Dickinson W. Richards

American physician (1895–1973)

Reynolds, Richard, (c.1492–1535), Bridgettine monk and martyr. Born of a Devonshire family, Reynolds read for an Arts degree at Christ's College, Cambridge, became a Fellow of Corpus Christi, and took a doctorate of Divinity. In 1515 he joined the community of Syon, Isleworth, a double monastery following the Rule of Bridget of Sweden, the only one of its kind in England and notable for its holiness and learning. At least six Cambridge Fellows joined it during the last thirty years of its life: Reynolds left it ninety-four books. Well known to Erasmus, More, Fisher, and Pole (who praised him for his holiness as well as for his Latin, Greek, and Hebrew), Reynolds was soon sought after as a spiritual director by many and as a theological consultant by Fisher and More, especially over the king's proposed divorce from Catherine of Aragon. On this matter, Reynolds and his community were solidly in favour of the queen. The sources are silent about the sequence of events which led to his arrest in the spring of 1535. It is difficult to see how the community could have avoided taking the oath of Succession, but it was the oath of Supremacy which led to the final tragedy. This had declared Henry VIII to be the Supreme Head of the Church in England, and no effort was spared to induce Reynolds to take the oath acknowledging this new title. It was believed that if a religious of his eminent reputation conformed, many others would do the same. He refused and was committed to the Tower like John Houghton and the other Carthusians. At his trial in Westminster Hall (28 April 1535) he claimed that he had ‘all the rest of Christendom in my favour: I can even say that…the larger part of this kingdom is at heart of my opinion, although outwardly, partly from fear and partly from hope, they profess to be of yours. As to dead witnesses, I have in my favour all the General Councils, all historians, the holy doctors of the Church for the last fifteen hundred years, especially St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Augustine, and St. Gregory.’ He was sentenced to death and suffered at Tyburn with the three Carthusian priors on 4 May. He encouraged the others on the scaffold and was the last to suffer execution, promising a ‘heavenly supper to follow their sharp breakfast taken for their Master's sake’. He was canonized by Paul VI in 1970 as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Feast: 25 October.

Bibliography
Click here for a list of abbreviations used in this bibliography.

• A. Hamilton, The Angel of Sion (1905); D. Knowles, The Religious Orders in England, iii (1961), 212–18

Richard Joshua Reynolds, Jr. (1906-1964), son of the founder of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, was a very successful businessman. He was involved with a variety of business ventures throughout his lifetime, and was also a generous philanthropist and active politician. Reynolds spent much of his fortune on a lavish personal lifestyle, but also founded several charitable organizations and contributed to many more.

Richard Joshua Reynolds, Jr., was born on April 4, 1906, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, to Richard Joshua Reynolds and Mary Katherine (Smith) Reynolds. His father had started a tobacco company in the 1870s, which was formally established as the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 1890. This company, which is now a part of the RJR-Nabisco Corporation, produced the popular Prince Albert tobacco and Camel cigarettes. By the time Reynolds, Jr., was born, his father was a very wealthy man, and the Reynolds name was well known in Winston-Salem.

Early Ventures

Reynolds attended public schools in Winston-Salem as well as Culver Military Academy in Indiana, the Tome School in Maryland, and Woodberry Forest in Virginia. After graduation from high school, he studied mechanical engineering and played football at North Carolina State College. His first business venture involved the establishment of a weekly local newspaper titled The Three-Cent Pup, which he started in 1917 with his friends Bill Sharpe and Bosley Crowther.

Reynolds had a strong interest in aviation and, at the age of 18, obtained his pilot's license. He was convinced that air passenger and freight transport held great economic opportunity and purchased Curtiss Field (later Roosevelt Field) on Long Island, New York. This was the airfield from which Charles Lindbergh took off for his famous transatlantic flight to Paris in 1927. Reynolds established the Ireland Amphibian Company of Mineola, New York, in 1926, and actively participated in the development of the first amphibian planes produced in the United States. He also served as president of Reynolds Aviation from 1927 to 1929.

At the age of 21, Reynolds gained access to a trust income of $100,000 and used it to live lavishly. He bought expensive cars, frequented fashionable cafes in New York, and showered women with extravagant gifts. In 1927, he mysteriously disappeared, generating rumors that something had happened to him. He was later found in St. Louis, where he had gone with a woman. He paid for his boisterous lifestyle when, in 1929, he killed a man while driving drunk. Reynolds was convicted of manslaughter and spent five months in jail. He bought an 1800-ton steam freighter and, from 1929 to 1932, captained the ship throughout the seas of North and South America and southern Europe.

Business and Politics

Reynolds returned to Winston-Salem in 1932, and on January 1, 1933, married Elizabeth McGaw Dillard, daughter of another tobacco tycoon. Before divorcing in 1946, the couple had four sons: Richard Joshua, III, John Dillard, Zachary Taylor, and William Neil.

During the 1930s and early 1940s, Reynolds participated in a variety of business ventures. In 1935, he established Precision Films, Inc., a laboratory that developed color motion picture film, and served as president of the company for a time. In 1940, he purchased the bankrupt American Mail Line of Seattle, a shipping company, which he owned until 1951. Scrapping the old ships and building new ones, Reynolds was able to take advantage of the wartime shipping needs in the Pacific. He also saved Delta Airlines from financial troubles by buying a large share of its stock in 1940. Previously he had been a major stockholder in Eastern Airlines, but when Eastern refused to make Winston-Salem the hub of its Carolina operations, Reynolds sold some of his stock and invested instead in Delta, thus enabling Delta to remain competitive.

Reynolds began a public service career with his election as mayor of Winston-Salem in 1940. One of his goals was the clearing of the slums. Despite opposition from local slumlords, Reynolds was able to obtain a grant from the U.S. Housing Authority to finance this project. His political activity was extended beyond the local level in 1941, when Reynolds became chairman of the finance committee for the national Democratic Party.

His political activities were interrupted when Reynolds joined the U.S. Navy at the start of World War II. He served as chief navigator on the USS Makin Island and later was awarded the Bronze Star for the navigational skill he exhibited at Iwo Jima and in the Philippines. He was released to inactive duty in 1945 with the rank of lieutenant commander. After the war he took full financial responsibility for the production of a publication titled The Escort Carriers in Action, a volume of photographs and text that described the activities of warships in the Pacific. His contributions also included the donation of his own yacht to the Navy.

On August 7, 1946, Reynolds married Marianne O'Brien, an actress. He had two sons with O'Brien, Patrick Cleaveland and Michael Randolph. (Ironically, Patrick would later become known for his campaign against the tobacco industry and establishment of the anti-smoking group, Citizens for a Smoke-free America.) The couple divorced in 1952, and Reynolds remarried the same year to Muriel (Marston) Greenough in McIntosh County, Georgia. His third marriage lasted eight years, after which time Reynolds was divorced once again. His fourth and final marriage was to Annemarie Schmitt, whom he married in Muralto, Switzerland, on July 10, 1961 (some sources say 1963). She and Reynolds had a daughter, Irene Sabina, who was born two days after her father's death in 1964.

Generous Donations in the South

As a philanthropist, Reynolds contributed to many causes. In 1936, he and his sisters founded the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation (ZSRF), created from the estate of their brother, Zachary S. Reynolds. Reynolds' brother was shot to death in 1932, but the perpetrator was never identified. Reynolds served as president of this foundation, which contributed funds to many health-related and educational causes in the Carolinas and Georgia. The ZSRF's first major project was a program to combat syphilis, a common disease in the south. Later the federal government modeled a national campaign after the ZSRF program.

Reynolds also established the Sapelo Island Research Foundation (SIRF) at the University of Georgia in 1949. It was developed for the furthering of scientific research, specifically in the fields of marine biology, oceanography, and limnology. Other organizations that benefitted from Reynolds' generosity included the New York Maritime College in the Bronx and Wake Forest University, which was moved to a new campus in Winston-Salem (formerly part of the Reynolds' estate) in 1956. Reynolds also served as a trustee of the University of North Carolina. He helped fund several capital projects in Winston-Salem, including Tanglewood Park, Reynolds Park, Smith-Reynolds Airport, the Forsyth Country Club, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Wachovia Historical Society, and the City and Baptist hospitals. In 1948, Reynolds donated his family home to Winston-Salem for a library. In Darien, a town near his Georgia home, he contributed to the construction of an American Legion hall, a gymnasium for an African American public school, and a swimming pool.

A Wide Range of Interests

Reynolds had a wide range of interests, including poetry, yacht racing, sailing, trotting horses, and skeet shooting. He was a member of the Reynolds Presbyterian Church and the New York Yacht Club. Reynolds was also a participant in many other groups and organizations, including the Quiet Birdmen of America and the Royal Ocean Racing Club of London, England. He maintained residences in North Carolina, New York, Florida, Georgia, and Europe, although he always considered his 44,000-acre estate on Sapelo Island, Georgia, to be his "real" home.

Reynolds' last years were characterized by some rather eccentric behavior. While living on Sapelo Island with his third wife, he constructed a pond that was to represent the world's oceans and the seven continents. It was rumored that Reynolds buried bags of gold in his backyard. Dissatisfied with his life in America and troubled by his turbulent family relationships, Reynolds settled in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1962. Before leaving, he called his four oldest sons together and reprimanded them for living off the family fortune rather than holding down jobs. Reynolds deeded most of his land at Sapelo to the SIRF, sold off his American assets, gave up his board membership with Delta Airlines, and dug up the bags of gold from his backyard in Georgia. Reynolds died on December 14, 1964, in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Although a major stockholder in R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the only time Reynolds participated in the family business was when he served as director from 1942 to 1947. He was never employed by the company. However, he certainly made his mark in many other business ventures and helped many charitable causes, especially in his home states of North Carolina and Georgia.

Further Reading

American National Biography, edited by John A. Garraty and>Mark C. Carnes, Oxford University Press, 1999.

Business Leader Profiles for Students, edited by Sheila M. Dow, Gale, 1999.

National Cyclopedia of American Biography, James T. White, 1971.

Dickinson W. Richards
Dickinson W. Richards
Born	October 30, 1895 Orange, New Jersey
Died	February 23, 1973 Lakeville, Connecticut
Nationality	American
Fields	medicine physiology
Institutions	Columbia University Bellevue Hospital Presbyterian Hospital
Alma mater	Yale University Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
Known for	cardiac catheterization
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956

Dr. Dickinson Woodruff Richards, Jr. (October 30, 1895 – February 23, 1973) was an American physician and physiologist. He was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956 with André Cournand and Werner Forssmann for the development of cardiac catheterization and the characterisation of a number of cardiac diseases.

Richards was born in Orange, New Jersey. He was educated at the Hotchkiss School in Connecticut, and entered Yale University in 1913. At Yale he studied English and Greek, graduating in 1917 as a member of the senior society Scroll and Key. He also joined the United States Army in 1917, and became an artillery instructor. He served from 1918 - 1919 as an artillery officer in France.

When he returned to the United States, Richards attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, graduating with an M.A. in 1922 and his M.D. degree in 1923. He was on the staff of the Presbyterian Hospital in New York until 1927, when he went to England to work at the National Institute for Medical Research in London, under Sir Henry Dale, on the control of circulation in the liver.

In 1928 Richards returned to the Presbyterian Hospital and began his research on pulmonary and circulatory physiology, working under Professor Lawrence Henderson of Harvard. He began collaborations with André Cournand at Bellevue Hospital , New York, working on pulmonary function. Initially their research focussed on methods to study pulmonary function in patients with pulmonary disease.

Their next area of research was the development of a technique for catheterization of the heart. Using this technique they were able to study and characterise traumatic shock, the physiology of heart failure. They measured the effects of cardiac drugs, and described various forms of dysfunction in chronic cardiac diseases and pulmonary diseases and their treatment, and developed techniques for the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases. For this work, André Cournand and Werner Forssmann, were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1956.

In 1945 Richards moved his lab to Bellevue Hospital, New York. In 1947 he was made the Lambert Professor of Medicine at Columbia University, where he had taught since 1925. During his career he also served as an advisor to Merck Sharp and Dohme Company, and edited the Merck Manual. Richards retired from his positions at Bellevue and Columbia in 1961.

Richards received many other honors, including the John Phillips Memorial Award of the American College of Physicians in 1960, the Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur in 1963, the Trudeau Medal in 1968, and the Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians in 1970.

He died in Lakeville, Connecticut.

References

• Fishman, Alfred P. Richards, Dickinson Woodruff. American National Biography Online February 2000.
• Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962, Dickinson W. Richards, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1964
• Ventura, Hector O (August 2007). "Dickinson Woodruff Richards and cardiac catheterization". Clinical cardiology 30 (8): 420–1. doi:10.1002/clc.20093. PMID 17680601. 
• Chamberlin, M D (February 2001). "Dickinson W. Richards, MD: through a grand-daughter's eyes". Coron. Artery Dis. 12 (1): 79–82. doi:10.1097/00019501-200102000-00012. PMID 11211171. 
• Raju, T N (May. 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1956: Werner Forssmann (1904-79); André Frédéric Cournand (1895-1988); and Dickinson Woodruff Richards, Jr (1895-1973)". Lancet 353 (9167): 1891. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75106-0. PMID 10359453. 
• Cournand, A (. 1989). "Dickinson Woodruff Richards: October 30, 1895-February 23, 1973". Biographical memoirs. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) 58: 459–87. PMID 11616152. 
• Carroll, D G (. 1975). "Memorial. Dickinson W. Richards, M.D". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 86: XLIII–XLIV. PMID 1101509. 
• "Dickinson Woodruff Richards". Lancet 1 (7805): 732–3. March 1973. PMID 4120541. 
• Cournand, A (. 1973). "Dickinson Woodruff Richards, 1895-1973". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 86: 33–8. PMID 4596458. 
• Kenéz, J (November 1970). "[Dickinson Woodruff Richards and cor pulmonale]". Orvosi hetilap 111 (48): 2849–52. PMID 4923281. 
• Cournand, A F (. 1970). "Presentation of the Kober Medal for 1970 to Dickinson W. Richards". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 83: 36–42. PMID 4927298. 
• Sulek, K (January 1969). "[Nobel prize for Andre F. Cournand, Werner T. O. Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards in 1956 for the discovery related to heart catheterization and studies on pathological changes in the cardiovascular system]". Wiad. Lek. 22 (2): 203–4. PMID 4890192. 

v • d • e Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Max Theiler (1951) · Selman Waksman (1952) · Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann (1953) · John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins (1954) · Hugo Theorell (1955) · André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards (1956) · Daniel Bovet (1957) · George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg (1958) · Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg (1959) · Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar (1960) · Georg von Békésy (1961) · Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins (1962) · John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley (1963) · Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen (1964) · François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod (1965) · Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins (1966) · Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald (1967) · Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg (1968) · Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria (1969) · Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod (1970) · Earl Sutherland, Jr. (1971) · Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter (1972) · Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) · Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade (1974) · David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin (1975) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present

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