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Reference ranges for blood tests

 
Wikipedia: Reference ranges for blood tests
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A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval), or two standard deviations from the mean, although the definition may differ (see Definition of reference range). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.

All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions (that is, values denoting total blood concentration) are:

  • All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values in Hematology - white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)
  • Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) in red blood cells

Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States, while molar concentration (mol/L) is used in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[1] International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.

Contents

Inaccuracy

Main article: Reference range#Inaccuracy

References range will vary with age, sex, race, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs, stress and even the instruments used. The samples may deviate from normal distribution. Furthermore, reference ranges only denote what are usual values in the population, and do not directly correlate with the ranges for optimal health. In case of substantial difference, there may additionally be an optimal range specified for the substance. Finally, the test procedure itself may be erroneous or inaccurate.

Sorted by concentration

A separate printable combined image is available for mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.

To translate a substance from the molar to the mass concentration scale below:

  • Numerically: molar concentration x molar mass = mass concentration
  • Measured directly in distance on the scales:

\log_{10} \frac{molar~mass}{1000} = distance~to~right~(decades)

, where distance is in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540[2], is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.

By mass and molarity

By units

Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.

Reference ranges for blood tests - by units.png

White blood cells

Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells.png

Clinical biochemistry

Clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry") is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

  • Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[3] and CHEM-20
  • Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[4], but not CHEM-7

Electrolytes and Metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test [5] Patient type Lower limit [5] Upper limit[5] Unit Comments
** Sodium (Na) 135[6]-137[7] 145[7]-147[6] mmol/L or mEq/L[6]
31[8] - 32[8] 33[8] - 34[8] mg/dl
** Potassium (K) 3.5[6]-3.6[7] 5.0[6][7]-5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[6] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
14[9] 20[9] mg/dl
Chloride (Cl) 95[6]-98 105[6]-107 mmol/L or mEq/L[6]
340[10] 370[10] mg/dl
Osmolality 275[6]-280[11] 295[6]-296[11] mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/l Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 1.2[6]-3.0[12] 3.0[6]-7.0[12] mmol/L ** BUN - blood urea nitrogen
7[6] 18[6]-21[7] mg/dL
* Uric acid[7] 0.18[6] 0.48[6] mmol/L
Female 2.0[11] 7.0[11] mg/dL
Male 2.1 [11] 8.5[11] mg/dL
** Creatinine male 68[13] 118[13] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.8[14] 1.3[14] mg/dL
female 68[13] 98[13] μmol/L
0.8[14] 1.1[14] mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[11] 35[11] -
** Glucose (fasting) 3.8[6]-3.9 6.1[15] mmol/L See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65[7]-70[6] 100[15]-110[11] mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) male 65[16]-76[7] 176[16]-198[7] µg/dL
11.6[17][18] - 13.6[18] 30[17], 32[18], 35[18] μmol/L
female 26[7]-50[16] 170[7][16] µg/dL
4.6[18] - 8.9[17] 30.4[17] μmol/L
newborns 100[16] 250[16] µg/dL
18[18] 45[18] µmol/L
children 50[16] 120[16] µg/dL
9[18] 21[18] µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240[16]-262[7] 450[16]-474[7] μg/dL
43[18] - 47[18] 81[18] - 85[18] µmol/L
Transferrin 190[19] - 204[7] 330[19] - 360[7] mg/dL
25[20] 45[20] μmol/L
Transferrin saturation[16] 20 50  %
Ferritin Male 12[21] 300[21] ng/mL
27 [22] 670[22] pmol/L
Female 12[21] 150[21] ng/mL
27 [22] 330[22] pmol/L
Ammonia 10[23]-20[24] 35[23]-65[24] μmol/L
17[25] - 34[25] 60[25] - 110[25] μg/dL
Copper 70[11] 150[11] µg/dL
11 [26] 24[26] μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin 15[11] 60[11] mg/dL
1 [27] 4[27] μmol/L
Lactate (Venous) 4.5[11] 19.8[11] mg/dL
0.5[28] 2.2[28] mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[11] 14.4[11] mg/dL
0.5[28] 1.6[28] mmol/L
Pyruvate 300[11] 900[11] μg/dL
34 [29] 102[29] μmol/L

Acid and base

Further information: Acid base physiology
Further information: Arterial blood gas
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
pH 7.34[7]-7.35[6] 7.44[7]-7.45[6]
[H+] 36[6] 44[6] nmol/L
3.6 [30] 4.4[30] ng/dL
base excess -3 +3
pO2 10[6] 13-14[6] kPa
75[6][7]-83[11] 100[7]-105[6] mmHg
Oxygen saturation 96[11] 100[11]  %
** pCO2 4.4[6]-4.8 5.8-5.9[6] kPa
33[6]-35[7] 44[6]-45[7] mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 18[11] 23[11] mmol/L
110[31] 140[31] mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) 21-22[6] 27-28[6] mmol/L or mEq/L[6]
134[31] 170[31] mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Total Protein 60[6]-63[7] 78[6], 82[7], 84[11] g/L see hypoproteinemia
* Albumin 35[6][32] 48[7]-55[6] g/L see hypoalbuminemia
3.5[7] 4.8[7]-5.5[6] U/L
540[33] 740[33] μmol/L
Globulins 23[6] 35[6] g/L
* Total Bilirubin 1.7[34], 2[6], 3.4[34] 17[6][34] - 22[34] μmol/L
0.1[6]-0.2[7] 1.0[6][11]-1.3[7] mg/dL
* Direct Bilirubin 0.0[6] 5[6] - 7[34] μmol/L
0[6][7] 0.3[6][7]-0.4[11] mg/dL
* Alanine transaminase (ALT) 5[35], 7[7], 8[6] 20[6], 56[7] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - females 42[35] 98[35] U/L
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - males 53[35] 128[35]
* Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 5[35] - 8[7] 40[35]-78[7] U/L

Cardiac tests

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) - male 24[36], 38[7], 60[35] 174[11] - 320[35] U/L
or ng/mL
Creatine kinase (CK) - female 24[36], 38[7], 96[11] 140[11] - 200[35] U/L
or ng/mL
CK-MB 0 3[7] - 5[35] ng/mL or μg/L
Troponin[7] 0 0.4 ng/mL or μg/L

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Aspartate transaminase (AST) 5[7]-8[6] 20[6], 35[7], 40[35] U/L Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT)
* Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[11] 150[11] U/L
0.4[35] 1.7[35] μmol/L
Amylase 25[6], 30[7], 53[11] 110[7], 120[37], 123[11], 125[6], 190[35] U/L
C-reactive protein (CRP) n/a 5[38]-6[39] mg/L
200[40] - 240[40] nmol/L
D-dimer n/a 500[41] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[42]
Lipase 7[7], 10[11], 23[35] 60[7], 150[11], 208[35] U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 23[35] 57[35] U/L
Acid phosphatase 3.0[35] ng/mL

Other ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metals
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03[43] 1.23[43] mmol/L
4.1 [44] 4.9 [44] mg/dL
* Total calcium (Ca) 2.1[6] [45] 2.5[45], 2.6[45], 2.8[6] mmol/L
8.4[6]-8.5[11] 10.2[6]-10.5[11] mg/dL
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5 [46] mmol/L
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[6] 1.5[6] mmol/L
3.0[6] 4.5[6] mg/dL
Copper (Cu) 11[47] 24 μmol/L
Zinc (Zn) 70[11] 102[11] μmol/L
460[48] 670[48] μg/dL
Magnesium 1.5[11] 2.0[11] mEq/L
Selenium (optimal range) 120[49] μg/L

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Therapeutic target
Triglycerides 10 - 39 years 54[11] 110[11] mg/dL < 100 mg/dL[49]
or 1.1[49] mmol/L
0.61[50] 1.2 [50] mmol/L
40 - 59 years 70[11] 150[11] mg/dL
0.77[50] 1.7[50] mmol/L
> 60 years 80[11] 150[11] mg/dL
0.9[50] 1.7[50] mmol/L
* Total cholesterol 3.0[51] - 3.6[6][51] 5.0[52]-6.5[6] mmol/L < 3.9 [49]
120[7]-140[6] 200[7]-250[6] mg/dL < 150 [49]
HDL cholesterol female 1.0[53] - 1.3[51] 2.2[53] mmol/L > 1.0 mmol/L [53]
> 40 or 60[54] mg/dL
40[55] - 50[56] 86[55] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol male 0.9[53] 2.0[53] mmol/L
35[55] 80[55] mg/dL
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		 2.0[53]-2.4[52] 3.0[52]-3.4[53] mmol/L < 2.5 [53]
80[55] - 94[55] 120[55] - 130[55] mg/dL < 100[55]

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 0 44[7] ng/mL
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) n/a 5[7] IU/l or mU/ml in male and non-pregnant female
CA19.9 n/a 40[7] U/ml
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 50 years		 n/a 3.6 [57] μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 70 years		 n/a 4.1[57] μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers n/a 5[58] μg/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) n/a 4[7] μg/L[7] or ng/mL[11] below age 45 <2,5 μg/L
PAP 0 3[11] units/dL (Bodansky units)

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Thyroid hormone
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin) - standard reference range		 Adults 0.4[7], 0.5[11], 0.6[59] 4.5[7]-6.0[11] mIU/L or μIU/mL
TSH or thyrotropin - therapeutic target range 0.3[60] - 0.5[61] 2.0[61] - 3.0[60] mIU/L or μIU/mL
TSH or thyrotropin Infants 1.3[62] 19[62] mIU/L or μIU/mL
Free thyroxine (FT4) Normal adult 9[63], 10[64], 12 [65] 18[63] - 23[65] pmol/L
0.7[66] -0.8[7] 1.4[66]-1.5[7] ng/dL
Infant 0-3 d 2.0[66] 5.0[66] ng/dL
26[63] 65[63] pmol/L
Infant 3-30 d 0.9[66] 2.2[66] ng/dL
12[63] 30[63] pmol/L
Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y		 0.8[66] 2.0[66] ng/dL
10[63] 26[63] pmol/L
Pregnant 0.5[66] 1.0[66] ng/dL
6.5[63] 13[63] pmol/L
Total thyroxine 60[64][65] 140[64]-160[65] nmol/L
4[64]-5.5[7] 11[64]-12.3[7] μg/dL
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[64] 0.5[64] ng/dL
3.1[67] 7.7[67] pmol/L
Children 2-16 y 0.1[68] 0.6[68] ng/dL
1.5[67] 9.2[67] pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine 1.1[64] 2.7[64] nmol/L
60[7]-75[64] 175[64]-181[7] ng/dL
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[7] 30[7] mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[64] 30[64] pmol/L
1[64] 20 [64] μg/L

Sex hormones

Further information: Sex steroid
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Testosterone male 8 [69] 27 [69] nmol/L
230 [70] 780[70] ng/dL
17 Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[11] 3.0[11] mg/L
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[11] 1.0[11] mg/L
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Prepubertal <1 [71] 3[71] IU/L
Adult male 1[71] 8 [71]
Adult female (follicular
and luteal phase)		 1[71] 11[71]
Adult female (Ovulation) 6[71]
95% PI (standard)		 26[71]
95% PI)
5[72]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 15[72]
(90% PI)
Post-menopausal female 30[71] 118[71]
Luteinizing hormone (LH) Female, peak 20[72]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 75[72]
(90% PI)		 IU/L
Female, post-menopausal 15[73] 60 [73]
Estradiol (an estrogen) Adult male 50[74] 200 [74] pmol/L
1.4[75] 5.5[75] ng/dL
Adult female (follicular phase, day 5) 70[74]
95% PI (standard)		 500 [74]
95% PI		 pmol/L
110[72]
90% PI (used in diagram)		 220[72]
90% PI
1.9[75] (95% PI) 14[75] (95% PI) ng/dL
3.0[75] (90% PI) 6.0[75] (90% PI)
Adult female (preovulatory peak) 400[74] 1500[74] pmol/L
11[75] 41[75] ng/dL
Adult female (luteal phase) 70[74] 600[74] pmol/L
1.9[75] 16[75] ng/dL
Post-menopausal female N/A [74] < 130[74] pmol/L
N/A[75] < 3.5[75] ng/dL
Progesterone Female at day of ovulation 2.2[72] (90% PI) 9[72] (90% PI) nmol/L
70[76] (90% PI) 280[76] (90% PI) ng/dL
Androstenedione Adult male and female 60[73] 270[73] ng/dL
Post-menopausal female < 180[73]
Prepubertal < 60[73]

Other hormones

Further information: Hormones
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4.4[77] 18[78] -22[77] pmol/L
20[7] 80[79] - 100[7] pg/mL
Cortisol 09:00 am 140[80] 700[80] nmol/L
5[81] 25[81] μg/dL
Midnight 80[80] 350[80] nmol/L
2.9[81] 13[81] μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[6] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[6] n/a ng/mL
Prolactin n/a 14[7] ng/mL
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)
-Standard reference range		 8[11] [82] - 9[82] 40[82] - 80[11] ng/mL
20[83] - 23[84] 95[84] - 150[83] nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
-Therapeutic target range		 30[85] - 40[86] 65[86] - 100[85] ng/mL
85[49] - 100[86] - 120[49] - 160[86] nmol/L

Amino acids

Test Sex Age Lower limit Upper limit Unit Elevated Therapeutic target
Homocysteine Female 12-19 years 3.3 [87] 7.2[87] μmol/L > 10.4 μmol/L
or
> 140 μg/dl		 < 6.3 μmol/L [49]
or
< 85 μg/dL[49]
45[88] 100[88] μg/dL
>60 years 4.9 [87] 11.6 [87] μmol/L
66[88] 160[88] μg/dL
Male 12-19 years 4.3 [87] 9.9 [87] μmol/L > 11.4 μmol/L
or
> 150 μg/dL
60[88] 130[88] μg/dL
>60 years 5.9 [87] 15.3 [87] μmol/L
80[88] 210[88] μg/dL

Vitamins

Test Patient type Standard range Unit Optimal range
Lower limit Upper limit Lower limit Upper limit
Vitamin A 30[11] 65[11] µg/dL
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Serum		 Age > 1year 3.0[89] 16[89] ng/mL or μg/L 5 [90]
6.8[91] 36[91] nmol/l 11[91]
Vitamin B9
(Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cells		 200[89] 600[89] ng/mL or μg/L
450[91] 1400[91] nmol/L
Pregnant ng/mL or μg/L 400[89]
nmol/L 900[89]
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130 [92] 700[92] ng/L
100[93] 500[93] pmol/L
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[11] 1.5[11] mg/dL 0.9[49]
23[94] 85[94] μmol/L 50[49]
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) 8[11][82] - 9[82] 40[82] - 80[11] ng/mL 30[85] - 40[86] 65[86] - 100[85]
20[83] - 23[84] 95[84] - 150[83] nmol/L 85[49] - 100[86] 120[49] - 160[86]
Vitamin E μmol/L 28[49]
mg/dL 1.2[49]

Toxins

Test Limit type Limit Unit
Lead Optimal health range < 40[11] µg/dL
Ethanol Limit for drunk driving
in the U.S.		 0.8 ‰ or g/L
17.4[95] mmol/L

Hematology

Hematology is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Haemoglobin (Hb) male 2.0[96] - 2.1[6] 2.5[96] - 2.7[6] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
132[7]-135[6] 162[7]-175[6] g/L
female 1.8[96] - 1.9[6] 2.3[96] - 2.5[6][96] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
115-120[6][7] 152[7]-160[6][11] g/L
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[6] 0.62[6] μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 4[97] 5.9[97]  % of Hb
Haematocrit (Hct) male 0.4[7], 0.41[6], 0.45[11] 0.52[7],0.53[6] , 0.62[11]
female 0.36[6]-0.37[7][11] 0.46[6][7]-0.48[11]
Child 0.31[7] 0.43[7]
Mean cell volume (MCV) Male 76[11]-82[7] 100[11]-102[7] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[7] 101[7] fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[7] 14.5[7]  %
Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[6] 0.54[6] fmol/cell
25[6]-27[11] 32[11]-35[6] pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 31[7]-32[11] 35[7]-36[11] g/dL
19 [98]- 20[98] 22[98] mmol/L
Red blood cells (RBC) male 4.2[11]-4.3[6][7] 5.9[6], 6.2[7], 6.9[11] x1012/L
Female 3.5[6]-3.8[7] 5.5[6][7]-5.8 x1012/L
Infant/Child 3.8[7] 5.5[7] x1012/L
Reticulocytes 10 100 x109/L
Adult 0.5[6][7] 1.5[6][7]  % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[7] 4.5[7]  % of RBC
Infant 0.5[7] 3.1[7]  % of RBC

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) Adult 3.9[99], 4.1[7], 4.5[6] 10.0[99], 10.9[7], 11[6]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[100] 30[100]
1 year old 6[100] 18[100]
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.8[99]-2[100] 7[99]-8[100] x109/L
45-54[6] 62[6]-74  % of WBC
Newborn 6[100] 26[100] x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[100] x109/L
3[6] 5[6]  % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 1.0[99][100] 3.5[99]-4.8[100] x109/L
16-25[6] 33[6]-45  % of WBC
Newborn 2[100] 11[100] x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.2[101][92] 0.8[92][100] x109/L
3[6]-4.0 7[6]-10  % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[100] 3.1[100] x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35  % of WBC
CD4+ cells Adult 0.4 [7] 1.8[7] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.04[92] 0.44[92]-0.45[100] x109/L
1[6] 3[6]-7  % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[100] 0.85[100] x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[99] 100[92], 200[100], 900[99] x106/L
0.0 0.75[6]-2  % of WBC
Newborn 0.64 [100] x109/L

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Platelet count (Plt) 140[7]-150[6] 350[11], 400[6], 450[7] x109/L
Prothrombin time (PT) 11[6][102]-12[7] 13.5[102], 14[7], 15[6] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR 0.9 1.2 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18[7]-29 28[7]-41 s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7[7]-1.8 4.2[7] g/L
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes

Immunology

Category Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Acute phase protein
markers of Inflammation		 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[103] mm/hr ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[104]
Female (Age+10)÷2 [103]
C-reactive protein (CRP) n/a 5[38]-6[39] mg/L
200[40] - 240[40] nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20[105] 53[105] μmol/L
150 350 mg/dL
Autoantibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) 0 20-30[7] IU/mL High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
Serology Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT)		 Preschoolers n/a 100 units/mL
School age 250[7]
Adult 125[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology By Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0781728452, 9780781728454 1914 pages
  2. ^ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  3. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
  4. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003468
  5. ^ a b c Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4472-4. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
  8. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g·mol−1
  9. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g·mol−1
  10. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g·mol−1
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
  12. ^ a b Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 380–5. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMID 7400337. PMC 1146084. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7400337. 
  13. ^ a b c d Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10672373. 
  14. ^ a b c d molar value multiplied by the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μ_/L to m_/dL
  15. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
  17. ^ a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g·mol−1
  19. ^ a b Table 1. Page 133. Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
  20. ^ a b Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
  21. ^ a b c d Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  22. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g·mol−1
  23. ^ a b Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084. 
  24. ^ a b Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690. 
  25. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
  26. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g·mol−1
  27. ^ a b Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
  28. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
  29. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
  30. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g·mol−1
  31. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
  32. ^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
  33. ^ a b Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
  34. ^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 3437151207, 9783437151200. Length: 1288 pages
  36. ^ a b Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
  37. ^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
  38. ^ a b C-reactive protein at GPnotebook
  39. ^ a b 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
  40. ^ a b c d Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
  41. ^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
  42. ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 825–9. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/5/825. 
  43. ^ a b Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830. 
  44. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g·mol−1
  45. ^ a b c Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g·mol−1
  46. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 849
  47. ^ Reference range for copper at GPnotebook
  48. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.4 g·mol−1
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  50. ^ a b c d e f Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  51. ^ a b c Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 39, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  52. ^ a b c Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
  53. ^ a b c d e f g h Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
  54. ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i Derived from values in mmol/l (to mg/dl), by multiplying by 39, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
  56. ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
  57. ^ a b Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 68: 1–12. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108. 
  58. ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
  59. ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
  60. ^ a b 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
  61. ^ a b The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
  62. ^ a b Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-13.  - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
  63. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
  65. ^ a b c d Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
  67. ^ a b c d Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
  68. ^ a b Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children Cioffi Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; Molinari Anna Maria ;
  69. ^ a b Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
  70. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September, 27, 2009
  72. ^ a b c d e f g h Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. Reto Stricker, Raphael Eberhart, Marie-Christine Chevailler, Frank A. Quinn, Paul Bischof and Rene´ Stricker. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(7):883–887 PMID: 16776638
  73. ^ a b c d e f New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j GPNotebook - reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
  75. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
  76. ^ a b Derived from molar values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
  77. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  78. ^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2. Retrieved 2008-11-09. 
  79. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
  80. ^ a b c d Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
  81. ^ a b c d Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
  82. ^ a b c d e f Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
  83. ^ a b c d Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. http://books.google.com.br/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C.  Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
  84. ^ a b c d Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
  85. ^ a b c d Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329. 
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h Letter: Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures. Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy Alex Vasquez, researcher. BMJ 2005;331:108-109 (9 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b.
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
  88. ^ a b c d e f g h Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
  89. ^ a b c d e f Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
  90. ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  91. ^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
  92. ^ a b c d e f g GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
  93. ^ a b Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
  94. ^ a b Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
  95. ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
  96. ^ a b c d e Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol, according to Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. 
  97. ^ a b "Hemoglobin A1c Test". MedicineNet.com. http://www.medicinenet.com/hemoglobin_a1c_test/article.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-26. 
  98. ^ a b c Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. ). 1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L
  99. ^ a b c d e f g h lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
  100. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
  101. ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
  102. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
  103. ^ a b Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMID 6402065. 
  104. ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMID 6020854. 
  105. ^ a b Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3): 274–5. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252. http://www.jpho-online.com/pt/re/jpho/fulltext.00043426-200303000-00019.htm. 

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Medical test: Serology, reference range: blood tests
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see also reference ranges for blood tests

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