holy war

 

A religious war is a war justified by religious differences. It can be the legitimate forces of one state that has an established religion against those of another state with either a quite different religion or a different sect within the same religion, or, at the level below a state, it can be a faction motivated by religion attempting to spread its faith by violence either within the state or elsewhere. The French Wars of Religion, the Crusades, and the Reconquista are frequently cited historical examples.

While there are undoubtedly wars fought primarily on religious grounds, wars frequently have multiple and complex causes. Saint Augustine is credited as being the first to detail a "Just War" theory within Christianity, whereby war is justifiable on religious grounds. Saint Thomas Aquinas elaborated on these criteria and his writings were used by the Roman Catholic Church to regulate the actions of European countries. In modern times religious designations are frequently used as shorthand for cultural and historical differences between combatants, giving the impression that the conflict is primarily about religious differences. For example, The Troubles in Northern Ireland are frequently seen as a conflict between Catholic and Protestant. However, the more fundamental cause is the attachment of Northern Ireland to either the Republic of Ireland or the United Kingdom. As the native Irish were mostly Catholic, and the later English-sponsored immigrants mainly Protestant, the terms become shorthand for the two cultures. It cannot be denied, however, that religion does play a part in the conflict, since churches are used as organizing points for demonstrations, and Protestants are far more likely to oppose union with the Catholic-dominated Republic.

Religion and war

Religious discrimination and persecution
By victimized group: African religions · Atheists Bahá'ís · Buddhists · Cathars Religion in China · Christians Hellenistic religions · Hindus · Jews Mormons · Muslims · Neopagans Rastafari · Sikhs · Zoroastrians
By method: Anti-clericalism · Censorship Genocide · Forced conversion · Pogrom War · Discrimination · Fascism Intolerance · Police · Terrorism Segregation · Violence · Abuse State atheism · State religion
Historical events Dechristianisation in the French Revolution Revolt in the Vendee · Cristero War Red Terror · Red Terror in Spain Cultural Revolution · Reign of Terror Inquisition · Wars of Religion St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Khmer Rouge · Pontic tragedy · Kulturkampf Armenian Genocide · Assyrian Genocide History of Communist Albania

Many wars that are not Religious wars, often still include elements of religion such as priests blessing battleships. Also differences in religion can further inflame a war being fought for other reasons. Historically temples have been military targets that are destroyed to weaken the morale of the opponent, even when the war itself is not being waged over religious ideals.

The Christian Holy War, although being an apparent oxymoron, has taken a major role in developing the history of the religion. One may pose the question, “How can we apply religion, that sacred and peaceful aspect of society, to a term such as warfare, which portrays quite the opposite notion?" The Cross of Christ, for example, had been illustrated quite often upon a crest of a shield, the plating of an armor or even as an engraving in a weapon by the Crusaders within the 10th to around the 13th centuries and perhaps longer.¹ This became a powerful symbol of the medieval ages, a symbol of a spiritual struggle for peace and righteousness. This sign of true martyrdom in the New Testament represented a refusal to submit to the punishment or sentence of death, in the name of faith in Christ. During the Crusades, this holy sign portrayed obedience shown by physical combat and worldly sacrifice of ones’ body. Those who fought in the name of God were recognized as “milites Christi”: Warriors or Knights of Christ. The Christian religion was then an icon of military success to the believers. They believed that victory was achieved through divine intervention or aid from God Almighty. Fighters took great pride in their beliefs.² From this arose the new conceptual class known as the Templar. These blessed warriors in pursuit against both the opposing armies and the heretic religions and cults of the time were highly admired by the Church and State; and also very rich. Tactically, these enemies would be conveniently one and the same.³ Religion was used as a tool to legitimize warfare. This gave the Christian armies an excuse for their conquests of “liberation”. Christianity, thus, was not only applied as a cause and effect of providing warfare, but also maintaining and expanding the religion through conquests and assimilation.⁴

Jihad

Further information: Jihad

Jihad is to strive or struggle in the way of God, and is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam, although it has no official status.^[1] Jihad has a wider meaning in Islamic literature. It can be striving to lead a good Muslim life, praying and fasting regularly, being an attentive and faithful spouse and parent or working hard to spread the message of Islam.^[2] Jihad is best known, however, to Muslim and Christian alike, in its meaning of violent struggle to bring about a Muslim society throughout the world. [1] While there have been mujtahids (Islamic scholars) who have argued that Jihad is not supposed to include aggressive warfare, they have written their treatises in places such as Syria, Eastern Anatolia, and Mesopotamia, all of which were wrenched violently from the Persian or Byzantine Empires. While much of the Western half of the Roman empire has been returned to Christian rule (with the complete exception of North Africa), Islam strived mightily to dominate that as well in its first several centuries. It succeeded in conquering Spain, much of France, and nearly all of the Mediterranean islands. Muslims attacked as far afield as Ireland, and twice laid siege to Rome itself.

In Muhammad's time, the pagans of the Arabian peninsula were asked for submission to Islam as a condition for the continuation of their lives. Jews, Christians, and the tiny and historically hazy religious sect called Sabeans were forced to become dhimmis, second-class citizens, pay a special tax, jizya, and submit to the political authority of Islam or suffer death. The only exception to the "dhimmitude or death" option for Christians and Jews was a special provision for Ethiopia. This provision was granted, according to Hadith, by Muhammed in recognition of the charity and protection shown him by Ethiopians during a time of particular need. While the entirety of the world is considered in Muslim tradition to be "Dar al-Harb", the house of war, Ethiopia was granted unique status as "Dar al-Hudna", the house of truce. While this exception was taken to be in perpetuity, it is hoped, of course, that Ethiopia will become Muslim through peaceful means.^[3] Islamic scholars have different opinions on Jihad, however, there is a consensus that armed struggle against persecution and oppression, defined as the rule of any authority counter to the principles of Islam, will always continue.^[3]

Crusades

Main article: Crusade

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, the goal was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims and at supporting the Byzantine Empire against the Muslim Seljuq expansion into Asia Minor. The fourth crusade however was diverted and resulted in the conquest of Constantinople. Later on, Crusades were launched against other targets, either for religious reasons, such as the Albigensian Crusade, the Northern Crusades, or because of political conflict, such as the Aragonese Crusade. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II raised the level of war from Bellum iustum ("just war"), to bellum sacrum.^[4]

Wars of Religion

Main article: French Wars of Religion

In 16th Century France there was a succession of wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants (Hugenots primarily). The series of wars has been known as the Wars of Religion.

Thirty years war

Main article: Thirty Years War

In the first half of the 17th century, German states, Scandinavia (Sweden, primarily) and Poland were beset by religious warfare. Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism figured in the opposing sides of this conflict, though Catholic France did take the side of the Protestants but purely for political reasons.

Milhemet Mitzvah

Main article: Milhemet Mitzvah

In the Jewish religion, the expression Milhemet Mitzvah (Hebrew: מלחמת מצווה, "commandment war") refers to a war that is both obligatory for all Jews (men and women) and limited to within the borders of the land of Israel. The geographical limits of Israel, and therefore of this religious war, are detailed in the Hebrew Bible, especially Numbers 34:1-15 and Ezekiel 47:13-20. Elsewhere in the Bible, it is abbreviated as "from Dan to Beersheba".

The relevance of this concept to the contemporary State of Israel is debated. There is no reference to Milhemet Mitzvah in official documents from the Israeli government or defense forces.

Saxon Wars

Main article: Saxon Wars

The Saxon Wars have been described as a religious war. ^[5]

References

¹Backman, Clifford (2003). The worlds of Medieval Europe. new york: oxford university press. 

²Pryor, Fancis (2004). Britain A.D. : A Quest for Arthur, England and the Anglo Saxons. London: Harper Collins Publisher. 

³Tyerman, Christopher (2004). The Crusades : a very short Introduction. London: oxford university press. 

⁴Tyerman, Christopher (1998). The Invention of the Crusades. Basingstoke, Hampshire: oxford university press. 

Donate to Wikimedia