retriever

A black Standard Poodle retrieving Mallard. Poodles are rarely used for retrieving any more, and are most commonly used as companions

A retriever is a type of gun dog that retrieves game for a hunter. Generally gun-dogs are divided into three major classifications: retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds. Retrievers were bred primarily to retrieve birds or other prey and return them to the hunter without damage. Although spaniels and some pointing breeds routinely retrieve game, and many retrievers are skilled in finding game, retrievers are distinguished in that non-slip retrieval is their primary function. As a result, retriever breeds are bred for soft mouths and a great willingness to please, learn, and obey. A soft mouth refers to the willingness of the dog to carry game in its mouth without biting into it. "Hard mouth" is a serious fault in a hunting dog and is one that is very difficult to correct. A hard-mouthed dog renders game unpresentable or at worst inedible.

The retriever's willingness to please and trainability have made retrievers such as the Labrador Retriever and Golden Retriever popular as assistance dogs.

Skills

In order to work properly as a gun dog, a retriever should be trained to perform the following tasks:

• Remain under Control Retrievers are typically used when waterfowl hunting. Since a majority of waterfowl hunting employs the use of small boats in winter conditions retrievers are trained to remain under control sitting calmly and quietly until sent to retrieve. This helps to avoid an accidental capsizing, disrupting the hunters aim or the possible accidental discharge of a firearm which could cause serious harm or death to others in the hunting party or to the dog itself. A dog that is under control is also better able to “mark” downed game.
• Mark downed game Marking is the process of watching for a falling bird or multiple birds. When the command "mark" is given the dog should look up for incoming birds and remember where each bird falls. Well trained retrievers are taught to follow the direction the gun barrel is pointing to mark where the bird/s fall. Once the game is downed the handler will command the dog to retrieve the game. The dog’s ability to remember multiple “marks” is extremely important and trainers use techniques to improve a dog’s marking and memory ability.
• Perform a Blind Retrieve When hunting waterfowl a retriever's primary job is to retrieve downed birds. There are times when a dog will not see the game fall. In this case retrievers are trained to take hand, voice and whistle commands from the handler directing the dog to the downed game for retrieval. This is called a “blind retrieve”. Precision between the dog and handler is extremely useful and desired so as to minimize retrieval time and limit the disturbance of surrounding cover. The majority of blind retrieves in the field are made within 30-80 yards of the gun however a good retriever/handler team can perform precise blind retrieves out to 100+ yards and better.
• Retrieve to Hand Although some hunters prefer to have a bird dropped at their feet the majority of handlers require that the dog deliver the game to hand, meaning that once the dog has completed the retrieve it will gently but firmly hold the bird until commanded to release it to the handler’s hand.
• Shake on Command Following a retrieve a well trained dog will not shake off excess water from its fur until after the delivery is complete. A dog shaking water from its fur in a small boat at worst risks capsizing the craft in cold winter conditions and at best will most likely shower hunters and equipment. Also a dog shaking while still holding the game in its mouth could damage the bird to the point of making it unfit for the table. To avoid these mishaps trainers will use a distinct command releasing a dog to shake.
• Quarter Retrievers are often used in a secondary role as an upland flushing dog. Dogs must work in a pattern in front of the hunter seeking upland game birds. The retriever must be taught to stay within gun range to avoid flushing a bird outside of shooting distance.
• Remain Steady to Wing and Shot When hunting upland birds, the flushing dog should be steady to wing and shot, meaning that it sits when a bird rises or a gun is fired. It does this in order to mark the fall and to avoid flushing other birds by unnecessarily pursuing a missed bird.

Although most individual retrievers have the raw capacity to be trained to perform as a gun dog, a significant amount of thought and effort is given to breeding in specific desired traits into dogs from field bred lines that greatly enhance the training process. When breeding retrievers for field work extensive consideration is given to:

• Biddableness Because producing a well trained retriever capable of performing the tasks outlined above requires a significant amount of time and effort a retriever that is intelligent, controllable and open to learning (biddable) is of utmost importance.
• Desire & Drive This trait(s) covers a broad range of behaviors exhibited by the “good retriever”. Most notably they will demonstrate the desire to retrieve almost to the point of manic behavior and will take on significant obstacles to make a retrieve. They will also demonstrate an exceptional interest in birds, bird feathers and bird scent which is termed “birdiness”.
• Marking and Memory Eyesight and depth perception are of paramount importance to a dogs ability to mark downed game. Remembering each fall is also critical. While there are special techniques that retriever trainers use to help a dog to mark and remember downed game a good retriever is born with these “raw tools”.
• Nose Dogs are led primarily by their nose. A good retriever will use its nose to find downed game in heavy cover and will use it while quartering a field to locate and flush upland game birds.
• Soft-mouth A soft-mouthed dog is needed to ensure that retrieved game is fit for the table. A soft mouthed dog will pick up and hold game softly but firmly on the retrieve. Dogs that unnecessarily drop birds, crunch on, chew or even eat the bird before delivery to the handler are considered “hard-mouthed” or are described as having “mouth problems”. While training can overcome most “mouth problems” a dog with an inherently soft-mouth is more desirable when starting the training process.
• Hardiness Waterfowl hunting is a cold weather sport that is undertaken across a wide variety of locations and conditions from thick flooded timber in the south US, to icy and ice covered ponds in the mid-west to frigid seas along upper the New England coast. A good retriever will willingly re-enter the water and make multiple retrieves under these and other extreme conditions.

Retrievers include

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

• American Water Spaniel
• Barbet
• Boykin Spaniel*
• Chesapeake Bay Retriever
• Curly-Coated Retriever
• Flat-Coated Retriever
• German Water Spaniel
• Golden Retriever
• Irish Water Spaniel
• Labrador Retriever
• Murray River Curly Coated retriever
• Newfoundland
• Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever
• Poodle
• Portuguese Water Dog
• Spanish Water Dog

Other Dogs with retrieving skill:

• American Cocker Spaniel
• Blackmouth Cur
• Brittany
• Clumber Spaniel
• Dutch Partridge Dog
• English Cocker Spaniel
• English Setter
• English Springer Spaniel
• Epagneul Pont-Audemer
• German Longhaired Pointer
• German Shorthaired Pointer
• German Wirehaired Pointer
• Gordon Setter
• Hungarian Vizsla
• Italian Spinone
• Irish Setter
• Pointer
• Sussex Spaniel
• Weimaraner
• Welsh Springer Spaniel
• Wire-Haired Pointing Griffon
• Typically any dog breed can be used as a retriever if trained to do so.

The Boykin Spaniel is most often worked as a non-slip retriever, though it originated as a duck- and turkey-flushing dog. Many would classify it as a flushing spaniel rather than as a retriever. Similarly, the American Water Spaniel could be listed in either category. Dogs such as the Poodle, which are rarely used in hunting today, are difficult to classify, but their traditional job was that of a retriever.

See also

• Gun-dog training
• Hunt Test
• Field Trial

References

• Fergus, Charles. Gun Dog Breeds, A Guide to Spaniels, Retrievers, and Pointing Dogs, The Lyons Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58574-618-5