Rossby wave

Rossby (or planetary) waves are giant meanders in high-altitude winds that are a major influence on weather. Their emergence is due to shear in rotating fluids, so that the Coriolis force changes along the sheared coordinate. In planetary atmospheres, they are due to the variation in the Coriolis effect with latitude. The waves were first identified in the Earth's atmosphere in 1939 by Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby who went on to explain their motion. Rossby waves are a subset of inertial waves.

Terrestrial waves

Most work on Rossby waves has been done on those in Earth's atmosphere.

The special identifying feature of the Rossby waves is its phase velocity (that of the wave crests) always has a westward component. However, the wave's group velocity (associated with the energy flux) can be in any direction. In general: shorter waves have an eastward group velocity and long waves a westward group velocity.

The terms "barotropic" and "baroclinic" Rossby waves are used to distinguish their vertical structure. Barotropic Rossby waves do not vary in the vertical, and have the fastest propagation speeds. The baroclinic wave modes are slower, with speeds of only a few centimetres per second or less.

Atmospheric waves

Meanders of the northern hemisphere's jet stream developing (a, b) and finally detaching a "drop" of cold air (c). Orange: warmer masses of air; pink: jet stream.

Rossby waves in the atmosphere are easy to observe as (usually 4-6) large-scale meanders of the jet stream. When these loops become very pronounced, they detach the masses of cold, or warm, air that become cyclones and anticyclones and are responsible for day-to-day weather patterns at mid-latitudes.

The wave speed is given by

where c is the wave speed, u is the mean westerly flow, β is the Rossby parameter, and k is the total wavenumber.

Furthermore, the Rossby parameter is defined:

φ is the latitude, ω is the angular speed of the Earth's rotation, and a is the mean radius of the Earth.

Oceanic waves

Oceanic Rossby waves are thought to communicate climatic changes due to variability in forcing, due to both the wind and buoyancy. Both barotropic and baroclinic waves cause variations of the sea surface height, although the length of the waves made them difficult to detect until the advent of satellite altimetry. Observations by the NASA/CNES TOPEX/Poseidon satellite confirmed the existence of oceanic Rossby waves.^[1]

Baroclinic waves also generate significant displacements of the oceanic thermocline, often of tens of meters. Satellite observations have revealed the stately progression of Rossby waves across all the ocean basins, particularly at low- and mid-latitudes. These waves can take months or even years to cross a basin like the Pacific.

Rossby waves have been suggested as an important mechanism to account for the heating of Europa's ocean.^[2]

Bibliography

• Rossby, Carl-Gustaf et al. (1939), Relation between variations in the intensity of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere and the displacements of the semi-permanent centers of action, Journal of Marine Research, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 38-55
• Platzman, George W. (1968) The Rossby wave, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, No. 401, pp. 225-248
• Dickinson, Robert E. (1978) Rossby waves - long-period oscillations of oceans and atmospheres, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 10, pp. 159-195

References

See also

• Atmospheric wave
• Harmonic waves
• Kelvin wave

External links

• Rossby Waves, from the American Meteorological Society
• An introduction to oceanic Rossby waves and their study with satellite data