Rhodes scholar

The Rhodes Scholarship named after Cecil Rhodes is an international award for study at the University of Oxford and was the first large-scale programme of international scholarships.^[1] Rhodes Scholars may study any full-time postgraduate course offered by the University^[2]—whether a taught Master’s programme, a research degree, or a second undergraduate degree (senior status).

In the first instance, the scholarship is awarded for two years. However, it may also be held for one year or three years. Applications for a third year are considered during the course of the second year.

University and College fees are paid by the Rhodes Trust. In addition, Scholars receive a monthly maintenance stipend to cover accommodation and living expenses. Although all scholars become affiliated with a residential college while at Oxford, they also enjoy access to Rhodes House, an early 20th century mansion with numerous public rooms, gardens, a library, study areas, and other facilities.

The scholarships are administered and awarded by the Rhodes Trust which was established in 1902 under the terms and conditions of the will of Cecil John Rhodes, and funded by his estate. Scholarships have been awarded to applicants annually since 1904 on the basis of academic achievement and strength of character. There have been more than 7,000 Rhodes Scholars since the inception of the Trust. More than 4,000 are still living.^[3]

In 1925, the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships (later renamed the Harkness Fellowships) were established to reciprocate the Rhodes Scholarships by enabling British graduates to study in the United States.^[4] The Kennedy Scholarship program, created in 1966 as a living memorial to John F. Kennedy, adopts a comparable selection process to the Rhodes Scholarships to allow 10 British post-graduate students per year to study at either Harvard or MIT.^[5][6]

Contents 1 Standards 2 Rhodes' original aim with the Scholarship, and subsequent changes 3 Allocations 4 Notable Rhodes Scholarship recipients 5 Centenary degrees 6 Current trustees 7 Former trustees 8 References and notes 9 Further reading 10 External links

Standards

Rhodes' legacy specified four standards by which applicants were to be judged:

• literary and scholastic attainments;
• energy to use one's talents to the full, as exemplified by fondness for and success in sports;
• truth, courage, devotion to duty, sympathy for and protection of the weak, kindliness, unselfishness and fellowship;
• moral force of character and instincts to lead, and to take an interest in one's fellow beings.

This legacy originally provided for scholarships for the British colonies, the United States, and Germany. These three were chosen so that "an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible."

Rhodes, who attended Oxford University, chose his alma mater as the site of his great experiment because he believed its residential colleges provided the ideal environment for intellectual contemplation and personal development.

Rhodes' original aim with the Scholarship, and subsequent changes

There has been some controversy over the original aim of the scholarships,^[7] as it is clear from Rhodes' writings that he held views, which at that time had some currency, about the superiority of the Anglo-Saxon race,^{[citation needed]} and it has been postulated^{[by whom?]} that his intention was to use the scholarships to educate future foreign leaders in Britain so that they could help spread British influence when they returned to their home countries.^{[citation needed]}

An early change was the elimination of the scholarships for Germany during World Wars I and II. No German scholars were chosen from 1914 to 1932,^[8] nor from 1939 to 1970. Also, between the wars, for political and propaganda reasons Erich Vermehren was prevented by the German government from taking up a Rhodes Scholarship.

Rhodes' bequest was whittled down considerably in the first decades after his death, as various scholarship trustees were forced to pay taxes upon their own deaths. A change occurred in 1929, when an Act of Parliament established a fund separate from the original proceeds of Rhodes' will. This made it possible to expand the number of scholarships. For example, between 1993 and 1995, scholarships were extended to other countries in the European Community.

Because the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 in the United Kingdom did not affect wills, it took another Act of Parliament to change the Rhodes' will to extend selection criteria in 1977 to include women.

For at least its first 75 years, scholars usually studied for a Bachelor of Arts degree. While that remains an option, more recent scholars usually study for an advanced degree.

Allocations

There were originally 52 scholarships. During the ensuing 100 years, the Trustees added at one time or another approximately another 40 scholarships, though not all have continued. Some of these extended the scheme to Commonwealth countries not mentioned in the Will.^[3] A more detailed allocation by region by year can be found at Rhodes Scholarship Allocations. Very brief summaries of some of the terms and conditions can be found on the Trust's web site.^[9][10] Complete details can be obtained from the nominating countries.^[11]

Currently, scholars are selected from citizens of 14 specified geographic constituencies,^[12][13] namely: Australia; Bermuda; Canada; Germany; Hong Kong; India; Jamaica & Commonwealth Caribbean; Kenya; New Zealand; Pakistan; Southern Africa (South Africa and neighbours Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia and Swaziland); USA; Zambia; and Zimbabwe.

From 2006, 11 scholarships were suspended for a period of 5 years.^{[citation needed]} The scholarships for Hong Kong were abolished in July 1997 following its withdrawal from the Commonwealth (due to the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China). However, with the benefaction from the Lee Hysan Foundation (described by the Rhodes Trust as "substantial and generous"^{[citation needed]}), the Rhodes Scholarships for Hong Kong were reintroduced in late 2006.^[14]

Geographic constituency	2006 allocation	1902 allocation
Australia[15]	9	6
Bermuda[16]	1	1
Canada	11	2
& Newfoundland	1	1
Germany[17]	2	-
Hong Kong	-	-
India[18]	6	-
Jamaica[19]	1	1
& CommonwealthCaribbean	1	-
Kenya	2	-
New Zealand[20]	3	1
Pakistan	1	-
Southern Africa[21]	10	5
USA[22]	32	32
Zambia	1
Zimbabwe	2
(formerly Rhodesia)		3
Total	83	52

Notable Rhodes Scholarship recipients

A table of Notable Rhodes Scholarship recipients can be found at Notable Rhodes Scholars.

See also: Rhodes scholars category

Centenary degrees

In recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Rhodes Trust in 2003, four scholars were awarded honorary degrees by the University of Oxford:

• John Brademas (Indiana & Brasenose 1950), President of New York University, U.S. Congressman (Indiana), 1959-1981
• Robert J. L. (Bob) Hawke (Western Australia & University 1953), Prime Minister of Australia, 1983-1991
• Rex Nettleford (Jamaica & Oriel 1957), Vice-Chancellor of the University of the West Indies, author, dance director
• David R. Woods (Rhodes & University 1963), Vice-Chancellor of Rhodes University

Current trustees

The Trust^[23] is governed by a Board of Trustees:

• William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill, Chairman
• Professor Sir John Bell (Alberta & Magdalen 1975)
• Robin Butler, Baron Butler of Brockwell
• Sir Rod Eddington (Western Australia & Lincoln 1974)
• Professor Elizabeth Fallaize
• Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes
• Rosalind Hedley-Miller^[24]
• John Kerr, Baron Kerr of Kinlochard
• Julian Thompson
• Thomas W. Seaman
• Professor Sir John Vickers

The business of the Trust is administered by the Warden of Rhodes House and Secretary to the Trust, Sir Colin Lucas.

Former trustees

• Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey
• Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham
• Rudyard Kipling

References and notes

In the Oxford University Calendar,^[25] the Greek letter rho (ρ) against a name indicates that the person is a former Rhodes Scholar. This symbol should precede the name.^[26]

Further reading

• R.I. Rotberg, The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power (Oxford University Press, New York, 1988)
• Anthony Kenny (ed.), The History of the Rhodes Trust (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001)
• Ziegler, Philip (2008). Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships. Yale: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300118353. 

External links

• The Rhodes Trust
• History of Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship
• Updates on Rhodes Alumni
• Scholarship and application information page
• The Australian Rhodes Scholarship
• Bermuda Selection Committee
• The Canadian Association of Rhodes Scholars
• The Rhodes Trust in Germany
• Indian Rhodes Scholarships
• Committee for Jamaica and the Commonwealth Caribbean
• New Zealand Vice-Chancellors' Committee page on Rhodes Scholarships
• New Zealand Rhodes Scholars, listed for 1903 to 1964
• The Mandela Rhodes Foundation in South Africa
• Southern African Rhodes Scholarships
• The Rhodes Trust, USA
• Association of American Rhodes Scholars
• United States Naval Academy Rhodes Scholars
• The first in-depth study of Rhodes women