The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures have been held in London since 1825. Each year, the Royal Institution presents a series of lectures on a single topic. The lectures present scientific subjects to a general audience, including young people, in an informative and entertaining manner. Michael Faraday, during his first year as Director of the Laboratory at the Royal Institution, initiated the first Christmas Lecture series at a time when organised education for young people was scarce. He presented a total of 19 series, establishing an exciting new venture of teaching science to young people that was eventually copied by other institutions internationally.[1]
The Christmas Lectures have continued annually since 1825, interrupted only during World War II. Many world famous scientists have given the lectures, including Baroness Susan Greenfield (the current Director of the Royal Institution), naturalist Sir David Attenborough, astronomer Carl Sagan, biologist Richard Dawkins and Nobel Laureate George Porter.[1]
In the 2009 Christmas Lectures, Professor Sue Hartley of the University of Sussex speaks on "The 300 Million Years War" between plants and animals.[2]
Contents |
Television
The lectures have been televised since 1966.[1] The BBC broadcast them for several decades, then Channel 4 and Five took them over. The 2009 lectures are being broadcast on More4 during the week leading up to Christmas, 21–25 December, at 7 pm UTC.[2]
List of Christmas Lectures
The following is a complete list of the Christmas Lectures as of December 2009[update]:[3]
| Year | Lecturer(s) | Title of series |
|---|---|---|
| 1825 | John Millington | Natural Philosophy |
| 1826 | J. Wallis | Astronomy |
| 1827 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1828 | J. Wood | Architecture |
| 1829 | Michael Faraday | Electricity |
| 1830 | Thomas Webster | Geology |
| 1831 | James Rennie | Zoology |
| 1832 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1833 | John Lindley | Botany |
| 1834 | William Thomas Brande | Chemistry |
| 1835 | Michael Faraday | Electricity |
| 1836 | William Thomas Brande | Chemistry of the Gases |
| 1837 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1838 | J. Wallis | Astronomy |
| 1839 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of the Atmosphere and the Ocean |
| 1840 | John Frederic Daniell | The First Principles of Franklinic Electricity |
| 1841 | Michael Faraday | The Rudiments of Chemistry |
| 1842 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of the Non-Metallic Elements |
| 1843 | Michael Faraday | First Principles of Electricity |
| 1844 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of the Gases |
| 1845 | Michael Faraday | The Rudiments of Chemistry |
| 1846 | J. Wallis | The Rudiments of Astronomy |
| 1847 | William Thomas Brande | The Elements of Organic Chemistry |
| 1848 | Michael Faraday | The Chemical History of a Candle |
| 1849 | Robert Walker | The Properties of Matter and the Laws of Motion |
| 1850 | William Thomas Brande | The Chemistry of Coal |
| 1851 | Michael Faraday | Attractive Forces |
| 1852 | Michael Faraday | Chemistry |
| 1853 | Michael Faraday | Voltaic Electricity |
| 1854 | Michael Faraday | The Chemistry of Combustion |
| 1855 | Michael Faraday | The Distinctive Properties of the Common Metals |
| 1856 | Michael Faraday | Attractive Forces |
| 1857 | Michael Faraday | Static Electricity |
| 1858 | Michael Faraday | The Metallic Properties |
| 1859 | Michael Faraday | The Various Forces of Matter and their Relations to Each Other |
| 1860 | Michael Faraday | The Chemical History of a Candle |
| 1861 | John Tyndall | Light |
| 1862 | Edward Frankland | Air and Water |
| 1863 | John Tyndall | Electricity at Rest and Electricity in Motion |
| 1864 | Edward Frankland | The Chemistry of a Coal |
| 1865 | John Tyndall | Sound |
| 1866 | Edward Frankland | The Chemistry of Gases |
| 1867 | John Tyndall | Heat and Cold |
| 1868 | William Odling | The Chemical Changes of Carbon |
| 1869 | John Tyndall | Light |
| 1870 | William Odling | Burning and Unburning |
| 1871 | John Tyndall | Ice, Water, Vapour and Air |
| 1872 | William Odling | Air and Gas |
| 1873 | John Tyndall | The Motion and Sensation of Sound |
| 1874 | John Hall Gladstone | The Voltaic Battery |
| 1875 | John Tyndall | Experimental Electricity |
| 1876 | John Hall Gladstone | The Chemistry of Fire |
| 1877 | John Tyndall | Heat, Visible and Invisible |
| 1878 | James Dewar | A Soap Bubble |
| 1879 | John Tyndall | Water and Air |
| 1880 | James Dewar | Atoms |
| 1881 | Robert Stawell Ball | The Sun, the Moon and the Planets |
| 1882 | John Tyndall | Light and the Eye |
| 1883 | James Dewar | Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science |
| 1884 | John Tyndall | The Sources of Electricity |
| 1885 | James Dewar | The Story of a Meteorite |
| 1886 | James Dewar | The Chemistry of Light and Photography |
| 1887 | Robert Stawell Ball | Astronomy |
| 1888 | James Dewar | Clouds and Cloudland |
| 1889 | Arthur Rücker | Electricity |
| 1890 | James Dewar | Frost and Fire |
| 1891 | John Gray McKendrick | Life in Motion; or the Animal Machine |
| 1892 | Robert Stawell Ball | Astronomy |
| 1893 | James Dewar | Air: Gaseous and Liquid |
| 1894 | John Ambrose Fleming | The Work of an Electric Current |
| 1895 | John Gray McKendrick | Sound, Hearing and Speech |
| 1896 | Sylvanus Phillips Thompson | Light, Visible and Invisible |
| 1897 | Oliver Lodge | The Principles of the Electric Telegraph |
| 1898 | Robert Stawell Ball | Astronomy |
| 1899 | Charles Vernon Boys | Fluids in Motion and at Rest |
| 1900 | Robert Stawell Ball | Great Chapters from the Book of Nature |
| 1901 | John Ambrose Fleming | Waves and Ripples in Water, Air and Aether |
| 1902 | Henry Selby Hele-Shaw | Locomotion : On the Earth, Through the Water, in the Air |
| 1903 | Edwin Ray Lankester | Extinct Animals |
| 1904 | Henry Cunynghame | Ancient and Modern Methods of Measuring Time |
| 1905 | Herbert Hall Turner | Astronomy |
| 1906 | William Duddell | Signalling to a Distance |
| 1907 | David Gill | Astronomy, Old and New |
| 1908 | W. Stirling | The Wheel of Life |
| 1909 | William Duddell | Modern Electricity |
| 1910 | Sylvanus Phillips Thompson | Sound: Musical and Non-Musical |
| 1911 | Peter Chalmers Mitchell | The Childhood of Animals |
| 1912 | James Dewar | Christmas Lecture Epilogues |
| 1913 | Herbert Hall Turner | A Voyage in Space |
| 1914 | Charles Vernon Boys | Science in the Home |
| 1915 | Herbert Hall Turner | Wireless Messages from the Stars |
| 1916 | A. Keith | The Human Machine Which All Must Work |
| 1917 | John Ambrose Fleming | Our Useful Servants : Magnetism and Electricity |
| 1918 | D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson | The Fish of the Sea |
| 1919 | William Henry Bragg | The World of Sound |
| 1920 | John Arthur Thomson | The Haunts of Life |
| 1921 | John Ambrose Fleming | Electric Waves and Wireless Telephony |
| 1922 | Herbert Hall Turner | Six Steps Up the Ladder to the Stars |
| 1923 | William Henry Bragg | Concerning the Nature of Things |
| 1924 | F. Balfour Browne | Concerning the Habits of Insects |
| 1925 | William Henry Bragg | Old Trades and New Knowledge |
| 1926 | Archibald Vivian Hill | Nerves and Muscles: How We Feel and Move |
| 1927 | Edward Andrade | Engines |
| 1928 | A. Wood | Sound Waves and their Uses |
| 1929 | Stephen Glanville | How Things Were Done in Ancient Egypt |
| 1930 | A.M. Tyndall | The Electric Spark |
| 1931 | William Lawrence Bragg | The Universe of Light |
| 1932 | Alexander Oliver Rankine | The Round of the Waters |
| 1933 | James Hopwood Jeans | Through Space and Time |
| 1934 | William Lawrence Bragg | Electricity |
| 1935 | C.E.K. Mees | Photography |
| 1936 | G.I. Taylor | Ships |
| 1937 | Julian Huxley | Rare Animals and the Disappearance of Wild Life |
| 1938 | James Kendall | Young Chemists and Great Discoveries |
| 1939-1942 | No lectures due to Second World War | |
| 1943 | Edward Andrade | Vibrations and Waves |
| 1944 | Harold Spencer Jones | Astronomy in our Daily Life |
| 1945 | Robert Watson-Watt | Wireless |
| 1946 | H. Hartridge | Colours and How We See Them |
| 1947 | Eric K. Rideal | Chemical Reactions: How They Work |
| 1948 | Frederic Bartlett | The Mind at Work and Play |
| 1949 | Percy Dunsheath | The Electric Current |
| 1950 | Edward Andrade | Waves and Vibrations |
| 1951 | James Gray | How Animals Move |
| 1952 | F. Sherwood Taylor | How Science Has Grown |
| 1953 | J.A. Ratcliffe | The Uses of Radio Waves |
| 1954 | Frank Whittle | The Story of Petroleum |
| 1955 | Harry W. Melville | Big Molecules |
| 1956 | H. Baines | Photography |
| 1957 | J. Huxley and J. Fisher | Birds |
| 1958 | J.A. Ratcliffe, J.M. Stagg, R.L.F. Boyd, Graham Sutton, G.E.R. Deacon, G. de Q. Robin |
The International Geophysical Year |
| 1959 | Thomas Allibone | The Release and Use of Atomic Energy |
| 1960 | V.E. Cosslett | Seeing the Very Small |
| 1961 | William Lawrence Bragg | Electricity |
| 1962 | R.E.D. Bishop | Vibration |
| 1963 | Ronald King | Energy |
| 1964 | Desmond Morris | Animal Behaviour |
| 1965 | Bernard Lovell, Francis Smith, Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish |
Exploration of the Universe |
| 1966 | Eric Laithwaite | The Engineer in Wonderland |
| 1967 | Richard L. Gregory | The Intelligent Eye |
| 1968 | P. Morrison | Gulliver's Laws: The Physics of Large and Small |
| 1969 | George Porter | Time Machines |
| 1970 | J. Napier | Monkeys Without Tails: A Giraffe's Eye-view of Man |
| 1971 | Charles Taylor | Sounds of Music: the Science of Tones and Tune |
| 1972 | G.G. Gouriet | Ripples in the Ether: The Science of Radio Communication |
| 1973 | David Attenborough | The Language of Animals |
| 1974 | Eric Laithwaite | The Engineer Through the Looking Glass |
| 1975 | Heinz Wolff | Signals from the Interior |
| 1976 | George Porter | The Natural History of a Sunbeam |
| 1977 | Carl Sagan | The Planets |
| 1978 | Erik Christopher Zeeman | Mathematics into Pictures |
| 1979 | E.M. Rogers | Atoms for Engineering Minds: A Circus of Experiments |
| 1980 | David Chilton Phillips with Max Perutz in Lecture 5 |
The Chicken, the Egg and the Molecules |
| 1981 | Reginald Victor Jones | From Magna Carta to Microchip |
| 1982 | Colin Blakemore | Common Sense |
| 1983 | Leonard Maunder | Machines in Motion |
| 1984 | Walter Bodmer | The Message of the Genes |
| 1985 | John David Pye | Communicating |
| 1986 | Lewis Wolpert | Frankenstein's Quest: Development of Life |
| 1987 | John Meurig Thomas and David Phillips | Crystals and Lasers |
| 1988 | Gareth Roberts | The Home of the Future |
| 1989 | Charles Taylor | Exploring Music |
| 1990 | Malcolm Longair | Origins |
| 1991 | Richard Dawkins | Growing Up in the Universe |
| 1992 | Charles J.M. Stirling[4] | Our World Through the Looking Glass |
| 1993 | Frank Close | The Cosmic Onion |
| 1994 | Susan Greenfield | Journey to the Centre of the Brain |
| 1995 | James Jackson | Planet Earth, An Explorer's guide |
| 1996 | Simon Conway Morris | The History in our Bones |
| 1997 | Ian Stewart | The Magical Maze |
| 1998 | Nancy Rothwell | Staying Alive |
| 1999 | Neil F. Johnson | Arrows of Time |
| 2000 | Kevin Warwick | Rise of the Robots |
| 2001 | John Sulston | The Secrets of Life |
| 2002 | Tony Ryan | Smart Stuff |
| 2003 | Monica Grady | Voyage in Space and Time |
| 2004 | Lloyd Peck | To the End of the Earth: Surviving Antarctic Extremes |
| 2005 | John Krebs | The Truth About Food |
| 2006 | Marcus du Sautoy | The Num8er My5teries |
| 2007 | Hugh Montgomery | Back from the Brink: The Science of Survival |
| 2008 | Christopher Bishop |
Hi-tech TrekRoyal Institution (2008).[5] |
| 2009 | Sue Hartley | The 300 Million Years War |
References
- ^ a b c Royal Institution (2008). "History of the RI Christmas Lectures". Retrieved December 22, 2009.
- ^ a b Royal Institution (2008). "2009 RI Christmas Lectures". Retrieved December 22, 2009.
- ^ Royal Institution (2007). "List of Lecturers". Retrieved December 22, 2009.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Revisit the Hi-tech Trek � The 2008 Christmas Lectures ". Retrieved December 22, 2009.
External links
- The Royal Institution
- Royal Institution Christmas Lectures: Current and historical information about the lectures, including a video archive of most of the lectures since the 1960s
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