Monarchs (rulers, as in king, queen) of England.

No, he took the name of Pope Adrian IV.

The Cinquefoil stops appear on the edge of the coin enclosing the Regnal Date. The Cinquefoil is often used in Heraldry to indicate "mastery over self", which seems a little strange for a 26 year old Queen on the throne for less than 10 years however, it was used similarly by other British Monarchs. Alternatively, it is also regarded as architectural ornamentation.

Languages do not have monarchs.

Two.