| Wikipedia: Reference ranges for blood tests |
A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within, or two standard deviations from the mean.
The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the laboratory uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range. The values given below therefore are given as examples only and should not be used to interpret individual test results. Factors other than medical conditions can affect laboratory values, such as male or female sex, diet, use of drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter and herbal remedies), and stress, as well as other more exotic factors like altitude.
All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions (that is, values denoting total blood concentration) are:
- All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
- All values in Hematology - white blood cells
- Platelet count (Plt)
Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States, while molar concentration (mol/L) is used in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[1] International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
Contents |
Sorted by concentration
A separate printable combined image is available for mass and molarity
By units
Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.
White blood cells
Clinical biochemistry
Clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry") is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
- Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[2] and CHEM-20
- Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[3], but not CHEM-7
Electrolytes and Metabolites
Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
| Test [4] | Patient type | Lower limit [4] | Upper limit[4] | Unit | Comments |
| ** Sodium (Na) | 135[5]-137[6] | 145[6]-147[5] | mmol/L or mEq/L[5] | ||
| ** Potassium (K) | 3.5[5]-3.6[6] | 5.0[5][6]-5.1 | mmol/L or mEq/L[5] | See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia | |
| Chloride (Cl) | 95[5]-98 | 105[5]-107 | mmol/L or mEq/L[5] | ||
| Osmolality | 275[5]-280[7] | 295[5]-296[7] | mOsm/kg | Plasma weight excludes solutes | |
| Osmolarity | Slightly less than osmolality | mOsm/l | Plasma volume includes solutes | ||
| Urea | 1.2[5]-3.0[8] | 3.0[5]-7.0[8] | mmol/L | ** BUN - blood urea nitrogen | |
| 7[5] | 18[5]-21[6] | mg/dL | |||
| * Uric acid[6] | 0.18[5] | 0.48[5] | mmol/L | ||
| Female | 2.0[7] | 7.0[7] | mg/dL | ||
| Male | 2.1 [7] | 8.5[7] | mg/dL | ||
| ** Creatinine | male | 68[9] | 118[9] | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| 0.8[10] | 1.3[10] | mg/dL | |||
| female | 68[9] | 98[9] | μmol/L | ||
| 0.8[10] | 1.1[10] | mg/dL | |||
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio | 5[7] | 35[7] | - | ||
| ** Glucose (fasting) | 3.8[5]-3.9 | 6.1[11] | mmol/L | See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology) | |
| 65[6]-70[5] | 100[11]-110[7] | mg/dL | |||
| Total serum iron (TSI) | male | 65[12]-76[6] | 176[12]-198[6] | µg/dL | |
| 11.6[13] | 30.4[13] | μmol/L | |||
| female | 26[6]-50[12] | 170[6][12] | µg/dL | ||
| 8.9[13] | 30.4[13] | μmol/L | |||
| newborns[12] | 100 | 250 | µg/dL | ||
| children[12] | 50 | 120 | µg/dL | ||
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) | 240[12]-262[6] | 450[12]-474[6] | |||
| Transferrin | 204[6] | 360[6] | mg/dL | ||
| 25[14] | 45[14] | μmol/L | |||
| Transferrin saturation[12] | 20 | 50 | % | ||
| Ferritin[6] | Male | 12[15] | 300[15] | ng/mL | |
| Female | 12[15] | 150[15] | |||
| Ammonia | 10[16]-20[17] | 35[16]-65[17] | μmol/L | ||
| Copper | 70[7] | 150[7] | µg/dL | ||
| Ceruloplasmin | 15[7] | 60[7] | mg/dL | ||
| Lactate (Venous) | 4.5[7] | 19.8[7] | mg/dL | ||
| Lactate (Arterial) | 4.5[7] | 14.4[7] | mg/dL | ||
| Pyruvate | 0.3[7] | 0.9[7] | mg/dL | ||
Acid and base
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| pH | 7.34[6]-7.35[5] | 7.44[6]-7.45[5] | ||
| [H+] | 36[5] | 44[5] | nmol/L | |
| base excess | -3 | +3 | ||
| PO2 | 10[5] | 13-14[5] | kPa | |
| 75[5][6]-83[7] | 100[6]-105[5] | mmHg | ||
| Oxygen saturation | 96[7] | 100[7] | % | |
| ** PCO2 | 4.4[5]-4.8 | 5.8-5.9[5] | kPa | |
| 33[5]-35[6] | 44[5]-45[6] | mmHg | ||
| Bicarbonate (HCO3-) | 18[7] | 23[7] | mmol/L | |
| Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) | 21-22[5] | 27-28[5] | mmol/L or mEq/L[5] |
Liver function
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| * Total Protein | 60[5]-63[6] | 78[5], 82[6], 84[7] | g/L | see hypoproteinemia |
| * Albumin | 35[5][18] | 48[6]-55[5] | g/L | see hypoalbuminemia |
| 3.5[6] | 4.8[6]-5.5[5] | U/L | ||
| Globulins | 23[5] | 35[5] | g/L | |
| * Total Bilirubin | 2[5] | 17[5] | μmol/L | |
| 0.1[5]-0.2[6] | 1.0[5][7]-1.3[6] | mg/dL | ||
| * Direct Bilirubin | 0.0[5] | 5[5] | μmol/L | |
| 0[5][6] | 0.3[5][6]-0.4[7] | mg/dL | ||
| * Alanine transaminase (ALT) | 7[6]-8 [5] | 20[5], 56[6] | U/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) |
| * Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 20[5],38[6], 50[7] | 70[5], 126[6], 160[7] | U/L | p-NPP at 30 degrees C[5] Higher in children and pregnant women. |
| * Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) | 8[6] | 50-78[6] | U/L |
Cardiac tests
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Creatine kinase (CK) - male | 24[19]-38[6] | 174[7] | U/L or ng/mL |
|
| Creatine kinase (CK) - female | 24[19], 38[6], 96[7] | 140[7] | U/L | |
| CK-MB[6] | 0 | 3 | ng/mL | |
| Troponin[6] | 0 | 0.4 | ng/mL |
Other enzymes and proteins
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| * Aspartate transaminase (AST) | 5[6]-8[5] | 20[5]-35[6] | U/L | Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| * Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 50[7] | 150[7] | U/L | |
| Amylase | 25[5], 30[6], 53[7] | 110[6], 120[20], 123[7], 125[5] | U/L | |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | n/a | 5[21]-6[22] | mg/L | |
| 200[14] | nmol/L | |||
| D-dimer | n/a | 500[23] | ng/mL | Higher in pregnant women[24] |
| Lipase | 7[6]-10[7] | 60[6]-150[7] | U/L |
Other ions and trace metals
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Ionised calcium (Ca) | 1.03[25] | 1.23[25] | mmol/L | Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques. |
| * Total calcium (Ca) | 2.1[5] | 2.8[5] | mmol/L | |
| 8.4[5]-8.5[7] | 10.2[5]-10.5[7] | mg/dL | ||
| Phosphate (HPO42−) | 0.8 | 1.5 [26] | mM | |
| Inorganic phosphorus (serum) | 1.0[5] | 1.5[5] | mmol/L | |
| 3.0[5] | 4.5[5] | mg/dL | ||
| Copper (Cu) | 11[27] | 24 | μmol/L | |
| Zinc (Zn) | 70[7] | 102[7] | μmol/L | |
| Magnesium | 1.5[7] | 2.0[7] | mEq/L |
Lipids
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Triglycerides | 10 - 39 years | 54[7] | 110[7] | mg/dL | |
| 40 - 59 years | 70[7] | 150[7] | mg/dL | ||
| > 60 years | 80[7] | 150[7] | mg/dL | ||
| * Total cholesterol | 3.6[5] | 5.0[28]-6.5[5] | mmol/L | ||
| 120[6]-140[5] | 200[6]-250[5] | mg/dL | |||
| HDL cholesterol | female | 1.0[29] | 2.2[29] | mmol/L | Therapeutic targets: >1.0 mmol/L [29] (40 mg/dL) |
| 50[30] | 110 | mg/dL | |||
| HDL cholesterol | male | 0.9[29] | 2.0[29] | mmol/L | |
| 45 | 100 | mg/dL | |||
| LDL cholesterol | 2.0[29]-2.4[28] | 3.0[28]-3.4[29] | mmol/L | Therapeutic targets: <2.5 mmol/L.[29] Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L. |
Tumour markers
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | 0 | 44[6] | ng/mL | |
| Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) | n/a | 5[6] | IU/l or mU/ml | in male and non-pregnant female |
| CA19.9 | n/a | 40[6] | U/ml | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 50 years |
n/a | 3.6 [31] | μg/l | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 70 years |
n/a | 4.1[31] | μg/l | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers | n/a | 5[32] | μg/l | |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | n/a | 4[6] | μg/L[6] or ng/mL[7] | below age 45 <2,5 μg/L |
| PAP | 0 | 3[7] | units/dL (Bodansky units) |
Hormones
| Category | Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Thyroid hormones | Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) | 0.4[6]-0.5[7] | 4.5[6]-6.0[7] | mIU/L or μIU/mL | |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) | Normal adult | 10[33]-12 [34] | 23[34] | pmol/L | |
| 0.7[35] -0.8[6] | 1.4[35]-1.5[6] | ng/dL | |||
| Infant 0-3 d | 2.0[35] | 5.0[35] | ng/dL | ||
| Infant 3-30 d | 0.9[35] | 2.2[35] | ng/dL | ||
| Child/Adolescent 31 d - 18 y |
0.8[35] | 2.0[35] | ng/dL | ||
| Pregnant | 0.5[35] | 1.0[35] | ng/dL | ||
| Total thyroxine | 60[33][34] | 140[33]-160[34] | nmol/L | ||
| 4[33]-5.5[6] | 11[33]-12.3[6] | μg/dL | |||
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Normal adult | 0.2[33] | 0.5[33] | ng/dL | |
| Children 2-16 y | 0.1[36] | 0.6[36] | ng/dL | ||
| Total triiodothyronine | 1.1[33] | 2.7[33] | nmol/L | ||
| 60[6]-75[33] | 175[33]-181[6] | ng/dL | |||
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) | 12[6] | 30[6] | mg/L | ||
| Thyroglobulin (Tg) | 1.5[33] | 30[33] | pmol/L | ||
| 1[33] | 20 [33] | μg/L | |||
| Other | Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | 1.3 | 18[37] | pmol/L | |
| 20[6] | 100[6] | pg/mL | |||
| Growth hormone (fasting) | 0 | 5[5] | ng/mL | ||
| Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) | 7[5] | n/a | ng/mL | ||
| Prolactin | n/a | 14[6] | ng/mL | ||
| Testosterone | male | 8 [38] | 27 [38] | nmol/L | |
| 17 Hydroxyprogesterone | male | 0.06[7] | 3.0[7] | mg/L | |
| Female (Follicular phase) | 0.2[7] | 1.0[7] | mg/L | ||
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol | 8[7] | 80[7] | ng/mL | ||
| 20[39] - 23[40] | 95[40] - 150[39] | nmol/L |
Amino acids
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comment |
| Homocysteine | Female 12-19 years | 3.3 [41] | 7.2[41] | μmol/L | Elevated at: 10.4 umol/L |
| Female >60 years | 4.9 [41] | 11.6 [41] | μmol/L | ||
| Male 12-19 years | 4.3 [41] | 9.9 [41] | μmol/L | Elevated at: 11.4 umol/L |
|
| Male >60 years | 5.9 [41] | 15.3 [41] | μmol/L |
Vitamins
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Vitamin A | 30[7] | 65[7] | µg/dL | |
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) | Age > 1year | 5 [42] | ng/mL | |
| 11[14] | nmol/l | |||
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | 130 [43] | 700[43] | ng/L | |
| 100[14] | 500[14] | pmol/L | ||
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | 0.4[7] | 1.5[7] | mg/dL | |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol | 8[7] | 80[7] | ng/mL | |
| 20[39] | 150[39] | nmol/L |
Toxins
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Lead | 40[7] | µg/dL |
Hematology
Hematology is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.
Red blood cells
These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Haemoglobin (Hb) | male | 2.1[5] | 2.7[5] | mmol/L | Higher in neonates, lower in children. |
| 132[6]-135[5] | 162[6]-175[5] | g/L | |||
| female | 1.9[5] | 2.5[5] | mmol/L | Sex difference negligible until adulthood. | |
| 115-120[5][6] | 152[6]-160[5][7] | g/L | |||
| Hemoglobin in plasma | 0.16[5] | 0.62[5] | μmol/L | Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells | |
| 1 | 4 | mg/dL | |||
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) | 4[44] | 5.9[44] | % of Hb | ||
| Haematocrit (Hct) | male | 0.4[6], 0.41[5], 0.45[7] | 0.52[6],0.53[5] , 0.62[7] | ||
| female | 0.36[5]-0.37[6][7] | 0.46[5][6]-0.48[7] | |||
| Child | 0.31[6] | 0.43[6] | |||
| Mean cell volume (MCV) | Male | 76[7]-82[6] | 100[7]-102[6] | fL | Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. |
| Female | 78[6] | 101[6] | fL | ||
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) | 11.5[6] | 14.5[6] | % | ||
| Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) | 0.39[5] | 0.54[5] | fmol/cell | ||
| 25[5]-27[7] | 32[7]-35[5] | pg/cell | |||
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | 31[6]-32[7] | 35[6]-36[7] | g/dL | ||
| 19 [45]- 20[45] | 22[45] | mmol/L | |||
| Red blood cells (RBC) | male | 4.2[7]-4.3[5][6] | 5.9[5], 6.2[6], 6.9[7] | x1012/L | |
| Female | 3.5[5]-3.8[6] | 5.5[5][6]-5.8 | x1012/L | ||
| Infant/Child | 3.8[6] | 5.5[6] | x1012/L | ||
| Reticulocytes | 10 | 100 | x109/L | ||
| Adult | 0.5[5][6] | 1.5[5][6] | % of RBC | ||
| Newborn | 1.1[6] | 4.5[6] | % of RBC | ||
| Infant | 0.5[6] | 3.1[6] | % of RBC |
White blood cells
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) | Adult | 3.9[46], 4.1[6], 4.5[5] | 10.0[46], 10.9[6], 11[5] |
|
| Newborn | 9[47] | 30[47] | ||
| 1 year old | 6[47] | 18[47] | ||
| Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) |
Adult | 1.8[46]-2[47] | 7[46]-8[47] | x109/L |
| 45-54[5] | 62[5]-74 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 6[47] | 26[47] | x109/L | |
| Neutrophilic band forms | Adult | 0.7[47] | x109/L | |
| 3[5] | 5[5] | % of WBC | ||
| Lymphocytes | Adult | 1.0[46][47] | 3.5[46]-4.8[47] | x109/L |
| 16-25[5] | 33[5]-45 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 2[47] | 11[47] | x109/L | |
| Monocytes | Adult | 0.2[48][43] | 0.8[43][47] | x109/L |
| 3[5]-4.0 | 7[5]-10 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 0.4[47] | 3.1[47] | x109/L | |
| Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes) |
Adult | 1.5 | 5 | x109/L |
| 20 | 35 | % of WBC | ||
| CD4+ cells | Adult | 0.4 [6] | 1.8[6] | x109/L |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | Adult | 0.04[43] | 0.44[43]-0.45[47] | x109/L |
| 1[5] | 3[5]-7 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 0.02[47] | 0.85[47] | x109/L | |
| Basophil granulocytes | Adult | 40[46] | 100[43], 200[47], 900[46] | x106/L |
| 0.0 | 0.75[5]-2 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 0.64 [47] | x109/L |
Coagulation
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Platelet count (Plt) | 140[6]-150[5] | 350[7], 400[5], 450[6] | x109/L | |
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 11[5][49]-12[6] | 13.5[49], 14[6], 15[5] | s | PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised |
| INR | 0.9 | 1.2 | The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal | |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | 18[6]-29 | 28[6]-41 | s | |
| Thrombin clotting time (TCT) | 11 | 18 | s | |
| Fibrinogen | 1.7[6]-1.8 | 4.2[6] | g/L | |
| Bleeding time | 2 | 9 | minutes |
Immunology
| Category | Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Acute phase protein markers of Inflammation |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) |
Male | 0 | Age÷2[50] | mm/hr | ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[51] |
| Female | (Age+10)÷2 [50] | |||||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | 0 | 5[21]-6[22] | mg/L | |||
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) | 20[52] | 53[52] | μmol/L | |||
| 150 | 350 | mg/dL | ||||
| Autoantibodies | Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) | |||||
| Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) | ||||||
| Rheumatoid factor (RF) | 0 | 20-30[6] | IU/mL | High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone. | ||
| Serology | Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) |
Preschoolers | n/a | 100 | units/mL | |
| School age | 250[6] | |||||
| Adult | 125[6] |
See also
- Reference range
- Blood test
- Comprehensive metabolic panel
- Medical technologist
- Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
References
- ^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology By Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0781728452, 9780781728454 1914 pages
- ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
- ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003468
- ^ a b c Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4472-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
- ^ a b Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 380–5. doi:. PMID 7400337. PMC: 1146084. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7400337.
- ^ a b c d Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59. doi:. PMID 10672373. http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10672373.
- ^ a b c d molar value multiplied by the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μ_/L to m_/dL
- ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. Retrieved on 2006-07-06.
- ^ a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
- ^ a b c d e f Derived by dividing or multiplying with molar mass
- ^ a b c d Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
- ^ a b Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084.
- ^ a b Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690.
- ^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
- ^ a b Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
- ^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
- ^ a b C-reactive protein at GPnotebook
- ^ a b 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. CHOUDHURY, and S. RAHMAN, BIRDEM,Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
- ^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
- ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 825–9. doi:. PMID 15764641. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/5/825.
- ^ a b Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830.
- ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. Page 849
- ^ Reference range for copper at GPnotebook
- ^ a b c Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
- ^ a b c d e f g h Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
- ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
- ^ a b Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 68: 1–12. doi:. PMID 18609108.
- ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
- ^ a b c d Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
- ^ a b Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children CIOFFI Michele ; GAZZERRO Patrizia ; VIETRI Maria Teresa ; MAGNETTA Rosa ; DURANTE Adriana ; D'AURIA Annamaria ; PUCA Giovanni Alfredo ; MOLINARI Anna Maria ;
- ^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2. Retrieved on 2008-11-09.
- ^ a b Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
- ^ a b c d Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. http://books.google.com.br/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C. Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
- ^ a b Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
- ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^ a b "Hemoglobin A1c Test". MedicineNet.com. http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin_a1c_test/article.htm. Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
- ^ a b c Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049.). 1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L
- ^ a b c d e f g h lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
- ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
- ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
- ^ a b Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266. doi:. PMID 6402065.
- ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7. doi:. PMID 6020854.
- ^ a b Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3): 274–5. doi:. PMID 12621252. http://www.jpho-online.com/pt/re/jpho/fulltext.00043426-200303000-00019.htm.
External links
- biochemical reference values at GPnotebook
- Values at lymphomation.org
- Descriptions at amarillomed.com
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