Restriction digest

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A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare DNA for analysis or other processing. It is also known as DNA fragmentation (not to be mistaken with Apoptosis DNA Fragmentation).

This enzymatic technique can be used for cleaving DNA molecules at specific sites, ensuring that all DNA fragments that contain a particular sequence have the same size; furthermore, each fragment that contains the desired sequence has the sequence located at exactly the same position within the fragment.^[1] The cleavage method makes use of an important class of DNA-cleaving enzymes isolated primarily from bacteria. These enzymes are called restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes, and they are able to cleave DNA molecules at the positions at which particular short sequences of bases are present .^[1]

The resulting digested DNA is very often selectively amplified using PCR, making it more suitable for analytical techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, and chromatography. It is used in genetic fingerprinting, and RFLP analysis. A given restriction enzyme cuts DNA segments within a specific nucleotide sequence.

The nucleotide sequence recognized for cleavage by a restrictiion enzyme is called the restriction site.^[1] hese

recognition sequences are typically four, six, eight, ten, or twelve nucleotides long. Because there are only so many ways to arrange the four nucleotides which compose DNA (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine) into a four- to twelve-nucleotide sequence, recognition sequences tend to occur by chance in any long sequence. Restriction enzymes specific to hundreds of distinct sequences have been identified and synthesized for sale to laboratories, and as a result, several potential "restriction sites" appear in almost any gene or locus of interest on any chromosome. Furthermore, almost all artificial plasmids include an (often entirely synthetic) polylinker (also called "multiple cloning site") that contains dozens of restriction enzyme recognition sequences within a very short segment of DNA. This allows the insertion of almost any specific fragment of DNA into plasmid vectors, which can be efficiently "cloned" by insertion into replicating bacterial cells.

After restriction digest, DNA can then be analysed using gel electrophoresis. In gel electrophoresis, a sample of DNA is first "loaded" onto a slab of agarose gel (literally pipetted into small wells at one end of the slab). The gel is then subjected to an electric field, which draws the negatively charged DNA across it. The molecules travel at different rates (and therefore end up at different distances) depending on their net charge (more highly charged particles travel further), and size (smaller particles travel further). Since none of the four nucleotide bases carry any charge, net charge becomes insignificant and size is the main factor affecting rate of diffusion through the gel. Net charge in DNA is produced by the sugar-phosphate backbone. This is in contrast to proteins, in which there is no "backbone", and net charge is generated by different combinations and numbers of charged amino acids.

Possible Uses

Restriction digests are necessary for performing any of the following analytical techniques:

• RFLP - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
• AFLP - Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
• STRP - Simple Tandem Repeat Polymorphism

Various restriction enzymes

There are numerous types of restriction enzymes, each of which will cut DNA differently. (See article on Restriction enzymes for examples). There are some that cut a three base pair sequence while others can cut four, six, and even eight. Each enzyme has distinct properties that determine how efficiently it can cut and under what conditions. Most manufacturers that produce such enzymes will often provide a specific buffer solution that contains the unique mix of cations and other components that aid the enzyme in cutting as efficiently as possible. Different restriction enzymes also have different optimal temperatures under which they function.

See also

• Agarose gel electrophoresis
• DNA sequencing
• FERMENTAS
• Genetic fingerprinting
• PCR
• Restriction fragment length polymorphism

References

• Hartl, Daniel L., Jones, Elizabeth W. (2001)Genetics Analysis of Genes and Gemonmes Fifth Edition. IBSN 0-7637-0913-1

External links

• New England Biolabs - Producer of restriction enzymes. This site contains highly detailed information on numerous enzymes, their optimal temperatures, and recognition sequences.
• REBASE