razor
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(rā'zər) 
n.
To shave, cut, or remove with or as with a razor: razored off the mustache; razored pages from a rare book.
n.
- A sharp-edged cutting instrument used especially for shaving the face or other body parts.
- A device for holding a razorblade, with guards to prevent cutting of the skin. Also called safety razor.
- An electric instrument with vibrating or rotating blades used for shaving.
To shave, cut, or remove with or as with a razor: razored off the mustache; razored pages from a rare book.
[Middle English rasor, from Old French, from raser, to scrape. See raze.]
Gale's How Products Are Made:
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How is a safety razor made?
A safety razor is a device used to remove hair from areas of the body where it is undesirable such as the face for men and the legs and underarm regions for women. The modern blade razor consists of a specially designed blade mounted in a metal or plastic shell that is attached to a handle. This kind of razor can be designed as a refillable cartridge which can accept new blades or as a disposable unit which is intended to be thrown away after the blade becomes dull.
History
Since primitive times, shaving has been an important cultural grooming practice. Cave painting show that even the prehistoric men practiced shaving by scraping hair off with crude implements such as stones, flint, clam shells, and other sharpened natural objects. With the advent of the Bronze Age, humans developed the ability forge simple metals and began to make razors from iron, bronze, and even gold. The ancient Egyptians began the custom of shaving their beards and heads, which was eventually adopted by the Greeks and Romans around 330 B.C. This practice was advantageous for soldiers because it prevented enemies from grasping their hair in hand-to-hand combat. The unshaven, unkempt tribes they fought became known as barbarians, meaning the unbarbered.
Until the nineteenth century, the most common razor was still a long handled open blade called a "cut-throat" razor which was difficult to use, required repeated sharpening, and was usually wielded by professional barbers. Credit for the first safety razor is generally given to a Frenchman, Jean-Jacques Perret, who modeled his design after a joiner's plane. He even wrote a book on the subject entitled Pogonotomy or the Art of Learning to Shave Oneself. As with the razors of today, Perret's design covered the blade on three sides to protect the user from nicks and cuts. However, it still required periodic sharpening to give a good shave. Similar inventions were introduced throughout the 1800s. Nonetheless, even as late as the early 1900s most men were still shaved periodically at the barber.
Shaving practices began to change dramatically around the turn of the century. In 1895, an American named King Camp Gillette had the idea of marketing a disposable blade that didn't require sharpening. Gillette designed a razor that had a separate handle and clamp unit that allowed the user to easily replace the blade when it became dull. However, metal working technology took another two years before it was able to make the paper thin steel blades required by Gillette's design. Even though he filed patents in 1901, Gillette could not market his disposable blades until 1903 when he produced a total of 51 razors and 168 blades. By 1905, sales rose to 90,000 razors and 2.5 million blades. Sales continued to grow over the next several years, reaching 0.3 million razors and 14 million blades in 1908. After Gillette's initial success, other manufacturers soon followed suit with their own designs, and an entire industry was born. Over the last 90 years, a variety of products have been introduced including tiny safety razors for women, long-life stainless steel blades, twin-blade safety razors, the completely disposable, one-piece plastic razor introduced by Bic, and the state of the art Sensor and Mach 3 shaving systems by Gillette.
Design
Razor designs vary depending on the style. Some razors, such as the single piece disposables, are relatively simple. They consist of a hollow plastic handle, a blade, and a head assembly to keep the blade in place. They are primarily designed to be simple, economical, and disposable. The refillable cartridge style is more complicated. They are designed to give a more premium shaving experience with options like multiple blades, pivoting heads, and lubricating strips. For example, Gillette's Mach 3 razor, which was introduced in 1998, features a skin guard comprised of flexible microfins, a soft grip handle, water-activated moisturizers, a flow-through cartridge, optimal blade positioning, and other innovative features. The engineering behind some of these advancements is quite impressive. Gillette employs 500 design engineers, who are constantly developing new shaving systems. Preliminary designs are developed into working prototypes that are tested by over 300 company employees, who take part in Gillette's shave-at-work program. The company has 20 booths set up where employees use unmarked razors on different sides of their faces. They then rate performance attributes of each razor with the aid of a computer program. Engineers use this feedback to adjust their designs and create improved prototypes for further evaluation.
Raw Materials
Blades
Razor blades are periodically exposed to high levels of moisture and therefore must be made from a special corrosion resistant steel alloy. Furthermore, the grade of steel must be hard enough to allow the blade to hold its shape, yet malleable enough to allow it to be processed. The preferred type of steel is called carbide steel because it is made using a tungsten-carbon compound. One patented combination of elements used in stainless steel blade construction includes carbon (0.45-0.55%), silicon (0.4-1%); manganese (0.5-1.0%); chromium (12-14%) and molybdenum (1.0-1.6%); with the remainder being iron.
Plastic parts
The plastic portions of a safety razor include the handle and blade cartridge, or portions thereof, depending on the razor design. These parts are typically molded from a number of different plastic resins including polystyrene, polypropylene, and phenyleneoxide based resins as well as elastomeric compounds. These resins are taken in pellet form and are melted and molded into the razor components through a combination of extrusion and injection molding techniques. For example, in making the handle for their advanced shaving systems, Gillette uses a coextrusion process which simultaneously molds an elastomer molded over polypropylene to create a surface that is easy to grip.
Other components
Razors may contain a variety of miscellaneous parts which help hold the blade in place, guards which cover the blade during shipping, or springs or other release mechanisms which facilitate changing of the blades. These pieces are molded by similar processes. The more sophisticated brands include a lubricating strip made of polyurethane, or other similar materials, that is impregnated with acrylic polymers. These strips are mounted on the head of the razor, in front of the blades. The polymer film absorbs water and becomes very slippery, thus creating a lubricating surface that helps the blade glide across the surface of the face without snagging or cutting the skin.
The Manufacturing
Process
Cutting blade formation
- Blade manufacturing processes involve mixing and melting of the components in the steel. This mixture undergoes a process known as annealing, which makes the blades stronger. The steel is heated to temperatures of 1,967-2,048°F (1,075-1,120°C), then quenched in water to a temperature between -76- -112° F (-60- -80° C) to harden it. The next step is to temper the steel at a temperature of (482-752°F (250- 400°C).
- The blades are then die stamped at a rate of 800-1,200 strokes a minute to form the appropriate cutting edge shape. The actual cutting edge of modern cartridge style razor blade is deceptively small. The entire cutting surface is only about 1.5 in (3.81cm) wide by 1 mm deep. This is compared to traditional razor blades which are almost 20 times wider and several times thicker. This design creates efficiencies in manufacturing by allowing the creation of a durable cutting surface using very little metal. Because the blade is so small, a special support structure is required to hold it inside the cartridge.
Support member formation
- At a separate work station, another sheet of metal passes through a die and cutter device to form a series of L-shaped support members. These support members are formed in a line with two edge runners connected to each side.
- The row of supports, still connected to the edge runners is rolled onto a coil and transported to the next station. There the support pieces are severed from the edge runners which are collected in a waste bin. The support members are dropped into a funnel-like device equipped with a vibrating unit which deposits individual support members onto a conveyor belt. The belt transfers the members in a single file fashion the third work station where they are welded onto the cutting blade. The finished blade assembly is then ready for mounting in the cartridge. Because the entire process is automated, waste from broken or bent cutting blades and support members is minimized.
Plastic component molding
- Concurrent with the blade-making operations, the plastic components are molded and readied for assembly. The plastic resins are mixed with the plasticizers, colorants, antioxidants, stabilizers, and fillers. The powders are mixed together and melted in a special heated screw feeder. The resultant mixture is cut into pellets which can be used in subsequent molding operations.
- Plastic razor parts are typically extrusion molded. In this process, molten plastic is shaped by being forced through the opening of a die. The parts can also be manufactured by injection molding, where plastic resin and other additives are mixed together, melted, and injected into a two piece mold under pressure. After the plastic has cooled, the mold is opened and the plastic parts are ejected. Major manufacturers have extremely efficient molding operations with cycle times for molded plastic parts routinely below 10 seconds. These processes are so efficient that the thermoplastic runners and other scrap from the molding process are reground, remelted, and reused.
Assembly of components
- The molded plastic components are fed to various work stations where the blade assembly is inserted into the cartridge. The work surfaces in these stations are equipped with vacuum lines to orient and hold the small blade parts in place during transport and insertion. Spring loaded arms push the blades into place and secure them in the cartridge slots. The finished cartridge may be attached to the razor handle during subsequent operations or they may be packaged separately. This step may include insertion of springs and other parts in the handle to allow ejection of the cartridge.
Packaging
- Razors are routinely packaged in clear plastic blister packs with a cardboard backing sheet that allow display of the razors design. Refill blade cartridges can be packaged in boxes, although most current designs require the cartridges to be held in a plastic tray that helps insert them into the handle.
Quality Control
All finished razor components must conform to tight specifications before they are released. For example, blades must meet a designated hardness rating and contain a certain amount of steel. Gillette blades must meet a standard knows as Vickers hardness of at least 620 and a carbide density of 10-45 particles per 100 square microns to avoid rejection. The equipment itself operates so precisely that Gillette measures its reject rate in parts per million. Similarly, molded plastic parts are closely inspected by operators with lighted magnifying glasses to check for loose flashing or rough edges; they alert technicians when problems are discovered. In addition, razor components are checked by a computerized vision system which compares a critical dimension to a reference.
The Future
Razor manufacturers like Gillette are constantly designing new and improved shaving systems. Their commitment to improved materials science continues to produce blades of increased hardness that are capable of sustaining sharp edge for more shaves. Advanced head design allows the blades to contact the face without cuts or nicks. They are also constantly updating their manufacturing equipment. The future manufacturing techniques also improve efficiency in molding and stamping operations. Gillette claims they are twice as fast as they were 10 years ago and have fewer defects.
Where to Learn More
Books
Panati, Charles. Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. New York: Perennial Library, 1987.
Other
Gillette Company. 1999. http://www.gillette.com/ (April 5,1999).
[Article by: Randy Schueller]
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[Ar]
A type of tool known from the European Bronze Age which comprises a thin bronze blade, often double-edged, which is believed to have been used for removing facial or body hair. A number of different styles can be recognized including bi-fid, horseshoe, Hallstatt, Scandinavian Terramara, quadrangular, and crescentic forms.
Investopedia Financial Dictionary:
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Razor-Razorblade Model
A business tactic involving the sale of dependent goods for different prices - one good is sold at a discount, while the second dependent good is sold at a considerably higher price.
Investopedia Says:
If you've ever purchased razors and their replacement blades, you know this business method well. The razors are practically free, but the replacement blades are extremely expensive.
The video game industry is another user of this pricing strategy. They sell the game consoles at a relatively low price, recouping the lost profits on the high-priced games.
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Random House Word Menu:
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categories related to 'razor'
- Grooming Aids and Processes - razor: small, sharp blade used to remove body or facial hair
- Edged, Pointed, Carving, and Turning Tools - razor: very fine-edged cutting blade, usu. of steel
See crossword solutions for the clue
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For other uses, see Razor (disambiguation).
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A razor is a bladed tool primarily used in the removal of unwanted body hair through the act of shaving. Kinds of razors include straight razors, disposable razors and electric razors.
While the razor has been in existence since the Bronze Age, its modern counterpart was invented in the 18th century, and the 1930s saw the invention of electric razors. In the 21st century, the safety razor - electric or not - is most commonly used by both men and women, but other kinds still exist.[1]
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Contents
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History
Razors have been identified from many Bronze Age cultures. These were made of bronze or obsidian and were generally oval in shape, with a small tang protruding from one of the short ends.[2]
Various forms of razors were used throughout history, which are different in appearance but similar in use to modern straight razors. In prehistoric times clam shells, shark teeth, and flint were sharpened and used to shave with. Drawings of such blades were found in prehistoric caves. Some tribes still use blades made of flint to this day. Excavations in Egypt have unearthed solid gold and copper razors in tombs dating back to the 4th millennium BC. The Roman historian Livy reported that the razor was introduced in ancient Rome in the 6th century BC. by legendary king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Priscus was ahead of his time because razors did not come to general use until a century later.[3]
The first modern straight razor complete with decorated handles and hollow ground blades was constructed in Sheffield, in England, the centre of the cutlery industry, in the 18th and 19th centuries. Benjamin Huntsman produced the first superior hard steel grade, through a special crucible process, suitable for use as blade material in 1740. Huntsman's process was adopted by the French sometime later; albeit reluctantly at first due to nationalist sentiments. The English manufacturers were even more reluctant than the French to adopt the process and only did so after they saw its success in France.[3] Sheffield steel, a highly polished steel, also known as Sheffield silver steel' and famous for its deep gloss finish, is considered a superior quality steel and is still used to this day in France by such manufacturers as Thiers Issard.[4]
In the 18th and 19th centuries the wealthy had servants to shave them or could frequent barbershops. Daily shaving was not a widespread practice in the 19th century so some people never shaved. The custom of shaving every day among American men is a 20th century innovation.[5] In the 19th century, cutlers in Sheffield, England and Solingen, Germany produced a variety of razors.
Straight razors were the most common form of shaving before the 20th century and remained that common in many countries until the 1950s.[1] Barbers were specially trained to give customers a thorough and quick shave, and a collection of straight razors ready for use was a common sight in most barbershops. Barbers still have them, but they use them less often.
Straight razors eventually fell out of fashion. Their first challenger was manufactured by King C. Gillette: a double-edged safety razor with replaceable blades. Gillette's idea was the use of the "loss leader" concept, in which the razors were sold at a loss, but the replacement blades earned a high margin and provided continuous sales. They were immensely successful due to advertising campaigns and slogans denigrating the straight razor's effectiveness and questioning its safety.
These new safety razors did not require any serious tutelage to use.[6] The blades were extremely hard to sharpen, and were meant to be thrown away after one use, and rusted quickly if not discarded. They also required a smaller initial investment, though they cost more over time. Despite its long-term advantages, the straight razor lost significant market share. And as shaving became less intimidating and men began to shave themselves more, the demand for barbers providing straight razor shaves decreased.[1]
Around 1960, stainless steel blades which could be used more than once became available, reducing the cost of safety-razor shaving. The first such blades were made by the Wilkinson firm, famous maker of ceremonial swords, in Sheffield. Soon Gillette, Schick, and other manufacturers were making stainless-steel blades.
These were followed by multiple-blade cartridges and disposable razors. For each type of replaceable blade, there is generally a disposable razor.
In the 1930s, electric razors became available. These can rival the cost of a good straight razor, although the whole straight-razor shaving kit can exceed the cost of even an expensive electric razor.
Straight razors
For more details on this topic, see Straight razor.
Straight razors with open steel blades, also commonly known as cut-throats, were the most commonly used razors before the 20th century. However, they are now chiefly used by barbers.
Straight razors consist of a blade sharpened on one edge. The blade can be made of either stainless steel, which is slower to hone and strop, and holds an edge longer, or high carbon steel, which hones and strops quickly, but has a less durable edge. At present, stainless-steel razors are harder to find than carbon steel, but both are still in production.
The blade rotates on a pin through its tang between two protective pieces called scales: when folded into the scales, the blade is protected from damage, and the user is protected from injury. Handle scales are made of various materials, including mother-of-pearl, celluloid, bone, plastic and wood. They were once made of ivory, but this has been discontinued, though fossil ivory is still used occasionally.
Disposable blade straight razors
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Razors which are similar in use and appearance to straight razors but which use either a standard double edged blade or specially made blades are available.
Disposable bladed straights have many of the advantages of straight razors without needing the stropping and honing of ordinary straight razors.
Disposable blade straight razors can be resharpened.
Safety razors
Main article: Safety razor
The first safety razor protected the skin from all but the very edge of the blade and was invented in the late 19th century by a Frenchman, Jean-Jacques Perret, who was inspired by the joiner's plane. In 1875 it was marketed by the Kampfe Brothers as "the best available shaving method on the market that won’t cut a user, like straight steel razors."
In 1901, the American inventor King Camp Gillette, with the assistance of William Nickerson, invented a safety razor with disposable blades. Gillette realized that a profit could be made by selling an inexpensive razor with disposable blades. This has been called the Razor and blades business model, or a "loss leader", and has become a very common practice for a wide variety of products.
There are also safety razors that are made of inexpensive materials that are meant to be wholly disposable. One device was invented in 1963 by American entertainer and inventor Paul Winchell.[7]
Electric razors
The electric razor (also known as the electric dry shaver) has a rotating or oscillating blade. The electric razor usually does not require the use of shaving cream, soap, or water. The razor may be powered by a small DC motor, which is either powered by batteries or mains electricity. Many modern ones are powered using rechargeable batteries. Alternatively, an electro-mechanical oscillator driven by an AC-energized solenoid may be used. Some very early mechanical shavers had no electric motor and had to be powered by hand, for example by pulling a cord to drive a flywheel.
The first electric razor was patented in 1928 by the American manufacturer Col. Jacob Schick. The Remington Rand Corporation developed the electric razor further, first producing the Remington brand of razor in 1937. Another important inventor was Prof. Alexandre Horowitz, from Philips Laboratories in the Netherlands, who invented the very successful concept of the revolving (rotary) electric razor. It has a shaving head consisting of cutters that cut off the hair entering the head of the razor at skin level. The major manufacturers introduce new improvements to the hair cutting mechanism of their products each few years. Each manufacturer sells several different generations of cutting mechanism at the same time, and for each generation, several models with different features and accessories to reach various price points. The improvements to the cutting mechanisms tend to 'trickle-down' to lower priced models over time.
Early versions of electric razors were meant to be used on dry skin only. Many recent electric razors have been designed to allow for wet/dry use, which also allows them to be cleaned using running water or an included cleaning machine, reducing cleaning effort. Some patience is necessary when starting to use a razor of this type, as the skin usually takes some time to adjust to the way that the electric razor lifts and cuts the hairs. Moisturizers designed specifically for electric shaving are available.
Some modern styles of electric hair clippers include bulk hair clippers, which are used to remove a bulk of the hair being shaved; main hair clippers, on which guards are attached to achieve a perfect length all over the head; and mini clippers, which are used to trim the edges of the haircut.
Battery-powered electric razors
Since at least the mid-1960s,[8] battery operated electric razors have been available using rechargeable batteries sealed inside the razor's case, previously nickel cadmium or more recently nickel metal hydride. Some modern shavers use Lithium-ion batteries that do not suffer from memory effect. Sealed battery shavers either have built-in or external charging devices. Some shavers may be designed to plug directly into a wall outlet with a swing out or pop-up plug, or have a detachable AC cord. Other shavers have recharging base units which plug into an AC outlet, which provide DC power at the base contacts (removing the need for the AC to DC converter to be internal to the razor and reducing the risk of electric shock).
Some models, generally marketed as "travel razors" (or "travel shavers"), use removable rechargeable or disposable batteries, usually size AA or AAA. This offers the option of purchasing batteries while away from home instead of having to carry a compatible charging device.
Wet/dry razors, designed to allow use with soap and water, are exclusively of the battery-operated type (for obvious reasons of electrical safety).
Other razors
A single-edge razor blade was manufactured prior to the advent of the double edge razor, for various applications where the blade is required to be hand-held. Single-edge blades are often a more rigid carbon steel and much thicker. They are used in carpentry for detailed work, sanding, and scraping (in a specialized holder), in mechanical drawing for paper cutting, in plumbing and finish work for grouting and cleaning, for removing paint from flat surfaces such as panes of glass, and in many other applications. Razors are also sometimes used in bread production to slash the surface of an unbaked loaf; in this usage, they are referred to using the French word lame.
See also
References
- ^ a b c ohiokids.org
- ^ Warwichshire Country Council: New Prehistoric Archaeology Objects
"Even further away in time, during the Bronze Age, we now have evidence of people taking care of their appearance. This leaf-shaped bronze razor was found near Bidford on Avon and is one of only a few of this type of Bronze Age razor to be found in this country." - ^ a b Encyclopaedia Britannica online
- ^ classicshaving
- ^ howstuffworks: Why Men Shave: "Even with these developments, however, men preferred beards. Beware may result in loss of ear(s). This may be because shaving with a straight razor is a somewhat dangerous activity better left to a professional. Unless you live in a city and are wealthy, being able to find and afford a shaving professional is difficult. And so, all the way up to the 20th century, beards were fashionable and most men wore them. But during World War I in the United States, that all changed.DO NOT give to children under the age of 22. And there were two reasons for that change:..."
- ^ msnbc.msn.com
- ^ [1]
- ^ Electric Shaver Museum
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This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
Translations:
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Razor
Dansk (Danish)
n. - barberkniv, ragekniv, barbermaskine
v. tr. - barbere, skære ned på
v. intr. - nedskæres
idioms:
- razor blade barberblad
- razor edge skarp æg, kritisk situation, skarp afgrænsning, lige på vippen
- razor wire pigtråd
- razor's edge skarp kant, lige på vippen
Nederlands (Dutch)
scheermes, scheren met mes, bewerken met scheermes
Français (French)
n. - rasoir
v. tr. - raser, couper au ras de
v. intr. - raser, couper au ras de
idioms:
- razor blade lame de rasoir
- razor edge fil du rasoir
- razor wire de fer barbelé acéré
- razor's edge (être) au bord de l'abîme
Deutsch (German)
n. - Rasiermesser
v. - abrasieren
idioms:
- razor blade Rasierklinge
- razor edge scharfer, Äußerster Rand, kritische Lage
- razor wire wie Stacheldraht verwendeter, dünner, scharfkantiger Draht
- razor's edge scharfer Grat, kritische Lage, des Messers Schneide
Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - ξυράφι (ξυρίσματος)
v. - ξυρίζω
idioms:
- razor blade ξυριστική λάμα ή λεπίδα, ξυραφάκι (ξυρίσματος)
- razor edge κόψη ξυραφιού
- razor wire συρματόπλεγμα με κοφτερές λεπίδες
- razor's edge κόψη του ξυραφιού
idioms:
- razor blade lametta da barba, lama da rasoio
- razor wire filo spinato
- razor('s) edge filo del rasoio
Português (Portuguese)
n. - navalha de barbear (f), aparelho de barbear (m)
v. - barbear, usar a navalha
idioms:
- razor ('s) edge fio da navalha (m), situação difícil (coloq.)
- razor blade gilete (f) (coloq.)
- razor wire arame farpado
- razor('s) edge gume afiado
idioms:
- razor blade лезвие
- razor wire металлическая лента с бритвами
- razor('s) edge лезвие, передний край, острый конец, критическое положение
Español (Spanish)
n. - navaja de afeitar, maquinilla de afeitar, máquina de afeitar eléctrica
v. tr. - navaja de afeitar, maquinilla de afeitar, máquina de afeitar eléctrica
v. intr. - navaja de afeitar, maquinilla de afeitar, máquina de afeitar eléctrica
idioms:
- razor blade hoja de afeitar
- razor edge filo de la navaja
- razor wire alambre de púas
- razor's edge el filo de la navaja, situación difícil, en el filo de la navaja
Svenska (Swedish)
n. - rakhyvel/apparat
v. - raka, (sl) dela byte
中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
剃刀, 剃, 用剃刀刮, 瓜分, 被剃刀刮
idioms:
- razor blade 刀片, 黑人
- razor edge 剃刀刀口, 尖锐的山脊, 锐锋
- razor wire 有刺铁丝网的一种, 每隔数寸附有尖锐金属刺条
- razor's edge 剃刀锋口, 危急关头, 处于险缘
中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 剃刀
v. tr. - 剃, 用剃刀刮, 瓜分
v. intr. - 被剃刀刮
idioms:
- razor blade 刀片, 黑人
- razor edge 剃刀刀口, 尖銳的山脊, 銳鋒
- razor wire 有刺鐵絲網的一種, 每隔數寸附有尖銳金屬刺條
- razor's edge 剃刀鋒口, 危急關頭, 處於險緣
한국어 (Korean)
n. - 면도칼, 면도기
v. tr. - ~을 면도질하다, 나누다
v. intr. - 면도하다
idioms:
- razor blade かみそりの刃
- razor wire レーザーワイヤー
- razor('s) edge 鋭い刃, 危機
العربيه (Arabic)
(الاسم) موس, حلاقه (فعل) يقص أو يحلق بشفرة أو موس,
עברית (Hebrew)
n. - תער, סכין גילוח
v. tr. - גילח, חתך בתער
v. intr. - חתך (משהו) כאילו בתער
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