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Reference ranges for blood tests

 
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A reference range is a set of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results. The range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within, or two standard deviations from the mean.

The reference range will vary, depending on the age, sex and race of a population, and even the instruments the laboratory uses to perform the tests. Furthermore, by definition, 5% of the normal population will fall outside the reference range. The values given below therefore are given as examples only and should not be used to interpret individual test results. Factors other than medical conditions can affect laboratory values, such as male or female sex, diet, use of drugs (prescribed, over-the-counter and herbal remedies), and stress, as well as other more exotic factors like altitude.

All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions (that is, values denoting total blood concentration) are:

  • All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
  • All values in Hematology - white blood cells
  • Platelet count (Plt)

Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States, while molar concentration (mol/L) is used in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[1] International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.

Contents

Sorted by concentration

A separate printable combined image is available for mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation.

Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) would be almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images if they usually were measured in both units, while substances with higher molar mass (e.g. most proteins, like adrenocorticotropic hormone) would have masses deviating rightwards compared with molarity, and substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have masses deviating to the left.

By mass

Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by mass concentration.

By molarity

Reference ranges for some blood tests, sorted by molarity.

By units

Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.

White blood cells

Clinical biochemistry

Clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry") is the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

  • Items marked with a ** are part of "CHEM-7"[2] and CHEM-20
  • Items marked with a * are part of "CHEM-20"[3], but not CHEM-7

Electrolytes and Metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test [4] Patient type Lower limit [4] Upper limit[4] Unit Comments
** Sodium (Na) 135[5]-137[6] 145[6]-147[5] mmol/L or mEq/L[5]
** Potassium (K) 3.5[5]-3.6[6] 5.0[5][6]-5.1 mmol/L or mEq/L[5] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
Chloride (Cl) 95[5]-98 105[5]-107 mmol/L or mEq/L[5]
Osmolality 275[5]-280[7] 295[5]-296[7] mOsm/kg Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity Slightly less than osmolality mOsm/l Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea 1.2[5]-3.0[8] 3.0[5]-7.0[8] mmol/L ** BUN - blood urea nitrogen
7[5] 18[5]-21[6] mg/dL
* Uric acid[6] 0.18[5] 0.48[5] mmol/L
Female 2.0[7] 7.0[7] mg/dL
Male 2.1 [7] 8.5[7] mg/dL
** Creatinine male 68[9] 118[9] μmol/L May be complemented with creatinine clearance
0.8[10] 1.3[10] mg/dL
female 68[9] 98[9] μmol/L
0.8[10] 1.1[10] mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio 5[7] 35[7] -
** Glucose (fasting) 3.8[5]-3.9 6.1[11] mmol/L See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
65[6]-70[5] 100[11]-110[7] mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) male 65[12]-76[6] 176[12]-198[6] µg/dL
11.6[13] 30.4[13] μmol/L
female 26[6]-50[12] 170[6][12] µg/dL
8.9[13] 30.4[13] μmol/L
newborns[12] 100 250 µg/dL
children[12] 50 120 µg/dL
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) 240[12]-262[6] 450[12]-474[6]
Transferrin 204[6] 360[6] mg/dL
25[14] 45[14] μmol/L
Transferrin saturation[12] 20 50  %
Ferritin[6] Male 12[15] 300[15] ng/mL
Female 12[15] 150[15]
Ammonia 10[16]-20[17] 35[16]-65[17] μmol/L
Copper 70[7] 150[7] µg/dL
Ceruloplasmin 15[7] 60[7] mg/dL
Lactate (Venous) 4.5[7] 19.8[7] mg/dL
Lactate (Arterial) 4.5[7] 14.4[7] mg/dL
Pyruvate 0.3[7] 0.9[7] mg/dL

Acid and base

Further information: Acid base physiology
Further information: Arterial blood gas
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
pH 7.34[6]-7.35[5] 7.44[6]-7.45[5]
[H+] 36[5] 44[5] nmol/L
base excess -3 +3
PO2 10[5] 13-14[5] kPa
75[5][6]-83[7] 100[6]-105[5] mmHg
Oxygen saturation 96[7] 100[7]  %
** PCO2 4.4[5]-4.8 5.8-5.9[5] kPa
33[5]-35[6] 44[5]-45[6] mmHg
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 18[7] 23[7] mmol/L
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) 21-22[5] 27-28[5] mmol/L or mEq/L[5]

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Total Protein 60[5]-63[6] 78[5], 82[6], 84[7] g/L see hypoproteinemia
* Albumin 35[5][18] 48[6]-55[5] g/L see hypoalbuminemia
3.5[6] 4.8[6]-5.5[5] U/L
Globulins 23[5] 35[5] g/L
* Total Bilirubin 2[5] 17[5] μmol/L
0.1[5]-0.2[6] 1.0[5][7]-1.3[6] mg/dL
* Direct Bilirubin 0.0[5] 5[5] μmol/L
0[5][6] 0.3[5][6]-0.4[7] mg/dL
* Alanine transaminase (ALT) 7[6]-8 [5] 20[5], 56[6] U/L Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
* Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 20[5],38[6], 50[7] 70[5], 126[6], 160[7] U/L p-NPP at 30 degrees C[5]
Higher in children and pregnant women.
* Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) 8[6] 50-78[6] U/L

Cardiac tests

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Creatine kinase (CK) - male 24[19]-38[6] 174[7] U/L
or ng/mL
Creatine kinase (CK) - female 24[19], 38[6], 96[7] 140[7] U/L
CK-MB[6] 0 3 ng/mL
Troponin[6] 0 0.4 ng/mL

Other enzymes and proteins

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
* Aspartate transaminase (AST) 5[6]-8[5] 20[5]-35[6] U/L Also called serum glutamic oxatoacetic transaminase (SGOT)
* Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 50[7] 150[7] U/L
Amylase 25[5], 30[6], 53[7] 110[6], 120[20], 123[7], 125[5] U/L
C-reactive protein (CRP) n/a 5[21]-6[22] mg/L
200[14] nmol/L
D-dimer n/a 500[23] ng/mL Higher in pregnant women[24]
Lipase 7[6]-10[7] 60[6]-150[7] U/L

Other ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metals
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Ionised calcium (Ca) 1.03[25] 1.23[25] mmol/L Some calcium is bound to albumin, thus not measured by certain techniques.
* Total calcium (Ca) 2.1[5] 2.8[5] mmol/L
8.4[5]-8.5[7] 10.2[5]-10.5[7] mg/dL
Phosphate (HPO42−) 0.8 1.5 [26] mM
Inorganic phosphorus (serum) 1.0[5] 1.5[5] mmol/L
3.0[5] 4.5[5] mg/dL
Copper (Cu) 11[27] 24 μmol/L
Zinc (Zn) 70[7] 102[7] μmol/L
Magnesium 1.5[7] 2.0[7] mEq/L

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids
Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Triglycerides 10 - 39 years 54[7] 110[7] mg/dL
40 - 59 years 70[7] 150[7] mg/dL
> 60 years 80[7] 150[7] mg/dL
* Total cholesterol 3.6[5] 5.0[28]-6.5[5] mmol/L
120[6]-140[5] 200[6]-250[5] mg/dL
HDL cholesterol female 1.0[29] 2.2[29] mmol/L Therapeutic targets: >1.0 mmol/L [29]
(40 mg/dL)
50[30] 110 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol male 0.9[29] 2.0[29] mmol/L
45 100 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol 2.0[29]-2.4[28] 3.0[28]-3.4[29] mmol/L Therapeutic targets: <2.5 mmol/L.[29]
Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L.

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers
Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) 0 44[6] ng/mL
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) n/a 5[6] IU/l or mU/ml in male and non-pregnant female
CA19.9 n/a 40[6] U/ml
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 50 years		 n/a 3.6 [31] μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
non-smokers at 70 years		 n/a 4.1[31] μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers n/a 5[32] μg/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) n/a 4[6] μg/L[6] or ng/mL[7] below age 45 <2,5 μg/L
PAP 0 3[7] units/dL (Bodansky units)

Hormones

Further information: Hormones
Category Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Thyroid hormones Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) 0.4[6]-0.5[7] 4.5[6]-6.0[7] mIU/L or μIU/mL
Free thyroxine (FT4) Normal adult 10[33]-12 [34] 23[34] pmol/L
0.7[35] -0.8[6] 1.4[35]-1.5[6] ng/dL
Infant 0-3 d 2.0[35] 5.0[35] ng/dL
Infant 3-30 d 0.9[35] 2.2[35] ng/dL
Child/Adolescent
31 d - 18 y		 0.8[35] 2.0[35] ng/dL
Pregnant 0.5[35] 1.0[35] ng/dL
Total thyroxine 60[33][34] 140[33]-160[34] nmol/L
4[33]-5.5[6] 11[33]-12.3[6] μg/dL
Free triiodothyronine (FT3) Normal adult 0.2[33] 0.5[33] ng/dL
Children 2-16 y 0.1[36] 0.6[36] ng/dL
Total triiodothyronine 1.1[33] 2.7[33] nmol/L
60[6]-75[33] 175[33]-181[6] ng/dL
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) 12[6] 30[6] mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg) 1.5[33] 30[33] pmol/L
1[33] 20 [33] μg/L
Other Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 1.3 18[37] pmol/L
20[6] 100[6] pg/mL
Growth hormone (fasting) 0 5[5] ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) 7[5] n/a ng/mL
Prolactin n/a 14[6] ng/mL
Testosterone male 8 [38] 27 [38] nmol/L
17 Hydroxyprogesterone male 0.06[7] 3.0[7] mg/L
Female (Follicular phase) 0.2[7] 1.0[7] mg/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol 8[7] 80[7] ng/mL
20[39] - 23[40] 95[40] - 150[39] nmol/L

Amino acids

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comment
Homocysteine Female 12-19 years 3.3 [41] 7.2[41] μmol/L Elevated at:
10.4 umol/L
Female >60 years 4.9 [41] 11.6 [41] μmol/L
Male 12-19 years 4.3 [41] 9.9 [41] μmol/L Elevated at:
11.4 umol/L
Male >60 years 5.9 [41] 15.3 [41] μmol/L

Vitamins

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Vitamin A 30[7] 65[7] µg/dL
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) Age > 1year 5 [42] ng/mL
11[14] nmol/l
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 130 [43] 700[43] ng/L
100[14] 500[14] pmol/L
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 0.4[7] 1.5[7] mg/dL
25-hydroxycholecalciferol 8[7] 80[7] ng/mL
20[39] 150[39] nmol/L

Toxins

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Lead 40[7] µg/dL

Hematology

Hematology is the branch of biology (physiology), pathology, clinical laboratory, internal medicine, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases.

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Haemoglobin (Hb) male 2.1[5] 2.7[5] mmol/L Higher in neonates, lower in children.
132[6]-135[5] 162[6]-175[5] g/L
female 1.9[5] 2.5[5] mmol/L Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
115-120[5][6] 152[6]-160[5][7] g/L
Hemoglobin in plasma 0.16[5] 0.62[5] μmol/L Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
1 4 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 4[44] 5.9[44]  % of Hb
Haematocrit (Hct) male 0.4[6], 0.41[5], 0.45[7] 0.52[6],0.53[5] , 0.62[7]
female 0.36[5]-0.37[6][7] 0.46[5][6]-0.48[7]
Child 0.31[6] 0.43[6]
Mean cell volume (MCV) Male 76[7]-82[6] 100[7]-102[6] fL Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
Female 78[6] 101[6] fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) 11.5[6] 14.5[6]  %
Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) 0.39[5] 0.54[5] fmol/cell
25[5]-27[7] 32[7]-35[5] pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 31[6]-32[7] 35[6]-36[7] g/dL
19 [45]- 20[45] 22[45] mmol/L
Red blood cells (RBC) male 4.2[7]-4.3[5][6] 5.9[5], 6.2[6], 6.9[7] x1012/L
Female 3.5[5]-3.8[6] 5.5[5][6]-5.8 x1012/L
Infant/Child 3.8[6] 5.5[6] x1012/L
Reticulocytes 10 100 x109/L
Adult 0.5[5][6] 1.5[5][6]  % of RBC
Newborn 1.1[6] 4.5[6]  % of RBC
Infant 0.5[6] 3.1[6]  % of RBC

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test Patient type Lower limit Upper limit Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC.) Adult 3.9[46], 4.1[6], 4.5[5] 10.0[46], 10.9[6], 11[5]
  • x109/L
  • x103/mm3 or
  • x103/μL
Newborn 9[47] 30[47]
1 year old 6[47] 18[47]
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)		 Adult 1.8[46]-2[47] 7[46]-8[47] x109/L
45-54[5] 62[5]-74  % of WBC
Newborn 6[47] 26[47] x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms Adult 0.7[47] x109/L
3[5] 5[5]  % of WBC
Lymphocytes Adult 1.0[46][47] 3.5[46]-4.8[47] x109/L
16-25[5] 33[5]-45  % of WBC
Newborn 2[47] 11[47] x109/L
Monocytes Adult 0.2[48][43] 0.8[43][47] x109/L
3[5]-4.0 7[5]-10  % of WBC
Newborn 0.4[47] 3.1[47] x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)		 Adult 1.5 5 x109/L
20 35  % of WBC
CD4+ cells Adult 0.4 [6] 1.8[6] x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes Adult 0.04[43] 0.44[43]-0.45[47] x109/L
1[5] 3[5]-7  % of WBC
Newborn 0.02[47] 0.85[47] x109/L
Basophil granulocytes Adult 40[46] 100[43], 200[47], 900[46] x106/L
0.0 0.75[5]-2  % of WBC
Newborn 0.64 [47] x109/L

Coagulation

Test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Platelet count (Plt) 140[6]-150[5] 350[7], 400[5], 450[6] x109/L
Prothrombin time (PT) 11[5][49]-12[6] 13.5[49], 14[6], 15[5] s PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR 0.9 1.2 The INR is a corrected ratio of a patients PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) 18[6]-29 28[6]-41 s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT) 11 18 s
Fibrinogen 1.7[6]-1.8 4.2[6] g/L
Bleeding time 2 9 minutes

Immunology

Category Test Patient Lower limit Upper limit Unit Comments
Acute phase protein
markers of Inflammation		 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR)		 Male 0 Age÷2[50] mm/hr ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[51]
Female (Age+10)÷2 [50]
C-reactive protein (CRP) 0 5[21]-6[22] mg/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) 20[52] 53[52] μmol/L
150 350 mg/dL
Autoantibodies Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
Extractable nuclear antigen (ENA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF) 0 20-30[6] IU/mL High levels not specific for Rheumatoid Arthritis alone.
Serology Antistreptolysin O titre
(ASOT)		 Preschoolers n/a 100 units/mL
School age 250[6]
Adult 125[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology By Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0781728452, 9780781728454 1914 pages
  2. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003462
  3. ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003468
  4. ^ a b c Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Ashwood, Edward R.; Tietz, Norbert W.; Burtis, Carl A. (1994). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-4472-4. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to PATHOLOGIC BASIS of DISEASE.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
  8. ^ a b Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 380–5. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMID 7400337. PMC: 1146084. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7400337. 
  9. ^ a b c d Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10672373. 
  10. ^ a b c d molar value multiplied by the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μ_/L to m_/dL
  11. ^ a b MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. Retrieved on 2006-07-06. 
  13. ^ a b c d Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
  14. ^ a b c d e f Derived by dividing or multiplying with molar mass
  15. ^ a b c d Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
  16. ^ a b Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084. 
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  18. ^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
  19. ^ a b Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
  20. ^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
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  28. ^ a b c Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
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  30. ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
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  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
  36. ^ a b Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children CIOFFI Michele ; GAZZERRO Patrizia ; VIETRI Maria Teresa ; MAGNETTA Rosa ; DURANTE Adriana ; D'AURIA Annamaria ; PUCA Giovanni Alfredo ; MOLINARI Anna Maria ;
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  38. ^ a b Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
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  45. ^ a b c Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. ). 1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L
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Serology, reference range: blood tests
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see also reference ranges for blood tests

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