A Rube Goldberg machine is a deliberately overengineered apparatus that performs a very simple task in a very complex fashion, usually including a chain reaction. The expression has been dated as originating in the United States around 1930[1] to describe Rube Goldberg's illustrations of "absurdly-connected machines". Goldberg's drawings, for example, almost always included a live animal that was expected to perform part of the sequence of tasks.[citation needed] The term first appeared in Webster's Third New International Dictionary with the definition "accomplishing by extremely complex roundabout means what actually or seemingly could be done simply".[citation needed]
Since then, the expression has expanded to denote any form of overly confusing or complicated system. For example, recent news headlines include "Is Rep. Bill Thomas the Rube Goldberg of Legislative Reform?"[2] and "Retirement 'insurance' as a Rube Goldberg machine".[3]
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Similar expressions
- The phrase Heath Robinson contraption, named after the fantastical comic machinery illustrated by British cartoonist W. Heath Robinson, shares a similar meaning but predates the Rube Goldberg machine, originating in the UK in 1912.[4]
- In France, a similar machine is called usine à gaz, or gas factory, suggesting a very complicated factory with pipes running everywhere. It is now used mainly among programmers to indicate a complex program or in journalism to refer to a bewildering law or regulation.
- In Denmark, they are called Storm P maskiner ("Storm P machines"), after the Danish cartoonist Robert Storm Petersen.
- In Bengal, the humorist and children's author Sukumar Ray, in his nonsense poem "Abol tabol", had a character (Uncle) with a Rube Goldberg-like machine called "Uncle's contraption". This word is used colloquially in Bengali to mean a complex and useless object.
- In Spain, devices akin to Goldberg's machines are known as Inventos del TBO (tebeo), named after those that cartoonist Ramón Sabatés made up and drew for a section in the TBO magazine, allegedly designed by some Professor Franz from Copenhagen.
- The Norwegian cartoonist and storyteller Kjell Aukrust created a cartoon character named Reodor Felgen, who constantly invented complex machinery. Though it was often built out of unlikely parts, it always performed very well. Felgen stars as the inventor of an extremely powerful but overly complex car, Il Tempo Gigante, in the Ivo Caprino animated puppet film Flåklypa Grand Prix (1975).
- The Australian cartoonist Bruce Petty depicts such themes as the economy, international relations or other social issues as complex interlocking machines that manipulate, or are manipulated by, people.
- In Turkey, such devices are known as Zihni Sinir Proceleri, allegedly invented by a certain Prof. Zihni Sinir ("Crabby Mind"), a curious scientist character created by İrfan Sayar in 1977 for the cartoon magazine Gırgır. The cartoonist later went on to open a studio selling actual working implementations of his designs.
- In Japan, they are called "Pythagorean devices" or "Pythagoras switch". PythagoraSwitch (ピタゴラスイッチ, "Pitagora Suicchi") is the name of a TV show featuring such devices.
- Another related phenomenon is the Japanese art of hypothetically useful but unusable contraptions called chindōgu.
- In Austria, Franz Gsellmann has worked for decades on a machine that he named the Weltmaschine ("world machine"), having many similarities to a Rube Goldberg machine.
- Several art pieces by Tim Hawkinson contain complex apparatuses that are generally used to make abstract art or musical devices. Many of them are centered around the randomness of other devices (such as a slot machine) and are dependent on them to create some menial effect.
- In Switzerland, this kind of machines are closely related with the artist duo Peter Fischli & David Weiss through their work, especially the Movie „Der Lauf der Dinge“ (The Way Things Go).
- In Germany, such machines are often called "Was-passiert-dann-Maschine" ("What happens next machine") for the German name of similar devices in Sesame Street.
Machine contest
In early 1987, Purdue University in Indiana started the annual National Rube Goldberg Machine Contest, organized by the Phi Chapter of Theta Tau, a national engineering fraternity in the United States. The contest is sponsored by the Theta Tau Educational Foundation. It features U.S. college and university teams building machines inspired by Rube Goldberg's cartoon. Judging is based on the ability of the machine to complete the tasks specified by the challenge using as many steps as possible without a single failure, while making the machines themselves fitting into certain themes.
See also
- Turboencabulator
- W. Heath Robinson
- Cog, a Honda television commercial featuring a complex Rube Goldberg machine
- The Incredible Machine
- Marble Drop
- Deathtrap
- Booby trap
- Designs on Jerry
- The Way Things Go by Peter Fischli and David Weiss
- Crazy Machines
- Mouse Trap, a game in which a Rube Goldberg mousetrap is built
References
- ^ World Wide Words: Heath Robinson
- ^ Economist's View: Is Rep. Bill Thomas the Rube Goldberg of Legislative Reform?
- ^ Reason Magazine - Social Security's Progressive Paradox
- ^ BBC - History - William Heath Robinson (1872 - 1944)
External links
- The Official Rube Goldberg Web Site
- Toonopedia entry
- Smithsonian Archives of American Art: Oral History Interview, 1970
- Annual National Rube Goldberg Machine Contest
- Detailed specifications of an award-winning Rube Goldberg machine from the New York City science fair
- Video of very interesting Rube Goldberg Machine (builder unknown)
- Rube Goldberg at the Open Directory Project
- Proposal for a Rube Goldberg computer, using many technologies from the history of computation, all hooked up together in the same device
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