Meantone, the chromatic scale. Because on a standard keyboard the smaller scale is given by the white keys, the smaller scale of the pair is called "albitonic" from the Latin word for "white". Also included at times are "haplotonic" scales, which are the analogs of Meantone. The pair temperaments are listed in order of increasing unweighted rms error with tuning target the ratios between subgroup generators; this gives a measure more reflective of the errors than Tenney-Euclidean error will give.

last comma before the and is not necessary

No, there is not a comma after "except that."

5 comma 300 comma 000 comma 000 comma 000 comma 000.