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Who2 Biography:

Raul Castro

, Political Figure

  • Born: 3 June 1931
  • Birthplace: Biran, Cuba
  • Best Known As: The brother who replaced Fidel Castro in 2008

Raul Castro replaced his brother, longtime dictator Fidel Castro, as president of Cuba in 2008. Raul Castro helped his brother plan and execute the socialist revolution which overthrew the dictator Fulgencio Batista in the 1950s. (Raul also introduced Fidel to Che Guevara, who also was to become a famous revolutionary.) Fidel took power in 1959 and Raul spent the next five decades as his defense minister, chief lieutenant, and designated successor. Fidel dominated Caribbean politics with his charisma and vision of Cuba as a socialist paradise, while Raul was widely seen as a stolid and loyal pragmatist who ran the Army and quashed dissent. Raul became the acting head of the Cuban government in August of 2006 after Fidel underwent surgery for an undisclosed ailment. In February of 2008, Fidel announced that he would step down from power, and Raul Castro was named to replace him as president one week later.

Raul married fellow revolutionary Vilma Espin in 1959. They have four children... Raul is five years younger than Fidel.

 
 
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Raúl Castro Ruz

(born June 3, 1931, Holguín province, Cuba) head of state of Cuba (since 2008), defense minister, and revolutionary. Best known as the younger brother of Fidel Castro, Raúl embraced socialism as a young adult and belonged to a communist youth group. He participated with Fidel in the 1953 attempt to unseat dictator Fulgencio Batista and spent nearly two years in prison for the assault. In 1956 Raúl helped launch the revolution that resulted in Fidel's becoming premier in 1959 and which began his own tenure as Cuba's defense minister. That same year Raúl married fellow revolutionary Vilma Espín Guillois. Over the ensuing decades, Raúl served in the number two position of the principal government bodies of Cuba. He emerged as a key figure of the Communist Party of Cuba, and he enjoyed the strong support and loyalty of top military officers, known as raulistas. Raúl forged links with the Soviet Union and expanded the military's reach into various state-owned enterprises. Throughout the 1990s he supported the economic and agricultural reforms that helped to revive the economy following the collapse of Soviet subsidies. In 2008 he was elected president of Cuba after Fidel announced he was stepping down.

For more information on Raúl Castro Ruz, visit Britannica.com.

 
Columbia Encyclopedia: Castro, Raúl
(Raúl Castro Ruz) (rä-ūl' käs'trō), 1931–, Cuban revolutionary and government official, younger brother of Fidel Castro. A loyal supporter of his brother and a Communist, Raúl Castro joined Fidel in the unsuccessful 1953 uprising against Fulgencio Batista and was also imprisoned. Released in 1955, they went to Mexico and later returned (1956) to Cuba as guerrillas to overthrow Batista. Fidel's chief lieutenant in the revolution, Raúl became minister of the armed forces in 1959, a position he continues to hold. In 1972 he also became first deputy premier and then first vice president of the Council of State and of the Council of Ministers when the Cuban government was reorganized in 1976. He became Cuba's acting president in 2006 when Fidel Castro was forced by ill health and surgery to relinquish the presidency temporarily.
 
Dictionary: Castro, Raúl
Born 1927.

Cuban revolutionary leader who assisted his brother Fidel in overthrowing the regime of Fulgencio Batista in 1959. In 2006, Raúl became acting president when Fidel, whose health was deteriorating, passed de facto control of the government to him.


 
Wikipedia: Raúl Castro
This article is about the Cuban politician. For the former Governor of Arizona and United States Ambassador, see Raúl Héctor Castro.


Raúl Castro
Raúl Castro
Acting President of Cuba
First Vice President/Acting President of the Council of State and Acting President/First Vice President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba
Incumbent
Assumed office 
2 December, 1976
Acting President since 31 July 2006
Born June 3 1931 (1931--) (age 76)
Birán, Holguín Province, Cuba Flag of Cuba
Political party Communist Party of Cuba
Spouse Vilma Espín Guillois

Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3, 1931) is the Acting President of Cuba and Acting President/First Vice President of the Cuban Council of State. The younger brother of Cuban President Fidel Castro also occupies the positions of First Vice President/Acting President of the Council of Ministers, Acting First Secretary/Second Secretary of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), and Acting Commander in Chief Maximum General of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force), second only to the Commander in Chief, Fidel Castro.

On July 31, 2006, Raúl Castro assumed the duties of President of the Council of State in a temporary transfer of power due to Fidel Castro's illness. According to the Cuban Constitution Article 94, the First Vice President of the Council of State assumes presidential duties upon the illness or death of the president.

Pre-1959

Son of a Galician immigrant and a mullata Cuban, Raúl is the youngest of the three Castro brothers. They also have four sisters, Angela, Juanita, Enma, and Agustina. He also has two half siblings, Lidia and Pedro Emilio who were raised by Ángel Castro's first wife. (Juanita Castro, who lives in Miami and owns a small pharmacy in Little Havana (as of 2006), has been estranged from her native Cuba and her brothers since 1963.) Persistent rumors, supported by former CIA analyst Brian Latell are taken to suggest that Batista army loyalist Felipe Miraval, nicknamed "el Chino" is Raul's, but not Fidel's father.[1] As youngsters, the brothers were expelled from the first school they attended. Like Fidel, Raúl later attended the Jesuit School of Colegio Dolores in Santiago and Colegio de Belén in Havana. Raúl, as an undergraduate, studied social sciences. Whereas Fidel excelled as a student, Raúl's performance was mostly mediocre. .[1] Raúl was a committed socialist and joined the Socialist Youth, an affiliate of the Soviet-oriented Cuban Communist Party, the Partido Socialista Popular (PSP).[2] The brothers participated actively in sometimes violent student political actions.[3] In 1953, Raúl was a member of the 26th of July Movement which attacked the Moncada Barracks and spent 22 months in prison as a result of this action.[2] During his exile in Mexico, he participated in the preparations of the expedition of the ship Granma, embarking for Cuba on December 2, 1956.

It was during the period in Mexico that Raúl reportedly befriended Ernesto "Ché" Guevara in Mexico City and brought him into Fidel's circle of revolutionaries. Raúl also established contact with Soviet KGB agent Nikolai Leonov, whom he had met two years earlier during a trip to the Soviet-bloc nations. That relationship would persist until the Castro brothers successfully assumed power in Cuba.[2]

As a combatant of the Rebel Army he took part in the campaign of the Sierra Maestra mountain range and, on February 27 1958, was made comandante and assigned the mission to cross the old province of Oriente leading a column of guerrillas to open, to the northeast of that territory, the "Eastern front Frank País." He was responsible for overseeing the summary execution of "scores" of soldiers loyal to deposed Cuban leader Fulgencio Batista.[4]

Post-1959

Raúl Castro Ruz was a member of the National Leadership of the Integrated Revolutionary Organizations (established July 1961; dissolved March 1962) and of the United Party of the Socialist Revolution of Cuba (established March 1962; dissolved October 1965). He has been a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and the Second Secretary of its Politburo since the Party's formation in October 1965; also, the First Vice President of the Cuban Council of State, of the National Assembly of the Popular Power and of the Council of Ministers since these were created in 1976. He was appointed Minister of the Revolutionary Armed Forces when the Ministry was founded in October 1959 and has served in that capacity ever since; he is also the nation's highest ranking general, second in power only to his brother Fidel who is the Commander-in Chief.

Castro is credited with persuading his older brother to implement agricultural market reforms in the early 1990s which increased the food supply, after the Soviet Union fell and its generous subsidies to Cuba stopped.

Public persona and personal life

Raúl Castro (left), Fidel (right) enjoying a laugh and a drink with the now-exiled Norberto Fuentes
Enlarge
Raúl Castro (left), Fidel (right) enjoying a laugh and a drink with the now-exiled Norberto Fuentes

A few weeks after the 1959 victory, Castro married Vilma Espín Guillois, a former MIT chemical engineering student and veteran of the revolution who in 1960 became president of the Cuban Federation of Women.[5] They have three daughters (Déborah, Mariela and Nilsa) and one son (Alejandro).[6] Castro's daughter Mariela currently heads the Cuban National Center for Sex Education. Espin died on June 18 2007.

In an interview in 2006, following his assumption of presidential duties, Raúl Castro commented on his public profile stating: "I am not used to making frequent appearances in public, except at times when it is required ... I have always been discreet, that is my way, and in passing I will clarify that I am thinking of continuing in that way." [7]

Assumption of Presidential duties

See also: 2006 Cuban transfer of duties

On July 31, 2006, Fidel Castro's personal secretary Carlos Valenciaga announced on state-run television that Fidel Castro would provisionally hand over the duties of President of the Council of State of Cuba, First Secretary of the Communist Party and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces to Raúl Castro while Fidel underwent and recovered from intestinal surgery to repair gastrointestinal bleeding.[8][9]

Most commentators consider Raúl Castro to be a political hardliner who will maintain the Communist Party of Cuba's political power at all costs. There are some who believe that he is more pragmatic than his older brother and more willing to institute free market-oriented economic policies. It is speculated that he favours a variant of the current Chinese political and economic model for Cuba in the hopes of preserving some elements of the socialist system.[4]

Several commentators, including some authors of The Wall Street Journal, call Castro "uncharismatic and widely feared," with a "cold efficien[t]" style. He is accused of the persecution of dissidents and homosexuals.[1] Additionally, some have speculated about Raúl's ill health, specifically alcoholism, raising doubts about his future leadership.[10]

Raúl, considered much less charismatic than his brother Fidel Castro, has remained largely out of public view during the transfer of duty period.[11] His only public appearances have been to host a gathering of leaders of the Non-Aligned nations in September 2006, and to lead the national commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Granma boat landing, which also became Fidel's belated 80th birthday celebrations. [12] [13] [14]

In a speech to university students, Raúl stated that a communist system in Cuba would remain, and that "Fidel is irreplaceable, unless we all replace him together."[15]

On May 1, 2007, Raúl presided over the May Day celebrations in Havana. The crowd reached over one million participants, with delegations from over 225 organizations and 52 countries.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b José de Córdoba, David Luhnow and Bob Davis. "Castro's Illness Opens Window On Cuba Transition", Wall Street Journal, 2006-8-2, pp. 1, 12. 
  2. ^ a b Miguel A. Faria Jr.. "Who is Raúl Castro? (Part I)", NewsMax.com, 2001-08-15. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. 
  3. ^ M-26-7 Revolutionary firing squads
  4. ^ a b Tim Padgett and Dolly Mascarenas. "Why Raul Castro Could End Up a Reformer", Time, 2006-08-02. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. 
  5. ^ "TIME magazine Milestones", Time Magazine, 1959-02-09. Retrieved on 2006-11-14. 
  6. ^ "Raúl Castro", Miami Herald, 2006-08-01. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. 
  7. ^ The Fidel Castro mystery Scripps Howard News Service
  8. ^ Phillip Hart. "From Castro to Castro", Daily Telegraph, 2006-07-30. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. 
  9. ^ "Fidel Castro Says Health Stable in Statement Read on State Television", FoxNews.com, 2006-08-01. Retrieved on 2006-08-05. 
  10. ^ Carlos Alberto Montaner. "Communism Has Failed Cuba", Foreign Policy, January/February 2007, pp. 56. 
  11. ^ "Castro recovering and giving orders: Chavez", 2006-09-03 publisher=Reuters. 
  12. ^ NPR "Weekend Edition, Saturday", report of Gary Marx, December 2, 2006 http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6569909
  13. ^ http://www.turkishpress.com/news.asp?id=137334
  14. ^ http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/news/16144298.htm?source=rss&channel=miamiherald_news
  15. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6199369.stm
  16. ^ http://granma.cu/ingles/2007/mayo/mar1/18desfile-i.html

External links


Persondata
NAME Castro, Raúl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Raúl Castro Ruz
SHORT DESCRIPTION second-ranking member of the Cuban Council of State
DATE OF BIRTH June 3, 1931
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH

bat-smg:Raúl Castro


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Who2 Biography. Copyright © 1998-2008 by Who2, LLC. All rights reserved. See the Raul Castro biography from Who2.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/  Read more
Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2007. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Raúl Castro".  Read more

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