• Born: Dec 19, 1902 in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England
• Died: Oct 10, 1983 in Marylebone, London, England
• Occupation: Actor, Director
• Active: '30s-'80s
• Major Genres: Drama, Comedy
• Career Highlights: The Four Feathers, Long Day's Journey into Night, The Heiress
• First Major Screen Credit: The King of Paris (1934)

Biography

Sir Ralph Richardson was one of the most esteemed British actors of the 20th century and one of his country's most celebrated eccentrics. Well into old age, he continued to enthrall audiences with his extraordinary acting skills -- and to irritate neighbors with his noisy motorbike outings, sometimes with a parrot on his shoulder. He collected paintings, antiquities, and white mice; acted Shakespeare, Ibsen, and Sophocles; and instructed theatergoers on the finer points of role-playing: "Acting," he said in a Time article, "is merely the art of keeping a large group of people from coughing." Like the Dickens characters he sometimes portrayed, Richardson had a distinctly memorable attribute: a bulbous nose that sabotaged his otherwise noble countenance and made him entirely right for performances in tragedies, comedies, and tragicomedies. In testament to his knowledge of poetry and rhyme, he married a woman named Meriel after his first wife, Muriel, died. Fittingly, Ralph David Richardson was born in Shakespeare country -- the county of Gloucestershire -- in the borough of Cheltenham on December 19, 1902. There, his father taught art at Cheltenham Ladies' College. When he was a teenager, Ralph enrolled at Brighton School to take up the easel and follow in his father's brushstrokes. However, after receiving an inheritance of 500 pounds, he abandoned art school to pursue his real love: creating verbal portraits as an actor. After joining a roving troupe of thespians, the St. Nicholas Players, he learned Shakespeare and debuted as Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice in 1921. By 1926, he had graduated to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre and, four years later, appeared on the stage of England's grandest of playhouses, London's Old Vic. Ralph had arrived -- on the stage, at least. But another four years passed before he made his first film, The Ghoul, about a dead professor (Boris Karloff) who returns to life to find an Egyptian jewel stolen from his grave. Richardson, portraying cleric Nigel Hartley, is there on the night Karloff returns to unleash mayhem and mischief. From that less-than-auspicious beginning, Richardson went on to roles in more than 70 other films, many of them classics. One of them was director Carol Reed's 1948 film, The Fallen Idol, in which Richardson won the Best Actor Award from the U.S. National Board of Review for his portrayal of a butler suspected of murder. Three years later, he won a British Academy Award for his role in director David Lean's Breaking the Sound Barrier, about the early days of jet flight. In 1962, Richardson won the Cannes Film Festival's Best Actor Award for his depiction of James Tyrone Sr., the head of a dysfunctional family in playwright Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night. Because of Richardson's versatility, major studios often recruited him for demanding supporting roles in lavish productions, such as director Laurence Olivier's Richard III (1954), Otto Preminger's Exodus (1960), David Lean's Dr. Zhivago (1965), and Basil Dearden's Khartoum (1966). While making these films, Richardson continued to perform on the stage -- often varooming to and from the theater on one of his motorbikes -- in such plays as Shakespeare's Henry IV (Part I and II), Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, and Sheridan's School for Scandal. He also undertook a smorgasbord of movie and TV roles that demonstrated his wide-ranging versatility. For example, he played God in Time Bandits (1981), the Chief Rabbit in Watership Down (1978), the crypt keeper in Tales From the Crypt (1972), the caterpillar in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), Wilkins Micawber in TV's David Copperfield (1970), Simeon in TV's Jesus of Nazareth (1977), and Tarzan's grandfather in Greystoke: the Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984). In his spare time, he portrayed Dr. Watson on the radio. Sir Ralph Richardson died in 1983 of a stroke in Marylbone, London, England, leaving behind a rich film legacy and a theater presence that will continue to linger in the memories of his audiences. ~ Mike Cummings, All Movie Guide

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British physicist (1879–1959)

Richardson, the son of a woollen manufacturer from Dewsbury in the north of England, was educated at Cambridge University and at London University, where he became a DSc in 1904. He taught at Princeton in America from 1906 to 1913, when he returned to England to become Wheatstone Professor of Physics at King's College, London, where he remained until his retirement in 1944.

Richardson is noted for his work on the emission of electrons from hot surfaces – the phenomenon first observed by Thomas Edison and used by Edison, John Fleming, Lee de Forest, and others in electron tubes. Richardson proposed an explanation of what he named ‘thermionic emission’, suggesting that the electrons came from within the solid and were able to escape provided that they had enough kinetic energy to overcome an energy barrier at the surface – the work function of the solid. Thus thermionic emission of electrons is analogous to evaporation from a liquid. The Richardson law (1901) relates the electron current to the temperature, and shows that it increases exponentially with increasing emitter temperature.

Richardson published an account of his extensive work on thermionic emission in his book The Emission of Electricity from Hot Bodies (1910). His work was important for the development of electron tubes used in electronic devices, and he was awarded the 1928 Nobel Prize for physics for this work. During World War II he worked on radar.

(b London, 19 May 1880; d Ampthill, Beds, 3 Feb 1964). English architect. The son of a printer, he was articled as an architect in 1895 in London and worked subsequently in the offices of Evelyn Hellicar (1862-1929) from 1898 to 1902, Leonard Stokes (1902-3) and Frank T. Verity from 1903 to 1906. His enthusiasm for classical buildings of the Wren period was succeeded, under Verity's influence, by an interest in modern French design in the classical tradition, particularly N?o-Grec, which attracted the attention of other young architects. Richardson's greatest enthusiasm, however, was the late Georgian period in England and he paid particular attention to anonymous local building traditions. Richardson contributed to the design of Verity's French-style London flats and designed the fa?ade of the Regent Street Polytechnic (now Central London Polytechnic), with a grand Ionic order and a large window area, executed 1908-9 after he had left Verity to set up practice with C. Lovett Gill (1880-1960). The first major work of the partnership was the New Theatre (1911-13; now Opera House), Manchester, drawing on themes by C. R. Cokerell and J. I. Hittorff. The mainstay of the practice was to be designs for offices, for which Richardson developed a functional yet elegant version of the classical ordonnance, first seen in Moorgate Hall (1913-17), Finsbury Pavement, London.

See the Abbreviations for further details.

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Sir Ralph Richardson (1902 - 1983) belonged to a small, select cadre of British actors who dominated the profession in their day, and were honored as living legends before their passing. Along with Sir John Gielgud and Lord Olivier, Richardson appeared in dozens of London stage plays, and like his compatriots made the transition to film during the 1940s and '50s. His "Times" of London obituary termed him "the most human of all our great actors. With his ripe face and his excitable voice, his amiable combination of eccentricity and down-to-earth common sense, he was ideally equipped to make an ordinary character seem extraordinary or an extraordinary one seem ordinary."

Lived in Railroad Car

Richardson was born December 19, 1902, in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, and endured hardship and privation as a child as a result of his parents' marital discord. His father, a Quaker, was an art teacher, but Lydia Richardson, a Roman Catholic, left her husband and took her four-year-old son to live in a series of small towns in the south of England. At one point their address was a modest home built from two converted railroad carriages. Richardson was often left alone. "I did a lot of play-acting for my own amusement," New York Times obituary writer Albin Krebs quoted him as saying, "dressing up as something or other. Put in a lot of falling dead and rolling over. It was useful practice."

Raised a Roman Catholic, Richardson considered becoming a priest, and was even sent to Jesuit seminary for a time in preparation for his vocation. He chafed at its rules, however, and ran away. He found a job as a low-level assistant at an insurance office in Brighton, and then took art courses at nearby Xaverian College. Brighton was also home to a stage company that used a former bacon factory as its headquarters, and the idea of being on stage seemed appealing to Richardson. He auditioned, but it went so terribly that the company agreed to accept the 18-year-old only if he paid a fee. Put in charge of the sound props for his first job, he had a disastrous debut with the company when he mistook a cue and banged two garbage-can lids together off-stage at the wrong part of the performance.

Made Film Debut with Karloff

Within a year, however, Richardson had graduated from walk-ons to small speaking parts to the lead roles, and soon went on to tour England and Ireland with a Shakespearean repertory company. By 1925, he was married to a fellow thespian, Muriel Hewitt, and joined the respected Birmingham Repertory Theater. He made his London stage debut the following year in Yellow Sands at the Haymarket Theatre, a production that also featured his wife. Over the next decade, he gained increasing renown for his acting talents in such plays as Sheppey from W. Somerset Maugham's pen, and the comic melodrama The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse, which had a successful 1936 run at the Haymarket. Richardson also appeared in stagings of Shakespeare plays with London's esteemed Old Vic Company in the 1930s, through which he came to know both Gielgud and Olivier. The trio would become lifelong friends and mentors to one another.

As with his Brighton propmaster job, Richardson made an inauspicious debut in film as well. It came in 1933's The Ghoul alongside Boris Karloff. "I played a parson," Richardson recalled with his characteristic dry wit in an interview with New York Times writer Benedict Nightingale, "a very young man with a round innocent face, and the lady of the house liked him, trusted him. But he was getting together firewood all the time to burn the place down! I've never had a more amusing part." By 1936, however, Richardson had landed a multi-film deal with producer Alexander Korda, and went on to make several notable films under him, including the cult-classic Things to Come, an adaptation of the H. G. Wells science-fiction classic in which Richardson played "The Boss," a dictator in a futuristic world.

The Famous, Vanished "Falstaff"

Richardson spent World War II in the Fleet Air Arm with Olivier, and reached the rank of lieutenant commander. Both were released early in 1944 to aid in the restoration efforts for the Old Vic Theater, which was badly damaged by German bombing raids on London during the early years of the war. Widowed in 1942, he remarried Meriel "Mu" Forbes in 1944, another actress, with whom he had a son born on the first day of 1945. By now Richardson was quite established in his career, and the family lived in a Queen-Anne style home in the posh Hampstead Heath area of London. What has been termed Richardson's greatest stage role came during this era at the Old Vic: as Falstaff in a 1945 production of Henry IV. Overwhelmingly assessed by critics as the most compelling performance of his career, it was never filmed and remains lost to posterity. As the rotund, thieving nobleman, Richardson's character "had wit and innate youthfulness, passion and authority, the eyes rolling majestically under a wild, white halo of hair," wrote Nightingale in the New York Times.

Richardson was knighted in 1947 for his contributions to British theater, and with the Old Vic decamped to New York for a time in the late 1940s. This led to Hollywood offers, and his first genuine Tinseltown production - not a joint U.S.-British affair, as some earlier ones had been - was William Wyler's The Heiress in 1949. In it, Richardson played the father of Olivia de Havilland in the adaptation of the Henry James novel Washington Square. His Dr. Austin Sloper railroads his timid daughter into spurning the suitor she loves. A New York Times critic, Bosley Crowther, termed Richardson's a "rich and sleek performance" and called the movie "one of the handsome, intense, and adult dramas of the year." The actor also won strong praise that same year for his role as the butler in a Graham Greene adaptation, The Fallen Idol.

Cowed Audiences into Silence

Known for his self-effacing quips, Richardson was alternately serious and cavalier about his profession. He admitted he was far from the handsome hero, once saying of his face, "I've seen better-looking hot cross buns," according to his New York Times obituary. On stage, however, he was intensely dedicated to his craft, and was known to begin a line over and over until he obtained absolute silence from the audience. A Time assessment of his career from Richard Corliss noted that in the first half of Richardson's career, "he was the middle-class Everyman, shuffling toward archetype with good will and capacious common sense. But as he aged, his characters turned imperious and, in spite of their power, ineffectual." Corliss believed that Richardson's Dr. Sloper and other parts exemplified "his ideal role: as the haughty burgher whose tragic flaw lies in realizing too late that he is not quite a tragic figure."

Richardson suffered some lean career years during the 1950s, as his peers Gielgud and Olivier were gaining increasing stature as Shakespeare interpreters and stage and screen directors, but made an impressive return to the stage in 1957 with The Flowering Cherry, a critical hit of the London season that year. Gielgud cast him in several works for the stage that he directed, and filmmaker Otto Preminger gave him the part of a British military officer in the epic Exodus, about the founding of the state of modern Israel. American director Sidney Lumet chose him to play the miserable, alcoholic father in his 1962 adaptation of the Eugene O'Neill classic, Long Day's Journey into Night, and Richardson also appeared in the Oscar-winning Russian-revolution drama from director David Lean, Dr. Zhivago, in 1965. In 1969, another esteemed British filmmaker, Richard Attenborough, cast Richardson and Gielgud in the Oh! What a Lovely War, a re-make of the hit stage musical.

Active Well Into His 80s

It was the hit of the 1970 theater season, however, that established Richardson as the eminence gris of British drama. Home, a work from playwright David Storey, co-starred him with Gielgud and went on to a successful run on Broadway as well; it was even made into a teleplay. The New York Times writer Nightingale termed it another hallmark of a long career for Richardson, particularly the scene "when the mentally damaged old man he was playing stopped his aimless, empty jabber and, his face dark and bunched, began silently to weep." Another outstanding stage work from this era was 1975's No Man's Land, a Harold Pinter play that he and Gielgud again reprised for Broadway.

Along the way, Richardson also accepted roles in some less-than-esteemed films that may have provided him with the same sort of scenery-chewing amusement as his 1933 horror-flick debut. These include Tales from the Crypt in 1972 and the original Rollerball in 1975. Monty Python comedian-turned-director Terry Gilliam cast him as a diffident deity in the 1981 classic Time Bandits, which was one of his last roles. Interviewed on the occasion of his 80th birthday by Nightingale in the New York Times in 1982, Richardson claimed he could not "afford to retire. I don't know enough. The older you get, the more you realize how little you know. No, I can't afford it, not for my inner self." His last film role was in Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, the much anticipated modernization of the Edgar Rice Burroughs tale. It was released in theaters in March of 1984, some five months after Richardson's death in London on October 10, 1983. He had been appearing in the tour of a National Theater play, Inner Voices, but was forced to withdraw due to a digestive ailment. His wife Meriel died in 2000, two years after their son Charles passed away.

Richardson was a famously recalcitrant interview subject, known for encouraging journalists to drink prodigious amounts of alcohol with him, which seemed not to affect him or ever loosen his tongue. Eccentric well into his senior years, he could sometimes be seen riding around London on his motorcycle, often with Jose, his pet parrot, tucked inside his leather jacket. He also kept a ferret named Eddie for a number of years, an animal he bathed weekly in Lux soap flakes. There remained three trenchant comments that he made about his profession: he told London Times writer Ronald Hayman in 1972 that his Roman Catholic upbringing seemed to have influenced his method. "I think basically I must be attracted by ritual, because I believe that there's a kind of religious sense in what I do," he reflected. "I think actors, rather like priests, have a sense of what can be done by ritual." In the New York Times interview with Nightingale, when asked how he prepared for a part, he replied "Dig, dig, dig, dig. Find out more and more about the character. What does he eat? What trousers does he wear? What does he do? What does he drink? What is he afraid of?" A much briefer comment about his profession, made to the New York Herald Tribune in 1946, revealed Richardson's mordant wit: "Acting," he asserted, "is merely the art of keeping a large group of people from coughing."

Books

International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers, Volume 3: Actors and Actresses, St. James Press, 1996.

Periodicals

Daily Telegraph (London, England), April 28, 2001.

Guardian (London, England), April 17, 2000; March 3, 2001; June 23, 2003.

Independent Sunday (London, England), October 20, 1996.

Mail on Sunday (London, England), July 4, 1999; April 22, 2001.

National Review, February 4, 1983.

New Republic, April 23, 1984.

New York Herald Tribune, May 19, 1946.

New York Times, November 4, 1938; October 7, 1949; December 19, 1982; October 1883.

Observer (London, England), May 28, 2000.

People, April 9, 1984.

Sunday Telegraph (London, England), November 18, 2001.

Time, October 24, 1983; April 2, 1984.

Times (London, England), January 24, 1938; July 20, 1939; March 4, 1952; June 9, 1952; June 11, 1956; July 1, 1972; October 11, 1983.

For more information on Sir Ralph David Richardson, visit Britannica.com.

(1880–1964)

English architect, teacher, and writer, he worked (1898–1902) in the offices of Evelyn Hellicar (1862–1929), Stokes (1902–3), and Verity (1903–6—from whom he acquired an enthusiasm for French Classical architecture, particularly Néo-Grec). Among his early works were the façade of the Regent Street Polytechnic, London (executed 1908–9 after he had established his own practice with Charles Lovett Gill (1880–1960) ), the New Theatre (later Opera House), Manchester (1911–13—in which the influence of both C. R. Cockerell and Hittorff may be detected), and the pioneering stripped-Classical Moorgate Hall, Finsbury Pavement, London (1913–17—demol-ished 1988). In 1914 appeared his Monumental Classic Architecture in Great Britain and Ireland during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, which helped to foster an appreciation of the work of Cockerell, Soane, and others, and a return to Classicism (especially Neo-Classicism) in architectural taste. After the 1914–18 war Richardson became Professor at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University of London, a position he held until 1946. The firm of Richardson & Gill was responsible for numerous works, including Leith House, Gresham Street (1924), St Margaret's House, Wells Street (1930–2), and Russell Square House (1939–41), all in London, and the Church of the Holy Cross, Greenford, Mddx. (1939–42—a remarkable building with interesting timber-work). After the 1939–45 war Gill was replaced by Richardson's son-in-law, Eric Alfred Scholefield Houfe (1911–c. 1995), and several London buildings resulted, including Chancery House, Chancery Lane (1946–53), and the AEI Building, Grosvenor Place, Belgravia (1956–8—with Wimperis, Simpson, & Fyffe, which despite Pevsner's comment that it was ‘almost grotesquely reactionary’, has stood the test of time). Many of Richardson's domestic commissions were in a refined late-Georgian or Regency style, but for his larger works he employed an understated stripped Classicism that was slightly reminiscent of some of Perret's better work. In his later years in the 1950s and 1960s he was increasingly reviled by those who preferred the dogmas of International Modernism. He himself was contemptuous of the intellectual pretensions of the Modern Movement cult, and especially saw that the followers of Le Corbusier and Gropius were creating environmental disasters and urban deserts. Despite such opposition, he produced many fine buildings that are once more becoming appreciated, not least because, unlike much of the stuff he despised, they have worn well. These include the noble Bracken House, Cannon Street (built 1955–9 for the Financial Times (Pevsner found it ‘puzzling’), with a new core by Hopkins (1988–91) for the Obayashi Corporation); the restoration (after bomb damage) and enlargement of Trinity House, Trinity Square (1952–3); the well-considered restoration of the bombed Livery-Hall of the Merchant Taylors' Company, Threadneedle Street (1953–9); and many distinguished and finely-composed works. He also restored several war-damaged churches. Other books by him include London Houses from 1660 to 1820 (1911—with Gill), Regional Architecture of the West of England (1924—also with Gill), Georgian England (1931), An Introduction to Georgian Architecture (1949), Southill, A Regency House (1951), Robert Mylne, Architect and Engineer, 1733 to 1811 (1955), and (with Hector Corfiato (1893–1963)) The Art of Architecture (1938) and Design in Civil Architecture (1948). He also wrote (with Harold Donaldson Eberlein (1875–1942)) The English Inn Past & Present (1925).

Bibliography

• Architectural Review, cxl/835 (Sept. 1966), 199–205
• Houfe (1980)
• Houfe et al. (1999)
• Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
• Placzek (ed.) (1982)
• RIBA Journal (Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects), ser. 3, xxxi/9 (8 Mar. 1924), 267–74
• A.Richardson (1914, 1955)
• Service (ed.) (1975)
• Jane Turner (1996)

The full bibliography for this book is available to download as a pdf file.
Download the bibliography for A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (PDF: 1.2MB)

1902–83, English stage and film actor. Since his first professional stage appearance in The Merchant of Venice (1921), Richardson has played a variety of classic and modern roles. His work with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre and with the Old Vic gave him wide Shakespearean experience. His New York stage appearances have included King Henry IV (parts I and II), Uncle Vanya, Oedipus Rex, The School for Scandal, and Home. Possessed of great humor and known for his numerous eccentricities, he was often cast in films as a frosty, sometimes cruel martinet. Among his many films are The Fallen Idol (1948), Richard III (1956), Long Day's Journey into Night (1962), The Wrong Box (1966), David Copperfield (1969), and Graystoke (1984).

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