root

View more Science videos

(click to enlarge)
Structure of a root. The apical meristem is an area of actively dividing cells that forms all the (credit: © Merriam-Webster Inc.)

In botany, the underground anchoring part of a plant. It grows downward in response to gravity, absorbs water and dissolved minerals, and stores reserve food. Primary root systems have a deep sturdy taproot (in gymnosperms and dicots; cotyledon) plus secondary or lateral smaller roots, and root hairs. Grasses and other monocots produce a shallow diffuse mass of fibrous secondary roots. Additional support (e.g., in corn and orchids) comes from stem offshoots called adventitious, or prop, roots. Fleshy roots that store food may be modified taproots (e.g., carrots, turnips, and beets) or modified adventitious roots (e.g. cassava). Tubers such as the potato are modified, fleshy, underground stems, or rhizomes. Aerial roots arise from the stem and either pass for some distance through the air before reaching the soil or remain hanging in the air.

For more information on root, visit Britannica.com.

The absorbing and anchoring organ of vascular plants. Roots are simple axial organs that produce lateral roots, and sometimes buds, but bear neither leaves nor flowers. Elongation occurs in the root tip. The older portion of the root, behind the root tip, may thicken through cambial activity. Some roots, grass for example, scarcely thicken, but tree roots can become 4 in. (10 cm) or more in diameter near the stem. Roots may be very long. The longest maple (Acer) roots are usually as long as the tree is tall, but the majority of roots are only a few inches long. The longest roots may live for many years, while small roots may live for only a few weeks or months.

Root tips and the root hairs on their surface take up water and minerals from the soil. They also synthesize amino acids and growth regulators (gibberellins and cytokinins). These materials move up through the woody, basal portion of the root to the stem. The thickened, basal portion of the root anchors the plant in the soil. Thickened roots, such as carrots, can store food that is later used in stem growth. See also Gibberellin.

Roots usually grow in soil where: it is not too dense to stop root tip elongation; there is enough water and oxygen for root growth; and temperatures are high enough (above 39°F or 4°C) to permit root growth, but not so high that the roots are killed (above 104°F or 40°C). In temperate zones most roots are in the uppermost 4 in. (10 cm) of the soil; root numbers decrease so rapidly with increasing depth that few roots are found more than 6 ft (2 m) below the surface. Roots grow deeper in areas where the soil is hot and dry; roots from desert shrubs have been found in mines more than 230 ft (70 m) below the surface. In swamps with high water tables the lack of oxygen restricts roots to the uppermost soil layers. Roots may also grow in the air. Poison ivy vines form many small aerial roots that anchor them to bark or other surfaces.

The primary root originates in the seed as part of the embryo, normally being the first organ to grow. It grows downward into the soil and produces lateral second-order roots that emerge at right angles behind the root tip. Sometimes it persists and thickens to form a taproot. The second-order laterals produce third-order laterals and so on until there are millions of roots in a mature tree root system. In contrast to the primary root, most lateral roots grow horizontally or even upward. In many plants a few horizontal lateral roots thicken more than the primary, so no taproot is present in the mature root system.

Adventitious roots originate from stems or leaves rather than the embryo or other roots. They may form at the base of cut stems, as seen in the horticultural practice of rooting cuttings.

noun

1. The most central and material part: core, essence, gist, heart, kernel, marrow, meat, nub, pith, quintessence, soul, spirit, stuff, substance. Law gravamen. See be.
2. A fundamental principle or underlying concept: base¹, basis, cornerstone, foundation, fundament, fundamental, rudiment (often used in plural). See over/under.
3. A point of origination: beginning, derivation, fount, fountain, fountainhead, mother, origin, parent, provenance, provenience, rootstock, source, spring, well¹. See start/end.
4. A point of origin from which ideas or influences, for example, originate: bottom, center, core, focus, heart, hub, quick. See start/end.
5. The main part of a word to which affixes are attached: base¹, stem, theme. See words.

verb

1. To implant so deeply as to make change nearly impossible: embed, entrench, fasten, fix, infix, ingrain, lodge. See move/halt.
2. To provide a basis for: base¹, build, establish, found, ground, predicate, rest¹, underpin. See over/under.
3. To destroy all traces of. abolish, annihilate, blot out, clear, eradicate, erase, exterminate, extinguish, extirpate, kill¹, liquidate, obliterate, remove, rub out, snuff out, stamp out, uproot, wipe out. Idioms: do away with, make an end of, put an end to. See help/harm/harmless, make/unmake.

verb

To express approval, especially by clapping: applaud, cheer, clap. Idioms: give someone a hand. See praise/blame.

Idioms beginning with root:
root and branch
rooted to the spot
root for
root of the matter
root out

See also put down roots; take root.

Definition: base, core
Antonyms: derivation, derivative, sprout

v

Definition: dig and search
Antonyms: cover, plant

1. [Unix] The superuser account (with user name ‘root’) that ignores permission bits, user number 0 on a Unix system. The term avatar is also used.

2. The top node of the system directory structure; historically the home directory of the root user, but probably named after the root of an (inverted) tree.

3. By extension, the privileged system-maintenance login on any OS. See root mode, go root, see also wheel.

That portion of a tenon in the plane of the shoulders.

The part of a tooth below the gum. The root anchors the tooth to the jawbone.

The underground portion of a plant that serves to anchor it and to absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

The significance of roots in a dream lies in the unconscious mind. As a metaphor, roots reaching deep into the earth symbolize delving into the depths of the self, expressing the potentials of the soul. Roots erupting from the earth expose these talents to the world. Roots can also symbolize the concept of origin, as in the expressions "their roots go back quite a ways," "their family has strong roots," and "the root word."

In biology, the part of a plant that grows downward and holds the plant in place, absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and often stores food. The main root of a plant is called the primary root; others are called secondary roots. The hard tip is called the root cap, which protects the growing cells behind it. Root hairs increase the root's absorbing surface.

• Mouth and Teeth - root: part of tooth embedded in and attached to gum
• Botany and Plant Parts - root: underground part of plant that functions in absorption, aeration, food storage, and as support system
• Quantities, Relationships, and Operations - root: quantity that when multiplied by itself a certain number of times produces a given quantity; square root or cube root
• Airframe and Engines - root: inboard end of wing where it joins fuselage
• Harmony, Melody, and Structure - root: tone on which a chord is built; fundamental
• Plants and Plant Parts - root: underground part of plant that functions in absorption, aeration, food storage, and as support system
• Linguistics and Writing Systems - root: morpheme that is the basic element of a word, underlying inflected or derived forms
• Anatomy and Physiology of Sex - root: Vulgar slang. penis

This article is about the part of a plant. For other uses, see Root (disambiguation).

Primary and secondary roots in a cotton plant

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial (growing above the ground) or aerating (growing up above the ground or especially above water). Furthermore, a stem normally occurring below ground is not exceptional either (see rhizome). So, it is better to define root as a part of a plant body that bears no leaves, and therefore also lacks nodes. There are also important internal structural differences between stems and roots.

The first root that comes from a plant is called the radicle. The four major functions of roots are 1) absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, 2) anchoring of the plant body to the ground, and supporting it, 3) storage of food and nutrients, 4) vegetative reproduction. In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots also synthesise cytokinin, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots can grow. Roots often function in storage of food and nutrients. The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain fungi to form mycorrhizas, and a large range of other organisms including bacteria also closely associate with roots.

Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Root growth 3 Types of roots 3.1 Specialized roots 4 Rooting depths 5 Rooting depth records 6 Root architecture 7 Evolutionary history 8 Economic importance 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links

Anatomy

When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is root hair, epidermis, epiblem, cortex, endodermis, pericycle and lastly the vascular tissue in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant.

Root growth

Early root growth is one of the functions of the apical meristem located near the tip of the root. The meristem cells more or less continuously divide, producing more meristem, root cap cells (these are sacrificed to protect the meristem), and undifferentiated root cells. The latter become the primary tissues of the root, first undergoing elongation, a process that pushes the root tip forward in the growing medium. Gradually these cells differentiate and mature into specialized cells of the root tissues.

Roots will generally grow in any direction where the correct environment of air, mineral nutrients and water exists to meet the plant's needs. Roots will not grow in dry soil. Over time, given the right conditions, roots can crack foundations, snap water lines, and lift sidewalks. At germination, roots grow downward due to gravitropism, the growth mechanism of plants that also causes the shoot to grow upward. In some plants (such as ivy), the "root" actually clings to walls and structures.

Growth from apical meristems is known as primary growth, which encompasses all elongation. Secondary growth encompasses all growth in diameter, a major component of woody plant tissues and many nonwoody plants. For example, storage roots of sweet potato have secondary growth but are not woody. Secondary growth occurs at the lateral meristems, namely the vascular cambium and cork cambium. The former forms secondary xylem and secondary phloem, while the latter forms the periderm.

In plants with secondary growth, the vascular cambium, originating between the xylem and the phloem, forms a cylinder of tissue along the stem and root. The vascular cambium forms new cells on both the inside and outside of the cambium cylinder, with those on the inside forming secondary xylem cells, and those on the outside forming secondary phloem cells. As secondary xylem accumulates, the "girth" (lateral dimensions) of the stem and root increases. As a result, tissues beyond the secondary phloem (including the epidermis and cortex, in many cases) tend to be pushed outward and are eventually "sloughed off" (shed).

At this point, the cork cambium begins to form the periderm, consisting of protective cork cells containing suberin. In roots, the cork cambium originates in the pericycle, a component of the vascular cylinder.

The vascular cambium produces new layers of secondary xylem annually. The xylem vessels are dead at maturity but are responsible for most water transport through the vascular tissue in stems and roots.

Types of roots

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

A true root system consists of a primary root and secondary roots (or lateral roots).

• the diffuse root system: the primary root is not dominant; the whole root system is fibrous and branches in all directions. Most common in monocots. The main function of the fibrous root is to anchor the plant.

Specialized roots

Aerating roots of a mangrove

The growing tip of a fine root

The stilt roots of Socratea exorrhiza

The roots, or parts of roots, of many plant species have become specialized to serve adaptive purposes besides the two primary functions described in the introduction.

• Adventitious roots arise out-of-sequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root, and instead originate from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots. They commonly occur in monocots and pteridophytes, but also in many dicots, such as clover (Trifolium), ivy (Hedera), strawberry (Fragaria) and willow (Salix). Most aerial roots and stilt roots are adventitious. In some conifers adventitious roots can form the largest part of the root system.
• Aerating roots (or knee root or knee or pneumatophores or Cypress knee): roots rising above the ground, especially above water such as in some mangrove genera (Avicennia, Sonneratia). In some plants like Avicennia the erect roots have a large number of breathing pores for exchange of gases.
• Aerial roots: roots entirely above the ground, such as in ivy (Hedera) or in epiphytic orchids. They function as prop roots, as in maize or anchor roots or as the trunk in strangler fig.
• Contractile roots: they pull bulbs or corms of monocots, such as hyacinth and lily, and some taproots, such as dandelion, deeper in the soil through expanding radially and contracting longitudinally. They have a wrinkled surface.
• Coarse roots: Roots that have undergone secondary thickening and have a woody structure. These roots have some ability to absorb water and nutrients, but their main function is transport and to provide a structure to connect the smaller diameter, fine roots to the rest of the plant.
• Fine roots: Primary roots usually <2 mm diameter that have the function of water and nutrient uptake. They are often heavily branched and support mycorrhizas. These roots may be short lived, but are replaced by the plant in an ongoing process of root 'turnover'.
• Haustorial roots: roots of parasitic plants that can absorb water and nutrients from another plant, such as in mistletoe (Viscum album) and dodder.
• Propagative roots: roots that form adventitious buds that develop into aboveground shoots, termed suckers, which form new plants, as in Canada thistle, cherry and many others.
• Proteoid roots or cluster roots: dense clusters of rootlets of limited growth that develop under low phosphate or low iron conditions in Proteaceae and some plants from the following families Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Moraceae, Fabaceae and Myricaceae.
• Stilt roots: these are adventitious support roots, common among mangroves. They grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil.
• Storage roots: these roots are modified for storage of food or water, such as carrots and beets. They include some taproots and tuberous roots.
• Structural roots: large roots that have undergone considerable secondary thickening and provide mechanical support to woody plants and trees.
• Surface roots: These proliferate close below the soil surface, exploiting water and easily available nutrients. Where conditions are close to optimum in the surface layers of soil, the growth of surface roots is encouraged and they commonly become the dominant roots.
• Tuberous roots: A portion of a root swells for food or water storage, e.g. sweet potato. A type of storage root distinct from taproot.

Rooting depths

Cross section of a mango tree

The distribution of vascular plant roots within soil depends on plant form, the spatial and temporal availability of water and nutrients, and the physical properties of the soil. The deepest roots are generally found in deserts and temperate coniferous forests; the shallowest in tundra, boreal forest and temperate grasslands. The deepest observed living root, at least 60 m below the ground surface, was observed during the excavation of an open-pit mine in Arizona, USA. Some roots can grow as deep as the tree is high. The majority of roots on most plants are however found relatively close to the surface where nutrient availability and aeration are more favourable for growth. Rooting depth may be physically restricted by rock or compacted soil close below the surface, or by anaerobic soil conditions.

Rooting depth records

Ficus Tree with very tall roots

Species	Location	Maximum rooting depth (m)	References[1][2]
Boscia albitrunca	Kalahari desert	68	Jennings (1974)
Juniperus monosperma	Colorado Plateau	61	Cannon (1960)
Eucalyptus sp.	Australian forest	61	Jennings (1971)
Acacia erioloba	Kalahari desert	60	Jennings (1974)
Prosopis juliflora	Arizona desert	53.3	Phillips (1963)

Root architecture

Tree roots at Cliffs of the Neuse State Park

The pattern of development of a root system is termed root architecture, and is important in providing a plant with a secure supply of nutrients and water as well as anchorage and support. The architecture of a root system can be considered in a similar way to above-ground architecture of a plant—i.e. in terms of the size, branching and distribution of the component parts. In roots, the architecture of fine roots and coarse roots can both be described by variation in topology and distribution of biomass within and between roots. Having a balanced architecture allows fine roots to exploit soil efficiently around a plant, but the plastic nature of root growth allows the plant to then concentrate its resources where nutrients and water are more easily available. A balanced coarse root architecture, with roots distributed relatively evenly around the stem base, is necessary to provide support to larger plants and trees.

Tree roots normally grow outward to about three times the branch spread. Only half of a tree's root system occurs between the trunk and the circumference of its canopy. Roots on one side of a tree normally supply the foliage on that same side of the tree. Thus when roots on one side of a tree are injured, the branches and leaves on that same side of the tree may die or wilt. For some trees however, such as the maple family, the effect of a root injury may show itself anywhere in the tree canopy.

Evolutionary history

Further information: Evolution of roots

The fossil record of roots – or rather, infilled voids where roots rotted after death – spans back to the late Silurian,^[3] but their identification is difficult, because casts and molds of roots are so similar in appearance to animal burrows – although they can be discriminated on the basis of a range of features.^[4]

Economic importance

Roots can also protect the environment by holding the soil to prevent soil erosion

The term root crops refers to any edible underground plant structure, but many root crops are actually stems, such as potato tubers. Edible roots include cassava, sweet potato, beet, carrot, rutabaga, turnip, parsnip, radish, yam and horseradish. Spices obtained from roots include sassafras, angelica, sarsaparilla and licorice.

Sugar beet is an important source of sugar. Yam roots are a source of estrogen compounds used in birth control pills. The fish poison and insecticide rotenone is obtained from roots of Lonchocarpus spp. Important medicines from roots are ginseng, aconite, ipecac, gentian and reserpine. Several legumes that have nitrogen-fixing root nodules are used as green manure crops, which provide nitrogen fertilizer for other crops when plowed under. Specialized bald cypress roots, termed knees, are sold as souvenirs, lamp bases and carved into folk art. Native Americans used the flexible roots of white spruce for basketry.

Tree roots can heave and destroy concrete sidewalks and crush or clog buried pipes. The aerial roots of strangler fig have damaged ancient Mayan temples in Central America and the temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia.

Vegetative propagation of plants via cuttings depends on adventitious root formation. Hundreds of millions of plants are propagated via cuttings annually including chrysanthemum, poinsettia, carnation, ornamental shrubs and many houseplants.

Roots can also protect the environment by holding the soil to prevent soil erosion. This is especially important in areas such as sand dunes.

Roots on onion bulbs

See also

• Rooting Powder
• Fibrous root system
• Mycorrhiza – root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant.
• Rhizosphere – region of soil around the root influenced by root secretions and microorganisms present
• Root cutting
• Stolon
• Taproot
• Drought rhizogenesis
• Cypress knee

Notes

1. ^ Canadell, J.; R. B. Jackson, J. B. Ehleringer, H. A. Mooney, O. E. Sala and E.-D. Schulze (December 3, 2004). "Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale". Oecologia 108 (4): 583–595. doi:10.1007/BF00329030. http://www.springerlink.com/content/mt5024gq08612853/. 
2. ^ Stonea, E. L.; P. J. Kaliszb (1 December 1991). "On the maximum extent of tree roots". Forest Ecology and Management 46 (1–2): 59–102. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(91)90245-Q. 
3. ^ Retallack, G. J. (1986). Wright, V. P.. ed. Paleosols: their Recognition and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell. 
4. ^ Hillier, R, Edwards, D;Other, A.N. (2008). "Sedimentological evidence for rooting structures in the Early Devonian Anglo–Welsh Basin (UK), with speculation on their producers". Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 270 (3–4): 366. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.038. 

References

• Dennis D.Baldocchi and Liukang Xu. 2007. What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands – The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere? Vol 30, issue 10. Elsevier
• Brundrett, M. C. 2002. Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants. New phytologist 154(2): 275–304. (Available online: DOI | Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF))
• Chen, R., E. Rosen, P. H. Masson. 1999. Gravitropism in Higher Plants. Plant Physiology 120 (2): 343–350. (Available online: Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF)) – article about how the roots sense gravity.
• Clark, Lynn. 2004. Primary Root Structure and Development – lecture notes
• Coutts, M. P. 1987. Developmental processes in tree root systems. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 761–767.
• Raven, J. A., D. Edwards. 2001. Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance. Journal of Experimental Botany 52 (Suppl 1): 381–401. (Available online: Abstract | Full text (HTML) | Full text (PDF))
• Schenk, H. J., and R. B. Jackson. 2002. The global biogeography of roots. Ecological Monographs 72 (3): 311–328.
• Sutton, R. F., and R. W. Tinus. 1983. Root and root system terminology. Forest Science Monograph 24 pp 137.
• Phillips, W. S. 1963. Depth of roots in soil. Ecology 44 (2): 424.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Roots

• Botany – University of Arkansas at Little Rock
• Time-lapse photography of root growth

v t e Botany Subdisciplines of botany Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant evo-devo Plant morphology Plant physiology Plants Evolutionary history of plants Algae Bryophyte Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant parts Flower Fruit Leaf Meristem Root Stem Stoma Vascular tissue Wood Plant cells Cell wall Chlorophyll Chloroplast Photosynthesis Plant hormone Plastid Transpiration Plant reproduction Alternation of generations Gametophyte Plant sexuality Pollen Pollination Seed Spore Sporophyte Plant taxonomy Botanical name Botanical nomenclature Herbarium IAPT ICN Species Plantarum Glossaries Glossary of botanical terms Glossary of plant morphology terms Category Portal

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Dansk (Danish)
1.
n. - rod, rodnet, rodklump, knold
v. tr. - plante, rodfæste, etablere, få til at slå rod
v. intr. - slå rod

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    rykke op med rode
• put down roots    slå rod, slå sig ned
• root and branch    grundigt, helt og aldeles
• root beer    sodavand (tilsat rodekstrakt)
• root canal    rodbehandling, rodkanal
• root crop    rodfrugter
• root directory    rodbibliotek, rodkatalog (edb)
• root out    opsnuse, rode frem, udrydde, rykke op med rode
• rooted to the spot    stå som fastnaglet, ikke kunne røre sig af stedet
• strike root    slå rod, etablere sig

2.
v. intr. - rode frem, opsnuse
v. tr. - opsnuse, rode frem
n. - snusen omkring

idioms:

• root about    snuse rundt, snuse omkring
• root around    snuse rundt, snuse omkring

3.
v. intr. - heppe

idioms:

• root for    heppe på

Nederlands (Dutch)
wortel, basis, kern, baseren, wortelen, wroeten, supporter zijn

Français (French)
1.
n. - (Bot, fig) racine, fond (du problème), origine (du problème), (Ling) racine, (Math) racine, racines (npl), (fig) racines (npl)
v. tr. - (Bot) faire prendre racine
v. intr. - (Bot) prendre racine

idioms:

• at root    à la racine
• pull up by the roots    déraciner, extirper
• put down roots    se créer de nouvelles racines
• root and branch    entièrement, radicalement
• root beer    boisson pétillante aux extraits de plantes
• root canal    (Dent) canal radiculaire
• root crop    plante à tubercules comestibles
• root directory    (Comput) répertoire racine
• root out    traquer, déloger (qn)
• rooted to the spot    être cloué sur place
• strike root    prendre racine
• take root    prendre racine

2.
v. intr. - fouiller (avec le groin) (un cochon)
v. tr. - trouver/extraire (qch) en fouillant, fouiller (la terre)
n. - fouille

idioms:

• root about    fouiller (dans)
• root around    fouiller (dans)

3.
v. intr. - encourager

idioms:

• root for    encourager
• root on    prendre racine sur

Deutsch (German)
1.
n. - Wurzel
v. - einwurzeln lassen

idioms:

• at root    (get) den Dingen auf den Grund kommen
• pull up by the roots    mit den Wurzeln ausreißen
• put down roots    Wurzeln schlagen
• root and branch    radikal
• root beer    Rootbeer
• root canal    Wurzelkanal
• root crop    Hackfrüchte
• root directory    Grundverzeichnis
• root out    zu Tage fördern
• rooted to the spot    wie angewurzelt
• strike root    Wurzeln schlagen
• take root    Wurzeln schlagen

2.
v. - wühlen, ausgraben
n. - Quadratwurzel

idioms:

• root about    herumwühlen
• root around    herumwühlen

3.
v. - zujubeln, ermuntern

idioms:

• root for    anfeuern
• root on    jmdn. anfeuern

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (φυτολ., μτφ.) ρίζα, φύτρα, αιτία, πηγή, ρίζα, (Η/Υ) κεντρικός κατάλογος, (πληθ.) (μτφ.) προέλευση, καταγωγή, ρίζες
v. - ριζώνω, ριζοβολώ, πιάνω ρίζες, (μτφ.) καθηλώνω, καρφώνω

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    ξεριζώνω
• put down roots    ριζώνω (σε τόπο κ.λπ.)
• root about    ψαχουλεύω, ψάχνω, ανασκαλεύω
• root and branch    ολοσχερώς, ολοκληρωτικά
• root around    ψαχουλεύω, ψάχνω, ανασκαλεύω
• root beer    (ΗΠΑ) ανθρακούχο ποτό από εκχύλισμα ριζών
• root canal    (ανατ., οδοντ.) σωλήνας ρίζας
• root crop    φυτά με βρώσιμες ρίζες
• root directory    (Η/Υ) κεντρικός κατάλογος
• root for    υποστηρίζω σθεναρά, ενθαρρύνω
• root out    εκριζώνω, ξεριζώνω
• rooted to the spot    κοκαλωμένος στον τόπο
• strike root    ριζώνω, πιάνω ρίζα

Italiano (Italian)
radici, origini, razzolare, attecchire, base, radice, origine, essenza, etimologia

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    sradicare
• put down roots    mettere radici
• root about    rovistare
• root and branch    radicale
• root around    rovistare
• root beer    bevanda frizzante estratta da radici
• root canal    canale radicolare di dente
• root crop    radice commestibile
• root for    fare il tifo per
• root out    scovare
• rooted to the spot    inchiodato sul posto
• strike root    mettere radici

Português (Portuguese)
n. - raiz (f), origem (f), essência (f)
v. - enraizar, estabelecer-se

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    se mudar de um lugar onde se vive há muito tempo
• put down roots    fincar o pé (coloq.)
• root about    remexer, procurar
• root and branch    radicalmente
• root around    caçar
• root beer    bebida não alcóolica, feita de raízes
• root canal    tratamento de canal (Odont.)
• root crop    semente que nasce da sua própria raiz
• root for    congratular-se com alguém
• root out    descobrir
• rooted to the spot    não se mover
• strike root    instalar-se

Русский (Russian)
рыться, копаться, укореняться, корень, причина, суть

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    искоренить, вырвать с корнем
• put down roots    укорениться
• root about    рыться, копаться
• root and branch    (разрушить) до основания
• root around    рыться, копаться
• root beer    шипучий корнеплодный напиток
• root canal    корневой канал зуба
• root crop    съедобные корни
• root for    подбадривать, поощрять
• root out    искоренять
• rooted to the spot    стоять как вкопанный
• strike root    укорениться

Español (Spanish)
1.
n. - raíz, fundamento, base, origen
v. tr. - arraigar, echar raíces
v. intr. - echar raíces, arraigarse

idioms:

• at root    fundamentalmente
• pull up by the roots    arrancar de raíz, extirpar
• put down roots    radicarse, establecerse
• root and branch    de raíz, completamente, radicalmente
• root beer    cerveza de raíces
• root canal    conducto dentario
• root crop    raíces alimentarias
• root directory    directorio raíz, directorio madre, directorio principal, directorio base
• root out    cortar de raíz, erradicar, extirpar
• rooted to the spot    paralizar o dejar inmovilizado
• strike root    echar raíces, arraigar
• take root    echar raíces, arraigar

2.
v. intr. - hocicar, hurgar
v. tr. - encontrar o extraer algo hurgando
n. - hurgamiento, búsqueda

idioms:

• root about    hurgar, andar buscando
• root around    hurgar, andar buscando

3.
v. intr. - aclamar

idioms:

• root for    animar, alentar, cinchar por, hacerle barra a
• root on    alentar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - rot, (mat) rot, (språkv) rot
v. - slå rot, nagla fast

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
1. 根, 根菜类, 地下茎, 根部, 生根, 根源在于, 来源于, 固定, 使生根, 使固定, 使扎根, 根除

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    根除, 连根拔
• put down roots    定居下来开始新的生活
• root about    翻来拣去
• root and branch    彻底地, 全部地
• root around    搜寻, 翻来拣去
• root beer    用植物根部作香料的汽水, 麦根沙士
• root canal    牙齿的根管
• root crop    块根农作物
• root directory    根目录
• root for    支持, 赞助
• root out    彻底根除
• rooted to the spot    根深蒂固
• strike root    长出根来

2. 用鼻拱翻, 搜寻, 用鼻拱土, 翻找

3. 打气, 声援, 喝彩

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
1.
v. tr. - 用鼻拱翻, 搜尋
v. intr. - 用鼻拱土, 搜尋, 翻找

2.
v. intr. - 打氣, 聲援, 喝彩

3.
n. - 根, 根菜類, 地下莖, 根部
v. intr. - 生根, 根源在於, 來源於, 固定
v. tr. - 使生根, 使固定, 使紮根, 根除

idioms:

• pull up by the roots    根除, 連根拔
• put down roots    定居下來開始新的生活
• root about    翻來揀去
• root and branch    徹底地, 全部地
• root around    搜尋, 翻來揀去
• root beer    用植物根部作香料的汽水, 麥根沙士
• root canal    牙齒的根管
• root crop    塊根農作物
• root directory    根目錄
• root for    支持, 贊助
• root out    徹底根除
• rooted to the spot    根深蒂固
• strike root    長出根來

한국어 (Korean)
1.
n. - 뿌리, 원인, 근원
v. tr. - 뿌리박게 하다, 뿌리째 없애다
v. intr. - 뿌리박다, 정착하다

idioms:

• put down roots    뿌리를 내리다
• root out    뿌리뽑다, 근절하다

2.
v. intr. - 코로 땅을 파서 먹을 것을 찾다, 찾아내다
v. tr. - 코로 파헤치며 먹을 것을 찾다, 헤집어 찾다
n. - 먹을 것을 찾음

idioms:

• root about    ~을 위해 뒤적이다
• root around    사방을 뒤적이다

3.
v. intr. - 응원하다, 성원하다

idioms:

• root for    응원하다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 根, 地下茎, 根元, よりどころ, 根源, 根本, 原因, 原形, 先祖, 根底
v. - 根付かせる, 定着させる, 鼻先で掘り返す, ひっかき回して捜す, 声援を送る, 根をおろす

idioms:

• put down roots    居を構える
• root about    地面を鼻で掘る
• root and branch    完全に
• root around    地面を鼻で掘る
• root beer    ルートビア
• root canal    根管
• root crop    需根作物
• root for    探して引っかき回す
• root out    根絶する

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) جذر, أصل مصدر, لب (فعل) يتجذر, يثبت في مكان, ينقب, يشجع أو يناصر متباريا‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮יסוד, בסיס, מקור, שורש, פעילות מינית, צמח ששורשו ראוי למאכל‬
v. tr. - ‮השריש, שתל, ריתק, איבן‬
v. intr. - ‮השריש, היכה שורש, השתרש‬
v. intr. - ‮נבר, חיטט‬
v. tr. - ‮מצא או עקר משהו תוך כדי חיטוט‬
n. - ‮נבירה, חיטוט‬
v. intr. - ‮עודד, הריע‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.