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| SSM-A14/M8/PGM-11 Redstone | |
|---|---|
 Redstone number CC-56, Cape Canaveral, Florida, September 17, 1958 |
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| Type | Surface-to-surface missile |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1958-1964 |
| Used by | United States |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Army Ballistic Missile Agency |
| Designed | 1950–1952 |
| Manufacturer | Army Ballistic Missile Agency
Chrysler Corporation |
| Produced | 1952–1961 |
| Number built | 128
ABMA 27, Chrysler 101 |
| Variants | Block I, Block II |
| Specifications | |
| Weight | 61,207 pounds (27,763 kg) at ignition |
| Length | 69.3 feet (21.1 m) |
| Diameter | 5.83 feet (1.8 m) |
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| Blast yield | 3.5 megatons of TNT (15 PJ) or 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2.1 PJ) thermonuclear warhead |
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| Engine | Rocketdyne North American Aviation 75-110 A-7 78,000 pounds-force (350 kN) thrust at sea level for 121 seconds |
| Payload capacity | 6,305 pounds (2,860 kg) |
| Propellant | ethyl alcohol, liquid oxygen, hydrogen peroxide |
| Fuel capacity | alcohol: 11,135 pounds (5,051 kg), liquid oxygen: 25,280 pounds (11,470 kg), hydrogen peroxide: 790 pounds (360 kg) |
| Operational range |
57.5 miles (92.5 km) to 201 miles (323 km) |
| Flight altitude | 28.4 miles (45.7 km) peak minimum to 58.7 miles (94.5 km) peak maximum |
| Boost time | 97 seconds to 117 seconds |
| Speed | Mach 5.5 maximum at re-entry interface |
| Guidance system |
Ford Instrument Company ST-80 inertial guidance |
| Steering system |
Carbon jet vanes, air rudders, spacial air jet nozzles, air vanes |
| Accuracy | 300 metres (980 ft) CEP |
| Launch platform |
guided missile platform launcher M74 |
First launched in 1953, the American Redstone rocket (Redstone missile) was a direct descendant of the German V-2. Redstone was used for the first live nuclear missile tests by the United States. It was also referred to as the Redstone MRBM (medium range ballistic missile), although in the true sense of the definition within the United States Department of Defense of MRBM (a missile with a maximum range between 1,000 and 3,000 kilometres (620 and 1,900 mi))[citation needed] this was a misnomer.
The Redstone missile was in active service with the U.S. Army from June 1958 to June 1964. Some Redstone missiles were modified in the mid to late 1960s for follow-on special test projects. For one such project the missiles were called Sparta rockets.
For its role as a US Army field artillery theater ballistic missile, Redstone earned the subtitle "the Army's Workhorse"; for its roles in non-military applications, the nickname "Old Reliable".
Redstone was developed by team of predominantly German rocket engineers who were relocated to the United States (Huntsville, Al) after World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.
Contents |
History
As a ballistic missile
A product of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama, under the leadership of Wernher von Braun, Redstone was designed as a surface-to-surface missile for the U.S. Army. Chrysler Corporation was awarded the prime production contract and began missile and support equipment production in 1952 at the newly-renamed Michigan Ordnance Missile Plant in Warren, Michigan. The Navy-owned facility was previously known as the Naval Industrial Reserve Aircraft Plant used for jet engine production. Following the cancellation of a planned Navy jet engine program, the facility was made available to the Chrysler Corporation for missile production. Rocketdyne Division of North American Aviation Company provided the rocket engines; Ford Instrument Company, Division of Sperry Rand Corporation produced the guidance and control systems; and, Reynolds Metals Company fabricated fuselage assemblies as subcontractors to Chrysler Corporation.
Redstone was first deployed with troops of 40th Artillery Group (Redstone) to West Germany from Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama in June 1958. 40th Artillery Group units were stationed both in Bad Kreuznach and Wackernheim, West Germany until February 1964. A second Redstone missile Group, 46th Artillery Group (Redstone) was deployed to West Germany from Fort Sill, Oklahoma in April 1959. The 46th Group was stationed at Artillery Kaserne in Neckarsulm, West Germany until June 1964. The third Redstone missile Group, 209th Artillery Group (Redstone) was stationed at Fort Sill, Oklahoma from 1958 to 1964. Primary mission of 209th Group was to support the two Redstone Groups stationed in West Germany; by supporting the annual service firings conducted by each of the 4 overseas firing batteries at the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), New Mexico, and by providing trained replacement personnel to the overseas Groups.
Each Redstone missile Group contained two firing batteries (Battery A and Battery B) for launching missiles, a Headquarters and Headquarters Battery for overall Group administration, an Engineering Company for the production of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, and an Ordnance Company for the issuance of missiles, warheads and fuel to the firing batteries; and, for maintenance and repair of missiles and equipment. A total of four mobile launchers and equipment, with one reload each, (a total of eight Redstone MRBM missiles) were deployed in the four firing batteries stationed in West Germany until the first half of 1964.
Redstone was capable of flights from 57.5 miles (92.5 km) to 201 miles (323 km). It consisted of a thrust unit for powered flight and a missile body for overall missile control and payload delivery on target. During powered flight Redstone burned a fuel mixture of 25% water-75% ethyl alcohol with liquid oxygen (LOX) used as the oxidizer. The missile body consisted of an aft unit containing the instrument compartment and the warhead unit containing the payload compartment and the radar fuze. The missile body was separated from the thrust unit 20 to 30 seconds after the termination of powered flight, as determined by the preset range to target. The body continued on a controlled ballistic trajectory to the target impact point. The thrust unit continued on its own uncontrolled ballistic trajectory, impacting short of the designated target. Redstone utilized a pre-programmed self-correcting fixed reference inertial guidance platform system for missile attitude and path control along a predetermined trajectory. The inertial guidance system was not dependent on any ground to missile links for missile control, and was therefore immune from any known external jamming techniques.
Redstone could be armed with either a 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2.1 PJ) or a 3.5 megatons of TNT (15 PJ) thermonuclear warhead. A Redstone rocket was used to launch two live nuclear tests that were detonated during the nuclear test series Operation Hardtack in August 1958, from Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean. On August 1, 1958, Redstone #CC50 launched nuclear test Teak that detonated at an altitude of 77.8 kilometres (48.3 mi). On August 12, 1958, Redstone #CC51 launched nuclear test Orange to a detonation altitude of 43 kilometres (27 mi). Both payloads were 3.75 megatons of TNT (15.7 PJ); they were the first live nuclear missile tests by the United States.
The Jupiter IRBM (intermediate range ballistic missile) was a direct outgrowth of Redstone. Jupiter incorporated modified and improved versions of systems developed for and proven in use on Redstone. Modified Redstone missiles with longer thrust units for increased fuel and oxidizer capacities, and with solid upper stages added, were used in a series of nose cone development tests for the Jupiter IRBM. These modified Redstone missiles were called Jupiter-C rockets. The Juno I rocket, used to launch America's first satellite, Explorer 1, was derived from the Jupiter-C.
End of service
Redstone production by the Chrysler Corporation was halted in 1961. 40th Artillery Group was deactivated in February 1964 and 46th Artillery Group was deactivated in June 1964, as Redstone missiles were replaced by the Pershing missile in the U.S. Army arsenal. All Redstone missiles and equipment deployed to Europe were returned to the United States by the autumn of 1964. In October 1964 the Redstone missile was ceremonially retired from active service at Redstone Arsenal.
In the late 1960s a series of surplus modified Redstone MRBM's were launched in Australia as part of a military test program of reentry vehicles. These Redstone missiles had solid fuel upper stages added to them. One of these Redstone missiles was used to launch Australia's first satellite, Wresat, in 1967. These series of Australian modified Redstone missiles were called Sparta rockets.
 First launch of a Redstone missile conducted by US Army troops. Battery A, 217th Field Artillery Missile Battalion, 40th Artillery Group (Redstone), May 16, 1958, Cape Canaveral, Florida |
 Redstone trainer missile displayed and demonstrated on Armed Forces Day by US Army troops of Redstone Division, Department of Materiel, United States Army Artillery and Missile School, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, May 1959 |
 Redstone trainer missile practice firing exercise being conducted by US Army troops of Battery A, 1st Missile Battalion, 333rd Artillery, 40th Artillery Group (Redstone), Bad Kreuznach, Germany, August 1960 |
 Mercury-Redstone MR-3 launching Freedom 7 carrying Project Mercury astronaut LCDR Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN, on May 5, 1961 |
Trivia
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Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (March 2008) |
Shortly after the launch of Sputnik, a Redstone missile was briefly placed in the main concourse of Grand Central Terminal. A small hole had to be cut in the ceiling to accommodate the tip of the rocket's nose cone. That hole remains visible, and is pointed out by the station's tour guides.[citation needed]
In the 1960s, in honor of Warren, New Hampshire native and sitting U.S. Senator, Norris Cotton, Henry T. Asselin donated a Mercury Redstone-3, similar to the Freedom 7 that carried New Hampshire native Alan Shepard, America's first man in space, to the town. The Redstone Rocket still occupies a prominent place in the center of the town.[citation needed]
References
- Bullard, John W (October 15 1965). History Of The Redstone Missile System (Historical Monograph Project Number: AMC 23 M). Historical Division, Administrative Office, Army Missile Command.
- The Redstone Missile System. Fort Sill, Oklahoma: United States Army. August 1960. Publication L 619.
- Standing Operating Procedure For Conduct Of Redstone Annual Service Practice At White Sands Missile Range New Mexico. Fort Sill, Oklahoma: Headquarters, United States Army Artillery And Missile Center. March 31, 1962.
- Operator, Organizational, And Field Maintenance Manual - Ballistic Guided Missile M8, Ballistic Shell (Field Artillery Guided Missile System Redstone). September 1960. TM 9-1410-350-14/2.
- Field Artillery Missile Redstone. Department Of The Army. February 1962. FM 6-35.
- von Braun, Wernher. The Redstone, Jupiter and Juno. Technology and Culture, Vol. 4, No. 4, The History of Rocket Technology (Autumn 1963), pp. 452–465.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Redstone (rocket) |
- The Mercury Redstone Project (PDF) December 1964
- Redstone from Encyclopedia Astronautica
- [1]
- Boeing: History – Products - North American Aviation Rocketdyne Redstone Rocket Engine
- Appendix A: The Redstone Missile in Detail
- Redstone
- http://usarmygermany.com/Units/FieldArtillery/USAREUR_40th%20Arty%20Group.htm – 40th Artillery Group (Redstone)
- http://usarmygermany.com/Units/FieldArtillery/USAREUR_46th%20Arty%20Group.htm – 46th Artillery Group (Redstone)
- From the Stars & Stripes Archives: "Redstone Rocketeers"
- Jupiter A
- The Chrysler Corporation Missile Division and the Redstone missiles
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