The Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the Ringnecked Parakeet, is a gregarious tropical parakeet species that is popular as a pet. Its scientific name commemorates the Austrian naturalist Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer.[1]
This non-migrating species is one of few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in 'disturbed habitats', and in that way withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation. In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call.
As is the case with all Psittacula (Afro-Asian Ringnecked Parakeet) species, the Rose-ringed Parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male sports a black neck-ring and pink nape-band while the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck-rings and light (lighter coloured than surroundings) nape-bands.
Phylogeny and distribution
Four subspecies are recognized, though they do not differ much:
(P. krameri krameri): African-ringnecked (aka ARN) Parakeet : West Africa in Guinea, Senegal and southern Mauritania, east to Western Uganda and Southern Sudan.
(P. krameri parvirostris): Abyssinian-ringnecked (aka Aby-RN) Parakeet : Northwest Somalia, west across northern Ethiopia to Sennar district, Sudan.
(P. krameri manillensis): Indian-ringnecked (aka IRN) Parakeet : Originates from the southern Indian subcontinent; and has feral and/or naturalized populations worldwide. In Australia, Great Britain (mainly around London), the United States, and other western countries, it is often referred to as the Indian Ring-Necked Parakeet/Parrot.
(P. krameri borealis): boreal or Neumann's ringnecked (aka BRN) Parakeet :Bangladesh,Pakistan, northern India and Nepal to central Burma; introduced populations worldwide in localities.
A phylogenetic analysis using DNA (see Psittacula) showed that the Mauritius Parakeet (Psittacula echo) is closely related to this species, and probably needs to be placed between the African and Asian subspecies. Consequently, this species is paraphyletic.
Diet
In the wild, Rose-ringed Parakeets usually feed on buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, berries and seeds. Wild flocks also fly several miles to forage in farmlands and orchards causing extensive damage. They have been found to feed extensively on pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) during winter in India.[2] They also breed during winter unlike most other South Asian birds.[3]
Size
Rose-ringed Parakeets measure on average 40 cm (16 inches) long including the tail feathers. Its average single wing length is about 15–17.5 cm (6-7 inches). The tail accounts for a large portion of their total length. African ssp. are slender in bodies but usually display longer tail feathers (more so in mature male specimens) than Asian ssp. which are typically stockier in bodies. The former usually display darker (brownish-red) upper mandibles while the latter always display bright-red upper-mandibles.
Aviculture
Rose-ringed Parakeets are popular as pets and they have a long history in aviculture. The ancient Greeks kept the Indian subspecies P. krameri manillensis, and the ancient Romans kept the African subspecies P. krameri krameri. Colour mutations of the Indian-ringnecked Parakeet subspecies have become widely available in recent years.[4]
Mimicry
The male of this species has the ability to mimic human speech. First it listens to its surroundings and then it copies the voice of the human speaker. Some people hand-raise Rose-ringed Parakeet chicks for this purpose. Such parrots then become quite tame and receptive to learning. They can also show emotions similar to human beings[citation needed] and adjust easily to family life.
Examples of Indian-ringnecked Parakeet colour mutations in aviculture
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Female is a Parblue Grey and the male is a Parblue Pallid (uncommon mutations).
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Female is Lutino, male is Cinnamon Parblue (both juveniles).
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Feral birds
A feral male in Richmond Park,
London
The Rose-ringed Parakeet has established feral populations in India, a number of European cities, South Africa and Japan. There are also apparently stable populations in the USA (Florida, California and Hawaii) and a small self-sustaining population in Tehran, Iran (concentrated in the north side of the city). They are also found almost throughout Lebanon, Israel, UAE and Oman. There are a small number of escaped birds in Australia.
The European populations became established during the mid to late 20th Century from introduced and escaped birds. There are two main population centres in Britain: the largest is based around south London, where it can be regularly seen in places such as Battersea Park, Richmond Park, Esher and Berkshire, and by 2005 consisted of many thousands of birds, known as the Kingston parakeets. The winter of 2006 saw three separate roosts of circa 6000 birds around London[5] A smaller population occurs around Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate, Kent. Elsewhere in Britain, smaller feral populations have established from time to time (e.g., at Studland, Dorset, Kensington Gardens, and South Manchester). It has been suggested that feral parrots could endanger populations of native British birds, and that the Rose-ringed Parakeet could even be culled as a result.[6][7]
In the Netherlands, the feral population in the four largest urban areas (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague) has been estimated at more than 10,000 birds, more than double the number of birds estimated in 2004.[8] The also exists a feral population in Belgium, with as many as 5,000 paris estimated in Brussels.[9] These originate from an original population that was set free in 1987 when the Meli Zoo and Attraction Park near the Atomium was closed to make way for the Brupark. In Germany, these birds are found along the Rhine in all major urban areas like Cologne and Heidelberg, Wiesbaden and in the northeast of Hamburg. Other populations are found around Paris, Amsterdam and in Barcelona.
The specimens in these naturalized populations often represent intra-specific hybrids, originally between varying numbers - according to locality - of the subspecies manillensis, borealis, and/or (to a lesser extent) krameri along with[verification needed] some inter-specific hybrids with naturalized Psittacula eupatria (Alexandrine Parakeet).
However, in some parts of South Asia - from where the Rose-ringed Parakeets originated, populations of these birds are decreasing due to trapping for the pet trade. Despite some people's attempts to revive their population by freeing these birds from local markets, the Rose-ringed Parakeet's population has dropped drastically in many areas of the Indian subcontinent.
References
- ^ Jobling, James A (1991). A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. OUP. ISBN 0 19 854634 3.
- ^ Sailaja, R., Kotak, V.C., Sharp, P.J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. 1988 Environmental, dietary, and hormonal factors in the regulation of seasonal breeding in free-living female Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4), pp. 518-527
- ^ Krishnaprasadan, T.N., Kotak, V.C., Sharp, P.J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. (1988) Environmental and hormonal factors in seasonal breeding in free-living male Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4):488-496
- ^ Alderton, David (2003). The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and aviary birds. London, England: Hermes House. pp. 189–190. ISBN 184309164X.
- ^ London Bird Report 2006. London Natural History Society. 2006. p. 93. ISBN 0 901009 22 9.
- ^ "Parakeet 'threat' to native birds". BBC. 22 March 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6478815.stm.
- ^ "How do parakeets survive in the UK?". BBC. 22 March 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6478911.stm.
- ^ Aantal halsbandparkieten in Nederland verdubbeld
- ^ Halsbandparkieten
External links
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