Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

For more information on Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil 3rd marquess of Salisbury, visit Britannica.com.

The English statesman and diplomat Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3d Marquess of Salisbury (1830-1903), was prime minister of Great Britain in 1885-1886, 1886-1892, and 1895-1902. His life spanned the period of England's greatest affluence and power.

Lord Robert Cecil was born at Hatfield on Feb. 3, 1830, the second son of James Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil, 2d Marquess of Salisbury, Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council, and of his wife, Frances Gascoyne, an heiress. Educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he received a fourthclass in mathematics, he was elected in 1853 to a fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, and in the same year was elected unopposed to the House of Commons for Stamford.

In July 1857 Cecil married Georgina Alderson, a woman of great ability. His father, however, objected to the marriage and cut off funds, so Cecil became partly dependent on his pen. He wrote for the Standard and the Saturday Review, but his most famous articles, such as "The Conservative Surrender," were published in the Quarterly. Cecil revealed in these articles his deep distrust of democracy, considering the poor as subject to more temptations. Cecil reached a wide public with his articles, and his style was "a rare model of restrained, pungent, and vigorous English."

On the death of his elder brother in 1865, Cecil became Lord Cranborne, and in July 1866 he was appointed secretary of state for India. On the death of his father in 1868, he entered the House of Lords as Marquess of Salisbury and in 1869 became chancellor of Oxford University. In 1874 the Conservatives were back in office, and Lord Salisbury was again at the India Office, where he was censured for refusing to check the export of wheat during a famine in Bengal.

After Lord Derby resigned from the Foreign Office in April 1878, Salisbury was appointed in his stead. Twentyfour hours later he issued the "Salisbury Circular," requiring all articles of the Treaty of San Stefano to be submitted to the proposed Berlin Conference. This speech did not prevent Salisbury from concluding a secret negotiation with the Russian ambassador to London by which the Balkans were to be divided. This secret convention was balanced by the Cyprus convention with Turkey, which secured for Britain the semblance of a diplomatic success at the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878). By the treaty provisions, Austria was to administer Bosnia and Herzegovina; the idea of a big Bulgaria was abandoned; and Russia received Kars, Ardahan, and Batum on condition it make Batum a free port.

In 1880 the Conservatives were defeated, and Salisbury became their leader in the Lords. In 1881 Benjamin Disraeli died, and on June 12, 1885, the Liberals fell. Salisbury became prime minister and foreign secretary. He made the protocol of Sept. 18, 1885, securing the Zulfikar Pass to the emir of Afghanistan, and he secured the eastern frontier of India against the French by the annexation of Burma. In Parliament he promoted a bill for the housing of the working classes that penalized landlords for renting unsanitary tenements.

In December 1885 the general election left the Irish members in command, and the government was defeated. Later that year Gladstone was defeated on home rule. Salisbury said in a speech that some races, such as the Hottentots and the Hindus, were unfit for self-government. A month later he became prime minister again, making Lord Randolph Churchill his chancellor of the Exchequer. In December, Churchill left the government, thinking thereby to force Salisbury's hand on the army estimates, but the latter appointed George Goschen in Churchill's place. In 1887 Salisbury initiated the first colonial conference, and in 1888 he granted a royal charter to the British East Africa Company by which England recovered its hold over the upper sources of the Nile.

In 1890 Germany acknowledged a British protectorate of Zanzibar; in exchange Salisbury gave up Helgoland. In 1899 he encouraged the British South Africa Company under Cecil Rhodes to colonize Rhodesia. The Portuguese claimed Matabeleland, but Salisbury sent an ultimatum to Lisbon, and Portugal yielded. In 1888 Salisbury introduced the Life Peerage Bill, which was withdrawn, and in 1891 he got the Free Education Act passed. In 1895 a coalition of Salisbury and Joseph Chamberlain won a majority. In 1897 the Working Men's Compensation Act was passed.

From 1895 to 1900 Salisbury pursued a policy of brinkmanship with each of the four Great Powers. In the United States, President Grover Cleveland declared that the British refusal of arbitration between British Guiana and Venezuela was a violation of the Monroe Doctrine, but the U.S. Commission decided in favor of Britain. Salisbury allowed the United States a free hand in Cuba, surrendered British rights in Samoa to the United States, and abrogated the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 by allowing the United States to build the Panama Canal under American control. He had to deal with the Germans in 1896 over the Kaiser's telegram to Paul Kruger congratulating him on suppressing the Jameson Raid, and with the French from 1897, when Gen. Horatio Kitchener dislodged the French flag from Fashoda after his victory at Omdurman, until 1899, when they abandoned all designs on the Sudan. In 1899 the Czar's rescript led to the Hague Conference.

In 1900, after Salisbury had refused foreign mediation, the largest army ever assembled by England set off to fight the Boers. In 1902 Salisbury negotiated the Anglo-Japanese Treaty, and on May 31 peace was signed with the Boers. In July, Salisbury resigned, and he died on Aug. 22, 1903.

Further Reading

Salisbury's life is recounted in Samuel Henry Jeyes, Life and Times of the Marquis of Salisbury (4 vols., 1895-1896), and in Aubrey Leo Kennedy, Salisbury, 1830-1903: Portrait of a Statesman (1953). Aspects of his career are covered in Rose L. Greaves, Persia and the Defense of India, 1884-1892: A Study in the Foreign Policy of the Third Marquis of Salisbury (1959); J. A. S. Grenville, Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy: The Close of the Nineteenth Century (1964); Cedric J. Lowe, Salisbury and the Mediterranean, 1886-1896 (1965); and Michael Pinto-Duschinsky, The Political Thought of Lord Salisbury, 1854-1868 (1967).

Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquis of (1830-1903). Prime minister. Salisbury was an unlikely candidate for such a long tenure of the premiership. A younger son of an ancient Tory house, he was intellectual (with little taste for aristocratic sports) and unsociable. From 1863, at odds with his family over his non-aristocratic marriage, he supplemented his allowance by journalism (over 600 Saturday Review articles and 33 for the Quarterly Review), so that we have more of his thinking in print than that of any other prime minister. Though he was an MP for a family borough from 1853 and in Derby's cabinet in 1866, his prickliness and rigidity made him an awkward colleague. Anti-democratic and anti-populist and long distrustful of Disraeli as a political mountebank, Cranborne (as he then was) resigned with two cabinet colleagues in early 1867 over the borough franchise proposals in the government's Reform Bill. Out of office he remained a trenchant critic of Disraeli and a standing threat to his leadership. In 1869 he succeeded to the marquisate and the great house at Hatfield, and succeeded Derby as chancellor of Oxford University and a foremost defender of its Anglican character. He agreed reluctantly to join the government of 1874, but was clearly a potential dissident in the Eastern Question crisis. Disraeli had, however, worked to cultivate Salisbury, and when Derby and the earl of Carnarvon resigned in the critical moment in early 1878 Salisbury threw in his lot with Disraeli and accepted the Foreign Office. When Disraeli (Beaconsfield) died in 1881, Salisbury became party leader in the Lords and co-leader of the whole party with Northcote. Angered by Liberal land legislation for Ireland, he played a leading role in the obstruction of Liberal measures in the Lords. Helped by Churchill's insubordination in the Commons, Salisbury got the better of his rival Northcote, a more emollient figure, and in 1885 he was the premier in the Conservative caretaker government. Once Gladstone had declared for Home Rule after the election, Salisbury mounted a resolute defence of the Union and skilfully exploited Liberal divisions. By summer 1886 Salisbury was back in office, dependent on the support of the Liberal Unionists. This uncomfortable position lasted until 1892 and Salisbury had to make various policy concessions (over Irish land purchase, education, and county councils, for example) to conciliate his allies, particularly the demanding Chamberlain. This made Salisburian government look more progressive than it would otherwise have done. By 1891 Salisbury had installed his nephew Balfour, who had made his name with a policy of resolute coercion in Ireland, as leader in the Commons. For most of his time as premier Salisbury held the Foreign Office rather than the 1st lordship of the Treasury. In diplomacy he displayed a skill which kept policy on a steady track and away from the alternating extremes of Gladstone and Disraeli earlier. He also kept Britain clear of entangling alliances, though he was a successful negotiator in reconciling differences over colonial claims.

In opposition Salisbury led the Lords in its overwhelming rejection—by 419:41—of Gladstone's second Home Rule Bill in 1893. After the Liberal resignation in 1895 Salisbury brought the Liberal Unionists under Hartington into a formal coalition with the Conservatives and this Unionist government won the election and another in 1900 (the ‘khaki’ election) when the opportunity of the Boer War was seized. By now Salisbury's vigour was declining and his policies were looking dated to younger politicians. He resigned the Foreign Office in 1900 and the premiership in 1902.

Though a high aristocrat at a time when events were moving against the aristocracy, he recognized the importance of cultivating middle-class and urban opinion, particularly after the 1885 Redistribution Act. His success owed much to Gladstone's talent for wreaking havoc upon the Liberal Party, and upon the Liberal Unionist Hartington's support from 1886 onwards.

"Lord Salisbury" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see Marquess of Salisbury.

The Most Honourable  The Marquess of Salisbury  KG GCVO PC
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office 25 June 1895 – 11 July 1902
Monarch	Victoria Edward VII
Preceded by	The Earl of Rosebery
Succeeded by	Arthur Balfour
In office 25 July 1886 – 11 August 1892
Monarch	Victoria
Preceded by	William Ewart Gladstone
Succeeded by	William Ewart Gladstone
In office 23 June 1885 – 28 January 1886
Monarch	Victoria
Preceded by	William Ewart Gladstone
Succeeded by	William Ewart Gladstone
Foreign Secretary
In office 2 April 1878 – 28 April 1880
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	The Earl of Beaconsfield
Preceded by	The Earl of Derby
Succeeded by	The Earl Granville
In office 24 June 1885 – 6 February 1886
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	The Earl Granville
Succeeded by	The Earl of Rosebery
In office 14 January 1887 – 11 August 1892
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	The Earl of Iddesleigh
Succeeded by	The Earl of Rosebery
In office 29 June 1895 – 12 November 1900
Monarch	Victoria
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	The Earl of Kimberley
Succeeded by	The Marquess of Lansdowne
Born	3 February 1830(1830-02-03) Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Died	22 August 1903 (aged 73) Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
Political party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Georgina Alderson
Alma mater	Christ Church, Oxford, United Kingdom
Religion	Anglican

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, KG, GCVO, PC (3 February 1830 – 22 August 1903), known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868, was a British statesman and thrice Prime Minister, serving for a total of over 13 years. He was the first British Prime Minister of the 20th century and the last Prime Minister to head his full administration from the House of Lords.

Contents 1 Life 2 Legacy 3 Family 4 Beliefs 5 Lord Salisbury's First Government, July 1885–February 1886 5.1 Changes 6 Lord Salisbury's Second Government, August 1886–August 1892 6.1 Cabinet after the reorganisation of January 1887 6.2 Further Changes 7 Lord Salisbury's Third Government, June 1895–July 1902 7.1 Changes 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links

Life

Lord Robert Cecil was the second son of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury. After an unhappy childhood, in which he was sent to Eton College, he went up to Christ Church, Oxford, and on taking his degree was elected a Fellow of All Souls College. He entered the House of Commons as a Conservative in 1853, as MP for Stamford in Lincolnshire. He retained this seat until entering the peerage.

In 1866 Lord Robert, now Viscount Cranborne after the death of his older brother, Salisbury entered the third government of Lord Derby as Secretary of State for India. He resigned the next year over the Reform Bill, which he opposed.

In 1868, on the death of his father, he inherited the Marquessate of Salisbury, thereby becoming a member of the House of Lords. From 1868 and 1871, he was chairman of the Great Eastern Railway, which was then experiencing losses. During his tenure, the company was taken out of chancery, and paid out a small dividend on its ordinary shares.

He returned to government in 1874, serving once again as India Secretary in the government of Benjamin Disraeli. Salisbury gradually developed a good relationship with Disraeli, whom he had previously disliked and distrusted. In 1878, Salisbury succeeded Lord Derby (son of the former Prime Minister) as Foreign Secretary in time to help lead Britain to "peace with honour" at the Congress of Berlin. For this he was rewarded with the Order of the Garter.

Following Disraeli's death in 1881, the Conservatives entered a period of turmoil. Salisbury became the leader of the Conservative members of the House of Lords, though the overall leadership of the party was not formally allocated. So he struggled with the Commons leader Sir Stafford Northcote, a struggle in which Salisbury eventually emerged as the leading figure. He became Prime Minister of a minority administration from 1885 to 1886. Although unable to accomplish much due to his lack of a parliamentary majority, the split of the Liberals over Irish Home Rule in 1886 enabled him to return to power with a majority, and, excepting a Liberal minority government (1892–1895), to serve as Prime Minister from 1886 to 1902.

In 1889 Salisbury set up the London County Council and then in 1890 allowed it to build houses. However he came to regret this, saying in November 1894 that the LCC, "is the place where collectivist and socialistic experiments are tried. It is the place where a new revolutionary spirit finds its instruments and collects its arms".^[1]

Also in 1889 Salisbury's Government passed the Naval Defence Act 1889 which facilitated the spending of an extra £20 million on the Royal Navy over the following four years. This was the biggest ever expansion of the navy in peacetime: ten new battleships, thirty-eight new cruisers, eighteen new torpedo boats and four new fast gunboats. Traditionally (since the Battle of Trafalgar) Britain had possessed a navy one-third larger than their nearest naval rival but now the Royal Navy was set to the Two-Power Standard; that it would be maintained "to a standard of strength equivalent to that of the combined forces of the next two biggest navies in the world".^[2] This was aimed at France and Russia.

Salisbury's expertise was in foreign affairs. For most of his time as Prime Minister he served not as First Lord of the Treasury, the traditional position held by the Prime Minister, but as Foreign Secretary. In that capacity, he managed Britain's foreign affairs, famously pursuing a policy of "Splendid Isolation". Among the important events of his premierships was the Partition of Africa, culminating in the Fashoda Crisis and the Second Boer War. At home he sought to "fight Home Rule with kindness" by launching a land reform programme which helped hundreds of thousands of Irish peasants gain land ownership^{[citation needed]}.

On 11 July 1902, in failing health and broken hearted over the death of his wife, Salisbury resigned. He was succeeded by his nephew, Arthur James Balfour. Salisbury was offered a dukedom by Queen Victoria in 1886 and 1892, but declined both offers, citing the prohibitive cost of the lifestyle dukes were expected to maintain.

When Salisbury died his estate was probated at 310,336 pounds sterling. In 1900 Salisbury was worth £6.56 million, about £374 million in 2005.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Salisbury is seen as an icon of traditional, aristocratic conservatism. The academic quarterly Salisbury Review was named in his honour upon its founding in 1982.

Clement Attlee (Labour Party Prime Minister, 1945-1951) believed Salisbury to be the best Prime Minister of his lifetime.^[3]

After the Bering Sea Arbitration, Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Sparrow David Thompson said of Lord Salisbury's acceptance of the Arbitration Treaty that it was "one of the worst acts of what I regard as a very stupid and worthless life."^[4]

In 1886, Salisbury remarked that the British public would not accept a "black man", such as the Indian Dadabhai Naoroji as an MP^{[citation needed]}.

The British phrase 'Bob's your uncle' is thought to have derived from Robert Cecil's appointment of his nephew, Arthur Balfour, as Minister for Ireland .

Family

Lord Salisbury was the second son of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, a minor Conservative politician. In 1857, he defied his father and married Georgina Alderson. She was the daughter of Sir Edward Alderson, a moderately notable jurist and so of much lower social standing than the Cecils. The marriage proved a happy one. Robert and Georgina had eight children, all but one of whom survived infancy.

• Lady Beatrix Cecil († 27 April 1950), married the 2nd Earl of Selborne
• Lady Gwendolen Cecil († 28 September 1945), author, and biographer of her father; she never married.
• Lady Fanny Cecil († 24 April 1867), died as an infant
• James, Viscount Cranborne (23 October 1861–4 April 1947), later 4th Marquess of Salisbury
• Lord William Cecil (9 March 1863–23 June 1936)
• Lord Robert Cecil (14 September 1864–24 November 1958), later 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
• Lord Edward Cecil (12 July 1867–13 December 1918)
• Lord Hugh Cecil (14 October 1869–10 December 1956), later 1st Baron Quickswood

Lord Salisbury

Beliefs

Salisbury believed the role of government was to maintain and extend individual freedom, and to avoid interfering in social and economic affairs. He also advocated self help: 'No men ever rise to any permanent improvement in their condition of body or of mind except by relying upon their own personal efforts'.

Lord Salisbury's First Government, July 1885–February 1886

• Lord Salisbury – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Lords
• Lord Iddesleigh – First Lord of the Treasury
• Lord Halsbury – Lord Chancellor
• Lord Cranbrook – Lord President of the Council
• Lord Harrowby – Lord Privy Seal
• Sir Richard Cross – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Sir Frederick Stanley – Secretary of State for the Colonies
• William Henry Smith – Secretary of State for War
• Lord Randolph Churchill – Secretary of State for India
• Lord George Hamilton – First Lord of the Admiralty
• Sir Michael Hicks Beach – Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons
• The Duke of Richmond – President of the Board of Trade
• Lord John Manners – Postmaster-General
• Lord Carnarvon – Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
• Lord Ashbourne – Lord Chancellor of Ireland
• Edward Stanhope – Vice President of the Council

Changes

• August 1885 – The Duke of Richmond becomes Secretary for Scotland. Edward Stanhope succeeds him at the Board of Trade. Stanhope's successor as Vice President of the Council is not in the Cabinet.
• January, 1886 – The Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland is put into commission. William Henry Smith becomes Chief Secretary for Ireland. Lord Cranbrook succeeds him as Secretary for War, while remaining Lord President.

Lord Salisbury's Second Government, August 1886–August 1892

• Lord Salisbury – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
• Lord Halsbury – Lord Chancellor
• Lord Cranbrook – Lord President of the Council
• Lord Cadogan – Lord Privy Seal
• Henry Matthews – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Lord Iddesleigh – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
• Edward Stanhope – Secretary of State for the Colonies
• William Henry Smith – Secretary of State for War
• Lord Cross – Secretary of State for India
• Lord George Hamilton – First Lord of the Admiralty
• Lord Randolph Churchill – Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Stanley of Preston – President of the Board of Trade
• Lord John Manners – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Sir Michael Hicks Beach – Chief Secretary for Ireland
• Arthur James Balfour – Secretary for Scotland

Cabinet after the reorganisation of January 1887

• Lord Salisbury – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Lords
• William Henry Smith – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Halsbury – Lord Chancellor
• Lord Cranbrook – Lord President of the Council
• Lord Cadogan – Lord Privy Seal
• Henry Matthews – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Sir Henry Holland – Secretary of State for the Colonies
• Edward Stanhope – Secretary of State for War
• Lord Cross – Secretary of State for India
• Lord George Hamilton – First Lord of the Admiralty
• George Goschen – Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Lord Stanley of Preston – President of the Board of Trade
• Lord John Manners – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Arthur James Balfour – Chief Secretary for Ireland
• Charles Thomson Ritchie – President of the Local Government Board
• Sir Michael Hicks Beach – Minister without Portfolio

Further Changes

• February 1888 – Sir Michael Hicks Beach succeeds Lord Stanley of Preston as President of the Board of Trade
• 1889 – Henry Chaplin enters the Cabinet as President of the Board of Agriculture.
• October 1891 – Arthur James Balfour succeeds William Henry Smith (deceased) as First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons. William Lawies Jackson succeeds him as Irish Secretary.

Lord Salisbury's Third Government, June 1895–July 1902

• Lord Salisbury – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Leader of the House of Lords
• Arthur James Balfour – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Halsbury – Lord Chancellor
• The Duke of Devonshire – Lord President of the Council
• Lord Cross – Lord Privy Seal
• Sir Matthew White Ridley – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Joseph Chamberlain – Secretary of State for the Colonies
• Lord Lansdowne – Secretary of State for War
• Lord George Hamilton – Secretary of State for India
• George Joachim Goschen – First Lord of the Admiralty
• Sir Michael Hicks Beach – Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Charles Thomson Ritchie – President of the Board of Trade
• Henry Chaplin – President of the Local Government Board
• Lord James of Hereford – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Aretas Akers-Douglas – First Commissioner of Works
• Lord Cadogan – Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
• Lord Ashbourne – Lord Chancellor of Ireland
• Lord Balfour of Burleigh – Secretary for Scotland
• Walter Hume Long – President of the Board of Agriculture

Changes

November 1900 – Complete reorganisation of the ministry:

• Lord Salisbury – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
• Arthur James Balfour – First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Halsbury – Lord Chancellor
• The Duke of Devonshire – Lord President of the Council
• Charles Thomson Ritchie – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• Lord Lansdowne – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
• Joseph Chamberlain – Secretary of State for the Colonies
• William St John Brodrick – Secretary of State for War
• Lord George Hamilton – Secretary of State for India
• Lord Selborne – First Lord of the Admiralty
• Sir Michael Hicks Beach – Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Gerald William Balfour – President of the Board of Trade
• Walter Hume Long – President of the Local Government Board
• Lord James of Hereford – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Aretas Akers-Douglas – First Commissioner of Works
• Lord Cadogan – Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland
• Lord Ashbourne – Lord Chancellor of Ireland
• Lord Balfour of Burleigh – Secretary for Scotland
• Robert William Hanbury – President of the Board of Agriculture

Notes

1. ^ Andrew Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan (Phoenix, 2000), p. 501.
2. ^ Ibid, p. 540.
3. ^ Ibid, p. 836.
4. ^ Public Archives of Canada, Gowan Papers, M-1900, Thompson to Gowan, 20 Sept. 1893

Further reading

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

• A. L. Kennedy, Salisbury 1830-1903: Portrait of a Statesman (1953)
• Andrew Roberts Salisbury: Victorian Titan (1999)

External links

• Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury on the Downing street website.
• Archival material relating to Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury listed at the UK National Register of Archives
• SalisburyReview.co.uk

Political offices
Preceded by The Earl of Ripon	Secretary of State for India 1866 – 1867	Succeeded by Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt
Preceded by The Duke of Argyll	Secretary of State for India 1874 – 1878	Succeeded by The Viscount Cranbrook
Preceded by The Earl of Derby	Foreign Secretary 1878 – 1880	Succeeded by The Earl Granville
Preceded by The Earl of Beaconsfield	Leader of the Opposition 1881 – 1885	Succeeded by William Ewart Gladstone
Preceded by William Ewart Gladstone	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 23 June 1885 – 28 January 1886
Preceded by The Earl Granville	Foreign Secretary 1885 – 1886	Succeeded by The Earl of Rosebery
	Leader of the House of Lords 1885 – 1886	Succeeded by The Earl Granville
Preceded by William Ewart Gladstone	Leader of the Opposition 1886	Succeeded by William Ewart Gladstone
	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 25 July 1886 – 11 August 1892
	First Lord of the Treasury 1886 – 1887	Succeeded by W.H. Smith
Preceded by The Earl Granville	Leader of the House of Lords 1886 – 1892	Succeeded by The Earl of Kimberley
Preceded by The Earl of Iddesleigh	Foreign Secretary 1887 – 1892	Succeeded by The Earl of Rosebery
Preceded by William Ewart Gladstone	Leader of the Opposition 1892 – 1895
Preceded by The Earl of Rosebery	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 25 June 1895 – 11 July 1902	Succeeded by Arthur Balfour
Preceded by The Earl of Kimberley	Foreign Secretary 1895 – 1900	Succeeded by The Marquess of Lansdowne
Preceded by The Earl of Rosebery	Leader of the House of Lords 1895 – 1902	Succeeded by The Duke of Devonshire
Preceded by The Viscount Cross	Lord Privy Seal 1900 – 1902	Succeeded by Arthur Balfour
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by John Herries Frederic Thesiger	Member of Parliament for Stamford 1853 – 1868 With: Frederic Thesiger 1853–1858 John Inglis 1858 Sir Stafford Northcote 1858–1866 Sir John Dalrymple Hay, Bt 1866–1868	Succeeded by Sir John Dalrymple Hay, Bt Viscount Ingestre
Party political offices
Preceded by The Earl of Beaconsfield	Conservative Leader in the Lords 1881 – 1902	Succeeded by The Duke of Devonshire
	Leader of the British Conservative Party 1881 – 1902 with Sir Stafford Northcote, Bt (1881–1885)	Succeeded by Arthur Balfour
Academic offices
Preceded by The Earl of Derby	Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1869 – 1903	Succeeded by The Viscount Goschen
Honorary titles
Preceded by The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava	Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1895 – 1903	Succeeded by The Lord Curzon of Kedleston
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by James Gascoyne-Cecil	Marquess of Salisbury 1868 – 1903	Succeeded by James Gascoyne-Cecil

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