Rowlatt Act
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Rowlatt Act
(1919) Legislation introduced by the British colonial government in India. It was based upon the recommendation of a committee chaired by Mr Justice Rowlatt, which introduced emergency powers for the authorities similar to those used during World War I. The Act was considered a necessary prelude to ensure public calm for the introduction of the 1919 Government of India Act. However, it aroused strong opposition throughout India, and directly led to the popular protests that triggered the Amritsar Massacre. Thus, it virtually destroyed any positive impact the subsequent introduction of some self-government through dyarchy might have had, and instead gave the nationalist movement a significant boost. It united Congress behind M. K. Gandhi's leadership, as well as his satyagraha campaigns of civil disobedience.
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Rowlatt Act
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Rowlatt Act
The Rowlatt act passed by the British in colonial India in March 1919, indefinitely extending "emergency measures" (of the Defence of India Regulations Act) enacted during the First World War in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy. Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, named for its president, British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt, this act effectively authorized the government to imprison for a maximum period of two years, without trial, any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj. The Rowlatt Act gave British imperial authorities power to deal with revolutionary activities.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, among other Indian leaders, was extremely critical of the Act and argued that not everyone should get punishment in response to isolated political crimes. The Act annoyed many Indian leaders and the public, which caused the government to implement repressive measures. Gandhi and others found that constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on April 6, a "hartal" was organized where Indians would suspend all business and fast as a sign of their hatred for the legislation. This event is known as the Rowlatt satyagraha.
However, the success of the hartal in Delhi, on 30 March, was overshadowed by tensions running high, which resulted in rioting in the Punjab and other provinces. Deciding that Indians were not ready to make a stand consistent with the principle of ahimsa (non-violence), an integral part of satyagraha, Gandhi suspended the resistance.
The Rowlatt Act came into effect in March 1919. In the Punjab the protest movement was very strong, and on April 10, two outstanding leaders of the congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, were arrested and taken to an unknown place.
A protest was held in Amritsar, which led to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919.[1][2]
Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee, the Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act and twenty-two other laws in March 1922.[3]
References
- ^ "From the Land of Paradise to the Holy City". The Tribune. January 26, 2006. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060126/aplus.htm#1.
- ^ "Op-ed: Let’s not forget Jallianwala Bagh". Daily Times. April 13, 2003. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_13-4-2003_pg3_2.
- ^ The history of British India: a chronology, John F. Riddick, 2006
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