rat

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(răt) pronunciation
n.
    1. Any of various long-tailed rodents resembling mice but larger, especially one of the genus Rattus.
    2. Any of various animals similar to one of these long-tailed rodents.
  1. Slang.
    1. A despicable person, especially one who betrays or informs upon associates.
    2. A scab laborer.
  2. A pad of material, typically hair, worn as part of a woman's coiffure to puff out her own hair.

v., rat·ted, rat·ting, rats.

v.intr.
  1. To hunt for or catch rats, especially with the aid of dogs.
  2. Slang. To betray one's associates by giving information: ratted on his best friend to the police.
  3. Slang. To work as a scab laborer.
v.tr.
To puff out (the hair) with or as if with a pad of material.

[Middle English, from Old English ræt.]



Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus).
(click to enlarge)
Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). (credit: John H. Gerard)
Any of more than 500 forms of Asian rodent (genus Rattus, family Muridae) that have been introduced worldwide. The black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Norway rat (R. norvegicus) are the aggressive, omnivorous animals commonly associated with the name. They prefer areas of human habitation, where they can easily find food. They have keen senses and can climb, jump, burrow, or gnaw their way into seemingly inaccessible places. They reproduce extremely rapidly (up to 150 offspring a year) and have few natural predators. Rats transmit numerous human diseases and have often destroyed grain supplies. The black rat is about 8 in. (20 cm) long, excluding the slightly longer tail. The Norway rat (also called the brown, barn, sewer, or wharf rat) has proportionately smaller ears and a shorter tail. Laboratory rats are strains of the Norway rat. The name rat is applied, without scientific basis, to other rodents (e.g., kangaroo rat, wood rat).

For more information on rat, visit Britannica.com.

noun

  1. One who betrays: betrayer, double-crosser, Judas, traitor. See trust/distrust.
  2. One who gives incriminating information about others: informant, informer, tattler, tattletale. Informal tipster. Slang fink, snitch, snitcher, squealer, stoolie, stool pigeon. See knowledge/ignorance, law.
  3. A person who has defected: apostate, defector, deserter, recreant, renegade, runagate, tergiversator, turncoat. See approach/retreat.

verb

  1. To abandon one's cause or party usually to join another: apostatize, defect, desert3, renegade, tergiversate, turn. Idioms: change sides, turn one's coat. See approach/retreat, trust/distrust.
  2. To be treacherous to. betray, double-cross. Slang sell out. Idioms: sell down the river. See trust/distrust.
  3. To give incriminating information about others, especially to the authorities: inform, talk, tattle, tip3 (off). Informal fink. Slang sing, snitch, squeal, stool. Idioms: blow the whistle. See knowledge/ignorance, law.

Regarded as uncannily intelligent, hostile to humanity, dirty, and destructive. They are supposed to foresee the destruction of any house or ship they are living in, and to abandon it; hence the proverbial saying that ‘rats leave a sinking ship’. Fishermen think they must not be named on board, and say ‘long-tails’ instead (Gill, 1993: 86); an East Anglian girl told the Opies in 1953 that one should only speak of a rat as ‘Joseph’, to avoid bad luck (Opie and Tatem, 1989: 322-3).

Plagues of rats were regarded as sinister. Charlotte Latham was told of a Sussex man whose cottage was said to be full of evil spirits in the form of rats; every night one would hear him cursing them and begging them to leave him in peace, and his neighbours thought they would eventually carry him off to Hell (Latham, 1878: 23). Charles Dickens recalled a terrifying tale his nurse used to tell him, about a carpenter who ‘sold himself to the Devil for an iron pot and a bushel of tenpenny nails and half a ton of copper and a rat that could speak’, and thereafter is so tormented by this rat that he tries to kill it, only to find himself haunted by dozens of them. He is pressed for a sailor, and finds rats on board, led by the speaking rat, gnawing the ship to pieces; nobody believes his warnings, and all are drowned (Dickens, The Uncommercial Traveller, chapter 15).

Similar horror surrounds sewer rats. An elderly eccentric man in Worthing (Sussex) in the 1970s firmly believed that armies of them would emerge and overrun the town if he did not regularly scare them away by noisily thrashing lamp-posts and railings [JS]. In Manchester in 1981, a woman told how, when her father-in-law was young, he once saw a horde moving from one part of the town to another, led by a King Rat, ‘the biggest rat of the whole shebang’ (Bennett, 1988: 17-18).

A very different tradition is remembered in the families of ‘toshers’ who worked in London sewers in the late 19th century. They believed in a character called the Queen Rat, who could turn into an attractive girl and seduce any tosher she fancied; if he satisfied her, she would see to it that he had good luck and found money and other valuables lost down the gratings—provided he never boasted of meeting her, for if he did he might get drowned. Usually the man did not guess who she was, for she looked quite human, except that her eyes caught the light like an animal's, and she had claws instead of toenails; however, she might give him a rat-like love-bite on the shoulder or neck. The children a man had with his human wife after having been with the Queen Rat would have one blue eye and one grey one, grey being the colour of the river (Liz Thompson, FLS News 21 (1995), 5; 22 (1995), 4-6).

Most people, however, wanted to get rid of rats. Like mice, they were believed to respond to magic; a Cornish rat-charmer of the 1950s worked by whistling, which ‘seems to have a hypnotic effect on rats, causing them to crawl to him, or, if fleeing, to stop: whereupon the rat-charmer is able to pick them up and subsequently to dispose of them’ (Folk-Lore 64 (1953), 304).

rat, name applied to various stout-bodied rodents, usually having a pointed muzzle, long slender tail, and dexterous forepaws. It refers particularly to the two species of house rat, Rattus norvegicus, the brown, or Norway, rat and R. rattus, the black, roof, or Alexandrine, rat. Both species originated in Asia, but have spread throughout the world, mostly on board ships. The black rat was common in Europe in the Middle Ages and was responsible for the spreading of plague. It has since been largely displaced in cooler regions by the brown rat, which reached Europe early in the 18th cent. and North America by 1775.

The brown rat is the larger of the two, growing up to 10 in. (25 cm) long excluding the naked, scaley tail and sometimes weighing more than a pound (.5 kg). It is commonly brown with whitish underparts and pink ears, feet, and tail. It is a poor climber, but an excellent burrower and swimmer; it is found in the damp basements and sewers of most temperate zone cities. The laboratory white rat is an albino strain of the brown rat.

The black rat is commonly dark gray. It reaches a maximum length of 8 in. (20 cm) and has a longer tail and larger ears than the brown rat. A good climber, the black rat inhabits attics and upper floors in warm areas; it is the common rat of the Mediterranean region, the SE United States, and Central and South America.

Rats are omnivorous, aggressive, intelligent, adaptable, and extremely fecund. Females produce as many as 8 litters each year with as many as 20 young per litter. The gestation period is three weeks, and the young reach sexual maturity in about two months. Rats may live as long as four years. They are social animals but sometimes fight among themselves.

Rats live mostly in and around human settlements, where they have few natural enemies and an abundant source of food. They invade food supplies and cause widespread destruction; they also spread human diseases such as typhus and tularemia. Despite human efforts to exterminate rats, the house rat population is probably equal to the human population.

Besides the house rats, the genus Rattus contains several hundred wild-living species. In addition, many other members of several different rodent families are called rats, e.g., the bandicoot rat, the wood rat, or pack rat, the rice rat, the muskrat, and the kangaroo rat. House rats are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Muridae.

See also mouse.

Bibliography

See H. Zinsser, Rats, Lice and History (1935); S. A. Barnett, The Rat, a Study in Behavior (1963).


mod. drunk.  I think you are too ratted to drive.

as in: the rodent
sign description: The R-hand moves across the nose in a repeated motion.




Rats are often associated with the decaying conditions of poverty ("rat trap") or illness. To betray someone is to "rat" on them. Dreams of rats can also indicate a need to take some time out from the "rat race." (See also Mouse; Rodent).


adjective
adjective, Brit

Drunk; = rat-arsed adjective. (1983 —) .
Daily Telegraph He zipped up his anorak and went out to get ratted with the rest of the ice hockey team (1987).



Previous:ration, ratbag, rat-arsed
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Small, furred mammal; members of the family Murinae (Old World rats) and the family Cricetinae (New World rats) both of the order Rodentia. They are omnivorous, nocturnal, do not hibernate and live commensally with humans. They have pointed snouts, a long, thin, almost hairless tail. Only some of the members of the rat and allied groups are listed below.

  • r. bite feverstreptobacillus moniliformis.
  • black r. — Old World rat with long tail and ears. Called also Rattus rattus.
  • brown r. — Old World rat with short tail and ears. Called also Rattus norvegicus.
  • r. flea — see leptopsylla segnis.
  • kangaroo r. — a solitary rodent with long legs with which it progresses in leaps like a kangaroo and uses its large tail as a balancer. Called also Dipodomys deserti.
  • r. leprosy — a chronic, largely cutaneous disease of rats caused by Mycobacterium lepraemurium and characterized by subcutaneous granuloma and similar involvement of superficial lymph nodes, containing large numbers of acid-fast organisms. The disease has little similarity to nor any relationship with human leprosy. See also feline leprosy.
  • Long–Evans r. — laboratory rat with brown or black head and shoulders.
  • musk r. — properly called muskrat and is really a water vole. Called also Ondatra zibethica.
  • pack r. — New World rat-like creature. Called also Neotoma spp., wood rat.
  • sand r. — see gerbil.
  • Sprague–Dawley r. — albino laboratory rat.
  • r. tooth, teeth — describes the type of points on surgical instruments with a single point on one side which interlocks with two points on the other side.
  • water r. — properly called water vole; in Australia, water rat is a native rodent Hydromys chrysogaster.
  • white r. — common laboratory rat.
  • Wistar r. — a white laboratory rat.
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Rats
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene – Recent
The common brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Superfamily: Muroidea
Family: Muridae
Subfamily: Murinae
Genus: Rattus
Fischer de Waldheim, 1803
Species

64 species

Synonyms

Stenomys Thomas, 1910

Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents of the superfamily Muroidea. "True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.

Rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size; rats are generally large muroid rodents, while mice are generally small muroid rodents. The muroid family is very large and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific. Generally, when someone discovers a large muroid, its common name includes the term rat, while if it is small, the name includes the term mouse. Scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and Mus genera, for example, the pack rat and cotton mouse.

Contents

Species and description

The best-known rat species are the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats, and originated in Asia. Rats are bigger than most Old World mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams (1.1 lb) in the wild.

The term "rat" is also used in the names of other small mammals which are not true rats. Examples include the North American pack rats, a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats, and others. Rats such as the bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) are murine rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus. Male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. A group of rats is either referred to as a pack or a mischief.

A rat in a city street
Statue of a rat in Patan (Nepal)

The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near humans; therefore, they are known as commensals. They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries.[1] However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are island endemics and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or Polynesian rat.

Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different zoonotic pathogens, such as Leptospira, Toxoplasma gondii, and Campylobacter.[2] The Black Death is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism Yersinia pestis, carried by the tropical rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the Middle Ages; these rats were used as transport hosts. Other zoonotic diseases linked to pest rodents include classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease.

The average lifespan of any given rat depends on which species is being discussed, but many only live about a year due to predation.

The black and brown rats diverged from other Old World rats during the beginning of the Pleistocene in the forests of Asia.

Pets

A domesticated rat

Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically variants of the species brown rat, but black rats and giant pouched rats are also known to be kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets.[3] Pet rats do not pose any more of a health risk than pets such as cats or dogs.[4] Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors.

Subjects for scientific research

A laboratory rat strain, known as a Zucker rat, is bred to be genetically prone to diabetes, the same metabolic disorder found among humans.

In 1895, Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts (United States) established a population of domestic albino brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other physiological studies. Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of genetics, diseases, the effects of drugs, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the health and well-being of humankind. Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett, 2002), as well as to understand group behavior and overcrowding (with the work of John B. Calhoun on behavioral sink). A 2007 study found rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates.[5][6]

Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring; and their brains, livers, kidneys, adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller (Barnett 2002).

Brown rats are often used as model organisms for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat genome sequence,[7] and other advances, such as the creation of a rat SNP chip, and the production of knockout rats, the laboratory rat has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as mice. When it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and drug abuse, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence, ingenuity, aggressiveness, and adaptability. Their psychology, in many ways, seems to be similar to humans. Entirely new breeds or "lines" of brown rats, such as the Wistar rat, have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has been sequenced.[8]

Intelligence

A Rat in a suburb of Vancouver.

Because of the ability to learn, rats were early on investigated to see whether they may exhibit general intelligence like larger or more complex animals. A 1929 study did not find a g factor,[9] nor did a 1990 work;[10] a 1935 study[11] did:

Robert Thorndike, for example, provided strong evidence for g in rats by the use of a variety of tests such as mazes, problem-solving tasks, and simple avoidance conditioning (Thorndike 1935). Performances tended to correlate across tasks, with stronger associations found between mazes and problem-solving than with simple avoidance tasks. Thorndike (1935) also reviewed a dozen earlier studies which also suggested that the highest correlations are found between more complex problem-solving tasks. However, it should be noted that there were other contemporary studies that found split or near zero-order correlation matrices for other populations of rats across cognitive batteries (see Royce 1950).
[12]

In 1993, Anderson measured rat performance and factor analysis produced a g, and also correlations with rat brain size[13] (like in humans and primates). Locurto & Scanlon 1998,[14] Matzel et al. 2003,[15] Matzel et al. 2004,[16] Kolata et al. 2009[17] and Matzel et al. 2011[18] replicated the factor (but did not investigate brain size); 2003 Locurto et al., 2006 Locurto et al. in contrast found their factor analysis giving 4 factors rather than 1.

Food

Rat meat dishes in Yangshuo, Guangxi, China

Rat meat is a food that, while taboo[19][20] in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others. Taboos include fears of disease or religious prohibition, but in many places, the high number of rats has led to their incorporation into the local diets.

In some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. In the Mishmi culture of India, rats are essential to the traditional diet, as Mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats.[21] Conversely, the Musahar community in north India has commercialised rat farming as an exotic delicacy.[22] In the traditional cultures of the Hawaiians and the Polynesians, rat was an everyday food for commoners. When feasting, the Polynesian people of Rapa Nui could eat rat meat, but the king was not allowed to, due to the islanders' belief in his "state of sacredness" called tapu.[23] In studying precontact archaeological sites in Hawaii, archaeologists have found the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households accounted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. The rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food. The greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate the elites of precontact Hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste.[24]

Bandicoot rats are an important food source among some peoples in Southeast Asia, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in Ghana, where cane rats are farmed and hunted for their meat. African slaves in the American South were known to hunt wood rats (among other animals) to supplement their food rations,[25] and Aborigines along the coast in southern Queensland, Australia, regularly included rats in their diet.[26]

Ricefield rats (Rattus argentiventer) have traditionally been used as food in rice-producing regions such as Valencia, as immortalized by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez in his novel Cañas y barro. Along with eel and local beans known as garrafons, rata de marjal is one of the main ingredients in traditional paella (later replaced by rabbit, chicken and seafood).[27] Ricefield rats are also consumed in the Philippines, the Isaan region of Thailand, and Cambodia. In late 2008, Reuters reported the price of rat meat had quadrupled in Cambodia, creating a hardship for the poor who could no longer afford it. Cambodia exports about a metric ton of rats daily to Vietnam as food.[28]

Elsewhere in the world, rat meat is considered diseased and unclean, socially unacceptable, or there are strong religious proscriptions against it. Islam and Kashrut traditions prohibit it, while both the Shipibo people of Peru and Sirionó people of Bolivia have cultural taboos against the eating of rats.[29][30]

Rats are a common food item for snakes, both in the wild, and as pets. Captive-bred ball pythons, in particular, are fed a diet of mostly rats. Rats, as food items, are available from many suppliers individual snake owners, as well as to large reptile zoos. In Britain, the government in 2007 ruled out the feeding of any live mammal to another animal. The rule says the animal must be dead (frozen) then given to the animal to eat. The rule was put in to place mainly because of the pressure of the RSPCA and people who found it cruel.

Medicine

Rats can serve as zoonotic vectors for certain pathogens and thus cause disease, such as Lassa fever, leptospirosis and Hantavirus infection. However the rat is almost never directly responsible for the pathogen. Though it is commonly believed that R. rattus is responsible for the outbreak of bubonic plague the European citizens are to blame. After throwing waste into the street the rats moved where it was easy to find food. The rat flea then spread the plague from there. It is estimated that as many, if not more rats died from the plague than people.

Odor detection

Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the APOPO Norwegian NGO, which trains rats (specifically African giant pouched rats) to detect landmines and diagnose tuberculosis through smell.[31]

Culture

Ancient Romans did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as mus maximus (big mouse) and the latter as mus minimus (little mouse).

On the Isle of Man (a dependency of the British Crown), there is a taboo against the word "rat".

Asian cultures

The rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons", and to get along poorly with "horses".

The indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the Karni Mata temple.

In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of Ganesha, and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of Deshnoke, the rats at the Karni Mata Temple are held to be destined for reincarnation as Sadhus (Hindu holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake.

European cultures

European associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar interjections in the English language. These associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and fleas) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the Black Death. Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. However, some people in European cultures keep rats as pets and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful.

Rats are often used in scientific experiments; animal rights activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (i.e. a scientist or research assistant).

Terminology

Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the English language, "rat" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an unscrupulous character. Writer/director Preston Sturges created the humorous alias "Ratskywatsky" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film, The Miracle of Morgan's Creek. It is a term (noun and verb) in criminal slang for an informant - "to rat on someone" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a crime or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious.

Among unions, "rat" is a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use inflatable rats.[32]

Judeo-Christianity

  • In Leviticus 11:29, rats are prohibited as food.

Fiction

Imperial Japan was depicted as a rat in a World War II United States Navy propaganda poster.

Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. nonanthropomorphic). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon - they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home.

The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous.[33] The rat plays a villain in several mouse societies; from Brian Jacques's Redwall and Robin Jarvis's The Deptford Mice, to the roles of Disney's Professor Ratigan and Kate DiCamillo's Roscuro and Botticelli. They have often been used as a mechanism in horror; being the titular evil in stories like The Rats or H.P. Lovecraft's The Rats in the Walls [33] and in films like Willard and Ben. Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of torture, for instance in Room 101 in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four or The Pit and the Pendulum by Edgar Allan Poe.

Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats.[33] Templeton, from E. B. White's Charlotte's Web, repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's The Midnight Folk requires bribery to be of any assistance.

By contrast, the rats appearing in the Doctor Dolittle books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor.

Some fictional works use rats as the main characters. Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH, Doctor Rat, Rizzo the Rat from The Muppets, and animated films such as Pixar's Ratatouille. Mon oncle d'Amérique ("My American Uncle"), a 1980 French film, illustrates Henri Laborit's theories on evolutionary psychology and human behaviors by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments.

In Harry Turtledove's science fiction novel Homeward Bound, humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. And A. Bertram Chandler pitted his space-bound protagonist, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. "The Stainless Steel Rat" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous science fiction novels written by Harry Harrison.

The Pied Piper

One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is The Pied Piper of Hamelin, in which a rat-catcher leads away an infestation with enchanted music—the piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, placed in Germany around the late 13th century, has inspired the realms of film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the Black Plague, in which black rats may have played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents, and Belgian graphic novel Le Bal du Rat Mort (The Ball of the Dead Rat).

Taxonomy of Rattus

The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily Murinae. Several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of Rattus: Lenothrix, Anonymomys, Sundamys, Kadarsanomys, Diplothrix, Margaretamys, Lenomys, Komodomys, Palawanomys, Bunomys, Nesoromys, Stenomys, Taeromys, Paruromys, Abditomys, Tryphomys, Limnomys, Tarsomys, Bullimus, Apomys, Millardia, Srilankamys, Niviventer, Maxomys, Leopoldamys, Berylmys, Mastomys, Myomys, Praomys, Hylomyscus, Heimyscus, Stochomys, Dephomys, and Aethomys.

The genus Rattus proper contains 64 extant species. A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species.

Species

Genus Rattus - Typical rats

See also

References and notes

  1. ^ Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Leirs H (2009). "The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger!". Pest Manag Sci 65 (4): 351–2. doi:10.1002/ps.1718. PMID 19206089. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121686000/abstract. 
  2. ^ Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A (2009). "Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health". Crit Rev Microbiol 35 (3): 221–70. doi:10.1080/10408410902989837. PMID 19548807. http://www.informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10408410902989837. 
  3. ^ "Wild Rats in Captivity and Domestic Rats in the Wild". http://www.ratbehavior.org/WildAndDomesticRats.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-04. 
  4. ^ "Merk Veterinary Manual Global Zoonoses Table". http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/tzns01.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-24. 
  5. ^ Foote, Allison L.; Jonathon D. Crystal (20 March 2007). "Metacognition in the rat". Current Biology 17 (6): 551–555. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061. PMC 1861845. PMID 17346969. http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982207009311. 
  6. ^ Rats Capable Of Reflecting On Mental Processes
  7. ^ Gibbs RA et al: Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution.: Nature. 2004 April 1; 428(6982):475-6.
  8. ^ "Genome project". www.ensembl.org. http://www.ensembl.org/Rattus_norvegicus/index.html. Retrieved 17 February 2007. 
  9. ^ Lashley, K., Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence, Dover Publications, New York, 1929/1963, 186 pp.
  10. ^ Thompson, R., Crinella, F. and Yu, J., Brain Mechanisms in Problem Solving and Intelligence. A Lesion Survey of the Rat Brain, Plenum, New York, 1990, 237 pp.
  11. ^ Thorndike, R., "Organization of behavior in the albino rat", Genet. Psychol. Monogr., 17 (1935) 1-70
  12. ^ quote from 2002 Galsworthy et al "Evidence for general cognitive ability (g) in heterogeneous stock mice and an analysis of potential confounds"
  13. ^ 1993 Anderson, "Evidence from the rat for a general factor that underlies cognitive performance and that relates to brain size: intelligence?"

    "The data on a group of 22 rats, each measured for their speed of reasoning, accuracy of reasoning, response flexibility, and attention for novelty, were subjected to two different methods of factor analysis. By both methods, the correlation matrix of their performance was consistent with a single-factor model. In a second cohort of rats, where brain size was known, the score for this ‘general factor’ was computed. The regression for brain weight and the general factor was significant."

  14. ^ "Individual differences and a spatial learning factor in two strains of mice (Mus musculus)"
  15. ^ "Individual Differences in the Expression of a "General" Learning Ability in Mice"
  16. ^ "Novelty-Seeking in Outbred Mice Covaries with General Learning Abilities Irrespective of Stress Reactivity, Emotionality, and Physical Attributes"
  17. ^ "Domain-Specific and Domain-General Learning Factors are Expressed in Genetically Heterogeneous CD-1 mice"
  18. ^ "Individual Differences in Animal Intelligence: Learning, Reasoning, Selective Attention and Inter-Species Conservation of a Cognitive Trait"
  19. ^ http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/9/38/422540
  20. ^ http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zEtPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CY8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=3541,6036159&dq=rat+meat+taboo&hl=en
  21. ^ Mills, J. P. (January 1952) The Mishmis of the Lohit Valley, Assam. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 82, No. 1. pp. 1-12
  22. ^ Musahar Hindus commercialise rat farming
  23. ^ Leach, Helen. (February 2003) Did East Polynesians Have a Concept of Luxury Foods? World Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 3, Luxury Foods. pp. 442-457.
  24. ^ Kirch, Patrick V.; Sharyn Jones O'Day. (February 2003) New Archaeological Insights into Food and Status: A Case Study from Pre-Contact Hawaii. World Archaeology, Vol. 34, No. 3. pp. 484-497
  25. ^ Otto, John Solomon; Augustus Marion Burns III. (December 1983) Black Folks, and Poor Buckras: Archeological Evidence of Slave and Overseer Living Conditions on an Antebellum Plantation. Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2. pp. 185-200
  26. ^ Hobson, Keith A.; Stephen Collier. (April 1984) Marine and Terrestrial Protein in Australian Aboriginal Diets. Current Anthropology, Vol. 25, No. 2. pp. 238-240
  27. ^ Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, La cocina de los mediterráneos, Ediciones B - Mexico
  28. ^ Poor struggle as rat meat prices soar
  29. ^ Behrens, Clifford A. (September 1986) Shipibo Food Categorization and Preference: Relationships between Indigenous and Western Dietary Concepts. American Anthropologist, Nathan New Series, Vol. 88, No. 3. pp. 647-658.
  30. ^ Priest, Perry N. (October 1966) Provision for the Aged among the Sirionó Indians of Bolivia. American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 68, No. 5. pp. 1245-1247
  31. ^ Video of Bart Weetjens talk on use of rats as odour detectors.
  32. ^ http://nj.npri.org/nj98/07/power&privilege.htm
  33. ^ a b c Clute, John; John Grant (March 15, 1999). The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 642. ISBN 0-312-19869-8. 

Further reading

  • Barnett, S. Anthony (2002) The Story of Rats: Their Impact on Us, and Our Impact on Them, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW, 202 pages, ISBN 1-86508-519-7.
  • Hendrickson, R. (1983) More Cunning than Man: A Complete History of the Rat and its Role in Civilization, Kensington Books. ISBN 1-57566-393-7.
  • Jahn, G. C., P. Cox, S. Mak, and N. Chhorn (1999) "Farmer participatory research on rat management in Cambodia", In G. Singleton, L. Hinds, H. Leirs and Zhibin Zhang [Eds.] Ecologically-based rodent management ACIAR, Canberra. Ch. 17, pp. 358–371. ISBN 1-86320-262-5.
  • Leung, LKP; Cox, Peter G.; Jahn, G. C.; Nugent, Robert (2002). "Evaluating rodent management with Cambodian rice farmers". Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 5: 21–26. 
  • Matthews, I. (1898). Full Revelations of a Professional Rat-Catcher, after 25 Years’ Experience. 1st ed. Manchester: Friendly Societies Printing Co. ISBN 1-905124-64-3.
  • Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. "Family Muridae" in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. "Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference", Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 501–755.
  • Nowak, R. M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
  • Sullivan, Robert (2004). Rats: A Year with New York's Most Unwanted Inhabitants. Granta Books, London.
  • Sullivan, Robert (2005). Rats: Observations on the History and Habitat of the City's Most Unwanted Inhabitants. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 1-58234-477-9.

External links


Top

Dansk (Danish)
n. - rotte, forræder, stikker, skid, skruebrækker
int. - fandens også, sikke noget lort
v. intr. - jage rotter, gå over til fjenden, sladre om, stikke, forråde

idioms:

  • rat on    sladre om
  • rat race    rotteræs, alles kamp mod alle
  • rat run    mindre vej, der tjener som genvej i myldretiden

Nederlands (Dutch)
rat, klikspaan, overloper, schoft, stakingsbreker, (mv) Verdomme!, (mv) delirium tremens, nietsnut, kussentje om dameshaar op te bollen, ratten vangen, overlopen, verklikken

Français (French)
n. - (Zool) rat, salaud (péj), (US) mouchard
int. - mince alors (fam) (excl)
v. intr. - moucharder (fam), dénoncer (qn), se dédire de, renoncer à, faire la chasse aux rats (arch)

idioms:

  • rat on    lâcher (qn), donner (qn) (fam), moucharder (qn)
  • rat race    foire d'empoigne (péj)
  • rat run    (GB) petite rue servant de raccourci (arg)
  • rat someone out    moucharder qn, lâcher qn

Deutsch (German)
n. - Ratte, (Slang) Abtrünniger, Informant, Verräter
v. - Ratten jagen, im Stich lassen
int. - Unsinn!

idioms:

  • rat on    verpfeifen, sitzenlassen
  • rat race    erbarmungsloser Konkurrenzkampf
  • rat run    hektisches Chaos
  • rat someone out    jmdn. anzeigen od. (abwert) denunzieren [bei]

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (ζωολ.) αρουραίος, μεγάλος ποντικός, (μτφ.) κάθαρμα, παλιοτόμαρο, χαφιές, προδότης, λιποτάκτης
v. - δειλιάζω

idioms:

  • rat on    καταδίδω, καρφώνω
  • rat race    αγώνας για επικράτηση, κυνήγι της επιτυχίας
  • rat run    παράκαμψη κεντρικών αρτηριών

Italiano (Italian)
ratto

idioms:

  • rat on    tradire
  • rat race    gara al successo
  • rat run    scorciatoia
  • smell a rat    subodorare un inganno

Português (Portuguese)
n. - rato (m), traidor (m)
v. - trair

idioms:

  • rat on    quebrar um acordo
  • rat race    corrida para o sucesso
  • rat run    situação agitada
  • smell a rat    desconfiar de algo

Русский (Russian)
крыса, трус, доносчик, доносить, истреблять крыс

idioms:

  • rat on    донести
  • rat race    суета, ожесточенная конкуренция, погоня за зарплату
  • rat run    короткая дорога
  • smell a rat    подозревать подвох

Español (Spanish)
n. - rata
int. - rata!
v. intr. - cazar ratas, volver casaca, trabajar como esquirol

idioms:

  • rat on    denunciar, chivarse de
  • rat race    competitividad febril de la vida moderna, lucha incesante para triunfar
  • rat run    calles secundarias utilizadas para evitar las aglomeraciones, laberinto donde corren los ratones en el laboratorio
  • rat someone out    denunciar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - råtta, tjallare, skitstövel
v. - tjalla

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
鼠, 叛徒, 卑鄙小人, 告密者, 讨厌的人, 胡说, 去你的, 真要命!, 捕鼠, 密告, 背叛

idioms:

  • rat on    告密
  • rat race    你死我活的竞争, 环形波导
  • rat run    老鼠道, 指建筑物之间的小巷道

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 鼠, 叛徒, 卑鄙小人, 告密者, 討厭的人
int. - 胡說, 去你的, 真要命!
v. intr. - 捕鼠, 密告, 背叛

idioms:

  • rat on    告密
  • rat race    你死我活的競爭, 環形波導
  • rat run    老鼠道, 指建築物之間的小巷道

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 쥐, 스파이, 변절자
int. - 젠장!, 체!, 우라질!
v. intr. - 쥐를 잡다, 조합협정보다 싼 임금으로 일하다

idioms:

  • rat on    밀고하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - ネズミ
v. - ネズミを捕る

idioms:

  • rat on    裏切る, から逃げ出す
  • rat race    激しい無意味な競争, 大混乱
  • rat run    同僚との出世争い

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) جرذ, واشي (فعل) يصيد الفئران, يسلك مسلك الجبان‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮עכברוש, חולדה, פחדן, בוגד, מפר שביתה‬
int. - ‮קריאת בוז‬
v. intr. - ‮צד עכברושים, חולדה, פחדן, בוגד, הפר הבטחה, התחמק, הלשין, בגד במטרה, אכזב‬


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