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In computer networking, reverse DNS lookup or reverse DNS resolution (rDNS) is the determination of a domain name that is associated with a given IP address using the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.
Computer networks use the Domain Name System to determine the IP address that is associated with a given domain name. This process is also known as forward DNS resolution. Reverse DNS lookup is the inverse process of this, the resolution of an IP address into its designated domain name.
The reverse DNS database of the Internet is rooted in the Address and Routing Parameter Area (arpa) top-level domain of the Internet. IPv4 uses the in-addr.arpa domain and the ip6.arpa domain is delegated for IPv6.
The process of reverse resolving an IP address is facilitated with the pointer DNS record type (PTR record).
Internet standards documents (RFC 1033, RFC 1912 Section 2.1) specify that "Every Internet-reachable host should have a name" and that such names are matched with a reverse pointer record.
IPv4 reverse resolution
Reverse DNS lookups for IPv4 addresses use a reverse IN-ADDR entry in the special domain in-addr.arpa. In this domain an IPv4 address is represented as a sequence of bytes in reverse order, encoded as decimal numbers and separated by dots (full stop) with the second level domain suffix .in-addr.arpa.
For example, an address (A) record for mail.example.com points to the IP address 192.0.2.5. In pointer records of the reverse database, this IP address is stored as the domain name 5.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa pointing back to its designated host name mail.example.com. This allows it to pass the Forward Confirmed reverse DNS process.
Classless reverse DNS method
Historically, Internet registries and Internet service providers allocated IP addresses in blocks of 256 (for Class C) or larger octet-based blocks for classes B and A. By definition, each block fell upon an octet boundary. The structure of the reverse DNS domain was based on this definition. However, with the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing, IP addresses were allocated in much smaller blocks, and hence the original design of pointer records was impractical, since autonomy of administration of smaller blocks could not be granted. RFC 2317 devised a methodology to address this problem by using canonical name (CNAME) DNS records.
IPv6 reverse resolution
Reverse DNS lookups for IPv6 addresses use the special domain ip6.arpa. An IPv6 address appears as a name in this domain as a sequence of nibbles in reverse order, represented as hexadecimal digits as subdomains. For example, the pointer domain name corresponding to the IPv6 address 2001:db8::567:89ab is b.a.9.8.7.6.5.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
Multiple pointer records
While most rDNS entries only have one PTR record, DNS does not restrict the number if they are needed. However, having multiple PTR records for the same IP address is generally not recommended unless there is a specific need. For example, if a web server supports many virtual hosts, there may be one PTR record for each host and some versions of name server software will allocate this automatically. Multiple PTR records can cause problems, however, including triggering bugs in programs that only expect single PTR records and, in the case of a large web server, having hundreds of PTR records can cause the DNS packets to be much larger than normal.
Records other than PTR records
Record types other than PTR records may also appear in the reverse DNS tree. In particular, encryption keys may be placed there for IPsec (RFC 4025), SSH (RFC 4255) and IKE (RFC 4322), for example. Less standardized usages include comments placed in TXT records and LOC records to identify the geophysical location of an IP address.
Uses
The most common uses of the reverse DNS include:
- The original use of the rDNS: network troubleshooting via tools such as traceroute, ping, and the "Received:" trace header field for SMTP e-mail, web sites tracking users (especially on Internet forums), etc.
- One e-mail anti-spam technique: checking the domain names in the rDNS to see if they are likely from dialup users, dynamically assigned addresses, or other inexpensive internet services. Owners of such IP addresses typically assign them generic rDNS names such as "1-2-3-4-dynamic-ip.example.com." Since the vast majority, but by no means all, of e-mail that originates from these computers is spam, many spam filters refuse e-mail with such rDNS names. [1][2]
- A Forward Confirmed reverse DNS (FCrDNS) verification can create a form of authentication showing a valid relationship between the owner of a domain name and the owner of the server that has been given an IP address. While not very thorough, this validation is strong enough to often be used for whitelisting purposes, mainly because spammers and phishers usually can't pass verification for it when they use zombie computers to forge domains.
- System logging or monitoring tools often receive entries with the relevant devices specified only by IP addresses. In order to provide more human-usable data, these programs will often perform a reverse lookup prior to writing the log entry, thus being able to write a name rather than the IP address
References
External links
- Web-based DNS lookup tools at the Open Directory Project
- RFC 2317 documents a way to do rDNS delegation for CIDR blocks
- Considerations for the use of DNS Reverse Mapping (Internet draft)
- in-addr.arpa Zone file analysis
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