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Sabbatarianism is the principles and beliefs of one who follows the Sabbath, in general, one who keeps the Sabbath.
Sabbatarianism is the principles and beliefs of one who follows the Sabbath, in general, one who keeps the Sabbath.
The cultural agenda of the American Party included such elements as sympathy for temperance, Sabbatarianism, and a general tendency to police the self-discipline of Americans in order to support good moral habits. On a more political note, they favored legislation that allowed married women to own property.
The Puritans were a group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purifythe Church of England from all Roman Catholicpractices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary Ishortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of Englandin 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England.
Historically, the word 'Puritan' was used pejoratively to characterize the Protestant group as extremists, similar to the Cathars of France and, according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, dated back to 1564. ArchbishopMatthew Parker of that time used it and 'precisian' with the sense of the modern 'stickler'.[1]In modern times, the word 'puritan' is often used to mean 'against pleasure'.[2]
Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England) and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later toWales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of theUniversity of Cambridge. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopalsystem, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.
In alliance with the growing commercial world, the parliamentary opposition to the royal prerogative, and in the late 1630s with the Scottish Presbyterianswith whom they had much in common, the Puritans became a major political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War(1642-46). After theRestoration of 1660 and the 1662 Uniformity Act, almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England, some becoming nonconformist ministers. The nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England.
Puritans, by definition, were dissatisfied with the limited extent of the English Reformation, and the Church of England's tolerance of practices which they associated with the Catholic Church. They formed, and identified with, various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in that sense, were Calvinists (as were many of their earlier opponents), but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous gathered churches. These separatist and independent strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s, when the supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church.
The term Puritan, never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, was used rarely to describe people after the turn of the 18th century. Puritan ideals either became incorporated into the Church of England, such as the formal rejection of Roman Catholicism; fell out of favor, such as the beliefs in demonic possession; or were absorbed into the many Protestant sects that emerged in the late 17th and early 18th centuries in the Americas and Britain. The Congregationalisttradition is one such Protestant denomination that claims descent from the Puritan tradition
Anna Ella Carroll is a heroine of the State of Maryland and one of the most important women of the nineteenth century.
She was the daughter of Gov. Thomas King Carroll (1830) and the former Juliana Stevenson, born at the family plantation home on August 29, 1815.
In the 1850s Carroll became active nationally in the Whig and American (Know-Nothing) political parties. The Know Nothing party in Maryland was the progressive party in the state as it was not proslavery, and was prolabor and pro-Union. Catholic and Episcopalian slaveholders could lead the Irish and German Catholic vote in Baltimore to establish a proslavery state government, which was in good part what the Know Nothings were trying to prevent. Presbyterians like Carroll opposed the growing political strength of the Catholic Church that also ruled Italian provinces, on the grounds of free speech, temperance, Sabbatarianism, and being antislavery and prorepublican.
In 1857 Carroll was the publicist for Gov.Thomas H. Hicks, Maryland's pro-Union governor in his first bid for that office. During the secession crisis of early1861, strong secession forces in the state pressed Governor Hicks to call a secession convention which he refused to do. Carroll flooded the press with articles defending Hicks's pro-Union stance. Ultimately Hicks wrote that Carroll's writings did more than any others to elect a Uniongovernor in November 1861.
After the circulation of her "Reply to (Sen. John C) Breckinridge" pamphlet in the summer of 1861, Pres. Abraham Lincoln requested that Carroll continue to write on behalf of his administration. Asst. Secty. of War Thomas A. Scott entered into a verbal contract with Carroll for this, under his general authority as a government official. Carroll produced three more pamphlets, outlining the war powers of the president and the federal government. Carroll later wrote one of the few most ably argued pamphlets on the Emancipation Proclamation. Still Lincoln detractors do not understand that the proclamation was a military order. Therefore it could only be enforced by military officers in areas ruled by martial law, that is, the revolted states, not the loyal ones. In October 1861,
Carroll traveled to St. Louis with secret agent Lemuel D. Evans to gather intelligence. As a result of an interview conducted with a Union riverboatpilot, Carroll submitted a plan that advocated a Confederate invasion upon the Tennessee River. Twenty years of Congressional testimony clearly show that the Lincoln administration adopted Carroll's plan and Edwin M. Stanton was appointed secretary of war to implement it. With that said, research also shows that MG Henry W. Halleck and Lincoln were simultaneously and separately planning thesame movement without each others's knowledge, Lincoln's plan based on Carroll's submission.
As William Safire pointed out long ago, Carroll was the only person to put the Tennessee River plan before the (eyes of the) president. After the war, Carroll went to the Congress to try to get reimbursed for $5,000 still owed her for her publications. Four military committees that were convened through 1890 all voted in her favor. Only one did not recommend payment, on spurious grounds. Likely one major reason why no bill ever passed the Congress was that Carroll represented the perfect reason why women should get the vote, and she was supported by the nascent suffrage movement at the time. Some have distorted the facts of Carroll's role in the war effort and her congressional claim. However, the idea that four military committees of the US Congress could be all wrong regarding Anna Ella Carroll's contributions to the war effort is silliness at its height.
Anna Ella Carroll died on February 19, 1894, supported by her sister, Mary, and funds raised by Union veterans and women's organizations. She is buried in the graveyard of the Old Trinity Episcopal Church
in Church Creek, Dorchester County,Maryland.
Before the Civil War, both North and South were about equally represented in respect to the major Protestant religious denominations. Catholic and Episcopal groups were more numerous in the North and only barely represented below the Mason-Dixon line. Even where the same denomination was involved, however, there was typically this one difference: Southern members of the denomination concerned were supporters of slave-holding, and even found justification in and through their Christian convictions and texts, while Northern members were opposed to it.
