Samuel Hahnemann

For more information on Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, visit Britannica.com.

Samuel Christian Hahnemann created and developed the system called homeopathy. It is also known as similia similibus curentor or "let like be cured by like.". Although his new methods initially met with ridicule and criticism, by the time of his death they were accepted the world over as a result of the great success he had with his new cure.

Hahnemann was born in Meissen, Saxony (now part of Germany) into a financially challenged middle class family. His parents initially educated him at home, where his father taught him never to accept anything he learned without first questioning it. He graduated as a physician from the University of Erlangen in 1779 after studying at Leipzig and Vienna. He was also fluent in English, German, Italian, French, Greek, Arabic, Latin and Hebrew.

At age 27 he married his first wife, Johanna Henriette Kuchler, the daughter of an apothecary, with whom he had 11 children.

Living in poverty, Hahnemann began practicing medicine in 1781 and translating scientific texts to supplement his income. However, disillusioned with medicine, he eventually gave it up entirely.

He discovered the concept of homeopathy when he considered the effect of quinine on malaria, and went on to cure soldiers and then sufferers of a typhus epidemic with astounding success. He documented his discoveries in the Organon, a treatise on his work. Homeopathy also proved its worth in 1831 when there was an outbreak of cholera. Hahnemann used homeopathic treatment with a 96% success rate, compared to the 41% of allopathic medicine. He also wrote his Materia Medica Pura.

In 1834, Hahnemann met his second wife, Marie Melanie d'Hervilly. Despite a great difference in age, they were happily married until his death in Paris on July 2, 1843, at the age of 88.

[Article by: Patricia Skinner]

Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), a 19th century German physician and chemist, developed homeopathy, a form of medicine that uses minute doses of herbs and other substances to promote healing.

Appalled by the barbaric and violent medical practices of the time and concerned for the health of his growing family, Hahnemann spent years conducting experiments to study the healing properties of various materials. He believed that small doses of natural drugs could provoke symptoms of the diseases they sought to cure, prompting the body's own immune system to heal itself. The practice of homeopathy grew from this theory, based on Hahnemann's thesis that "like cures like." The doctor devoted his life to homeopathy, conducting endless tests, promoting his theories, and battling detractors. Homeopathy flourished around the world. Its popularity peaked in the United States in the early 1900s, then suffered a sharp decline due to protests from proponents of modern medicine, although it has remained immensely popular in many parts of the world, including India and Europe.

Fascinated by Science

Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann was born April 11, 1755, in Meissen, Upper Saxony, Germany, to Johanna Christiana (Speiss) and Christian Gottfried Hahnemann. His father worked as a painter, decorating porcelain. As a child, Hahnemann studied Latin, Greek, Hebrew, history, physics, botany, and medical science, taken under the wing of teachers who recognized his academic gifts. His father, who disdained formal education, would often withdraw his son for what he called "thinking lessons," but Hahnemann persisted, drawn to the study of medicine. At age 20, he enrolled in the University of Leipzig, where he supported himself by tutoring and by translating books. After two years, Hahnemann moved to Vienna to study at a Catholic hospital. In 1779, Hahnemann received his doctor of medicine degree from the University of Erlangen.

Still fascinated with science, especially chemistry, Hahnemann further immersed himself in the study of pharmacy after his move to Dessau in 1781. There, he met Johanna Henrietta Leopoldina Kuchler. The two were married December 1, 1782, and settled in Gommern, where they welcomed the first of 11 children in 1783. The next year, Hahnemann published his first medical work.

Dissatisfied with Treatments of the Day

As the protective father of many children facing a host of diseases and illnesses, Hahnemann became increasingly uncomfortable with the medical techniques of the day, later dubbed the "Age of Heroic Medicine." Lack of medical knowledge coupled with a belief in evil spirits and curses led well-meaning physicians to prescribe such treatments as blood letting, in which doctors would remove nearly all of patients' blood. Another popular treatment was blistering, an attempt to draw toxins out of the body through the application of hot substances. Doctors also dispensed huge doses of drugs including mercury, arsenic, opium, and alcohol, often trying to induce vomiting and emptying of the bowels. "Massive doses of calomel," noted a writer for FDA Consumer, "not only cleaned the bowels, they also caused teeth to loosen, hair to fall out, and other symptoms of acute mercury poisoning. Such 'heroic' therapy often prolonged the illness, if it did not kill the patient outright." In the United States, George Washington died in 1799 after being treated for sore throat. His therapies included bloodletting and blistering with cantharides, a concoction made from dried beetles.

Hahnemann recognized the fallacy of such treatments, and instead encouraged his own patients to seek exercise, healthy food, and fresh air. Eventually, he became so disen-chanted with medicine and his inability to effectively treat disease that he quit his job and moved to Dresden. There he spent five years studying chemistry and working on translations of scientific texts and other books into German. Working on his own experiments, Hahnemann began to make important discoveries while gaining eminence for his own publications.

Like Cures Like

While translating William Cullen's Lectures on the Materia medica into German, Hahnemann began to doubt Cullen's theory about Cinchona bark, a Peruvian plant that is now the basis of the malaria cure quinine, so he launched his own experiments, using himself as a guinea pig. Taking large doses of the substance, Hahnemann developed the fever, chills, thirst, and throbbing headache that characterize malaria. This experience convinced Hahnemann that small doses of the same substance would prompt the body's own immune system to fight off the disease, in much the same way a flu shot carrying deactivated germs wards off the flu. This became Hahnemann's famous maxim, like cures like, or the Law of Similars.

For years, Hahnemann enlisted his family for experiments that involved inducing various symptoms, testing out more than 2,000 substances ranging from herbs to snake venom, and carefully recording the results. Finally, he began to apply his remedies to actual sick people, administering concoctions he hoped would mimic the symptoms already being exhibited by the patient. At first, Hahnemann noticed that his patients actually became sicker from his substances. This prompted him to dilute his medicines into smaller and smaller doses to find the tiniest possible portion that would still trigger the body's response. To his own surprise, Hahnemann discovered that the more diluted remedies were actually more effective at treating diseases. This became his Law of Infinitesimals, which holds that even though none of the original molecules may remain in a particular dilution, the vital forces, or healing power, of the substance remains.

Hahnemann's remedies were created systematically, in a process that included placing one drop of the substance in 99 drops of water or alcohol, then shaking the container vigorously, and repeating the process several times. In theory, after several dilutions, not a single drop of the original substance was left. However, scientists in the 1970s used a nuclear magnetic resonance machine to prove that "even though there is no substance left in most homeopathic remedies, their footprint remained in the alcohol/water that the substance was diluted in," wrote homeopathic physician and M.D. Jeffrey Migdow in New Visions Online.

Assisted by his four grown daughters, Hahnemann conducted hundreds of experiments, or provings, which he collected in his landmark 1810 book Organon der Rationellen Heilkunde, or Organon of Rational Healing. The book, which explains every one of Hahnemann's discoveries and experiments, is widely considered Hahnemann's most important work. In it, he dubs his practice homeopathy, from the Greek words homoio, or similar, and pathos, disease or sickness. Hahnemann called other medical practitioners "allopaths."

Controversy Alights

The publication of Hahnemann's Organon resulted in immediate controversy, even though homeopathy was used successfully to battle a number of disease epidemics. "He was attacked in medical journals of the day, [and] books and pamphlets were fulminated against him and his strange doctrines," wrote Dr. Sumit Goel in Life and Works of Samuel Hahnemann at HomeopathyHome.com. "He was called a charlatan, a quack, an ignoramus. His minute doses were declared to be impossible. The books and pamphlets written against homeopathy may be numbered by hundreds."

Pharmacists opposed Hahnemann because he prepared his own remedies, bypassing apothecaries. As a result he was run out of several towns and nearly forced to quit practicing by apothecaries who banded together and complained to authorities that Hahnemann was infringing on their business. In 1821, Hahnemann was saved by the Grand Duke Frederick of Anhalt-Coethen, a staunch homeopathy believer, who invited Hahnemann to live under his protection and practice freely.

Despite the controversy, homeopathy flourished, and developed a strong following that included many prominent people, like Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Daniel Webster, Louisa May Alcott, James Garfield and John D. Rockefeller. Hahnemann lectured widely and in 1828 published another groundbreaking work, Chronic Diseases: Their Nature and Homeopathic Treatment.

Attempted Retirement

In 1830, at the age of 66, Hahnemann's wife, Johanna, died. A year later, Hahnemann's long-time protector and patron, Grand Duke Frederick, also died. Hahnemann remained in Coethen, lecturing, writing, and receiving students. One of these students was a 35-year-old French woman by the name of Marie Melanie d'Hervilly, whom Hahnemann married in 1835. At the request of his new wife, Hahnemann moved to Paris, where he intended to retire.

Hahnemann, however, was too well-known and his knowledge of homeopathy too in demand. Within a few years, Hahnemann had a larger practice than ever, and students visited from around the world. He spent the last several years of his life visiting patients, lecturing, and revising a sixth edition of his Organon, all the while battling a chronic lung infection that reoccurred each spring. He died July 2, 1843, at the age of 90.

Homeopathy Spreads to the United States

Homeopathy flourished in the United States after Hahnemann's death. Philadelphia's Homeopathic Medical College was opened in 1848, founded by Dr. Constance Hering, a medical doctor whose original exposure to homeopathy was through experiments he designed to disprove it, wrote Migdow in New Visions Online. Hering contracted a serious infection in a laboratory accident. Instead of amputating his hand, which was the typical treatment of the day, "he opted to take a homeopathic trauma remedy, and within a few weeks his hand had healed. He subsequently became a firm believer and helped homeopathy grow quickly in the United States." In 1884, the school merged with the Homeopathic Hospital of Pennsylvania under the name of Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital.

By 1900, America was home to 111 homeopathic hospitals, and 22 homeopathic medical schools, and 1,000 homeopathic pharmacies, Migdow wrote, noting that a quarter of urban physicians practiced the art, and nearly half of the population sought its care.

Just like in Europe, however, non-homeopathic medical practitioners opposed homeopathy, for both scientific and economic reasons. "From the 1860s until after the turn of the century," advised the Family Guide, "medical groups attempted to expel any physician who practiced homeopathy or who even consulted with a homeopath about the care of a patient." Eventually the American Medical Association issued a report ordering all accredited medical schools to be modeled after the conventional Johns Hopkins University. "Thus," Migdow wrote, "homeopathic schools went unfunded and soon bankrupt." The number of American homeopathic medical schools dwindled to two in 1923. None survive today.

Decline and Rebirth of Homeopathy

Homeopathy suffered further decline after barbaric practices like bloodletting went out of fashion and new drugs like penicillin and antibiotics gained prominence. Still, "the National Center of Homeopathy carried on, getting all the remedies FDA approval in the late 30s," Migdow wrote. "The remedies were continually made by homeopathic pharmacies and when homeopathy resurfaced in the 60s the remedies were ready and waiting!" Homeopathic remedies are still largely unproven and unexplained by conventional science, although Pelletier notes that "for many commonly prescribed allopathic drugs, including aspirin and some antibiotics, the mechanism of action remains equally unknown."

The 1960s spawned a growing back-to-the-land movement that sparked new interest in alternative medicine, including homeopathy. By the 1990s, the alternative medicine movement had grown to the point that even the American Medical Association was forced to recognize it. A 1998 article in JAMA, the Journal of the American Medical Association, called homeopathy "another tool in the bag," acknowledging its prevalence. "In a sense, part of homeopathy's popularity may be due to this patient-centered view of illness, where the key to resolving health issues lies in understanding and treating all symptoms, not just those that fit the textbook description of a specific disease."

The practice remains widely accepted around the world, especially in India, Latin America, and Europe. The United Kingdom boasts five homeopathic hospitals, where homeopathy is covered under the National Health Service, wrote Dr. Kenneth R. Pelletier in The Best Alternative Medicine. France is home to eight schools offering advanced homeopathy degrees, and nearly all French and German pharmacies, Pelletier reported, "carry homeopathic medicine along with conventional medicines." In India, there are more than 100 homeopathic medical colleges and more than 100,000 homeopathic physicians.

Homeopathy has been found to be especially helpful for treating chronic illness, including allergies, headaches, arthritis, colitis, asthma, peptic ulcer, high blood pressure, and obesity. It can also help remedy colds and rashes. Many health food stores offer homeopathic first aid kits designed to treat basic injuries, like stings, sprains, cuts and bruises.

Books

Bratman, Steven, The Alternative Medicine Sourcebook: A Realistic Evaluation of Alternative Healing Methods, Lowell House, 1997.

Family Guide to Natural Medicine, edited by Alma E. Guinness, Reader's Digest Association, Inc., 1993.

Nurse's Handbook of Alternative and Complementary Therapies, Springhouse Corporation, 1999.

Pelletier, Kenneth, The Best Alternative Medicine: What Works? What Does Not?, Simon and Schuster, 2000.

Periodicals

FDA Consumer, March, 1985, p. 33.

The Independent (London), November 17, 1998, p. 12.

JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, March 4, 1998, p. 707.

Mother Jones, September, 1998. Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), August 14, 2000, p. 02A.

Online

Encyclopaedia Britannica,www.britannica.com, (December 10, 2000.)

Life and Works of Samuel Hahnemann,www.HomeopathyHome.com, December 10, 2000.

New Visions Online,www.newvis.net.

Quotes:

"One might say, for example, that a patient has a kind of St Vitus's dance; a kind of dropsy; a kind of nerve fever; a kind of ague. One would never say, however (to end once and for all the confusion of these names) He has St. Vitus's dance, He has nerve fever, He has dropsy, He has ague, since there simply are not any fixed, unchanging diseases to be known by such names."

"The physician's highest calling, his only calling, is to make sick people healthy -- to heal, as it is termed."

"The orthodox school has witnessed for centuries that nature itself has never once cured any existing disease with another dissimilar one, however intense. What must we think of this school, which nevertheless has continued to treat chronic diseases allopathically, with medicines and formulas that can only cause a disease condition --God knows which --dissimilar to the one being treated? Even if these physicians have not hitherto observed nature attentively enough, the miserable results of their treatment should have taught them that they were on the wrong road."

Samuel Hahnemann
Samuel Hahnemann
Born	10 April 1755 (1755-04-10)
Died	2 July 1843 (1843-07-03)
Nationality	German
Fields	homeopathy

Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann (10 April 1755^[1] – 2 July 1843), a German physician, created an alternative medicine practice called Homeopathy.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Medical practice 2.1 Creation of homeopathy 2.2 Development of homeopathy 3 Later life 4 Descendants 5 Writings 6 Notes 7 Bibliography 8 External links

Early life

Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann was born in Meissen, Saxony. His father, along with many other family members, was a painter and designer of porcelain, for which the town of Meissen was famous.^[2]

As a young man, Hahnemann became proficient in a number of languages, including English, French, Italian, Greek and Latin. He eventually made a living as a translator and teacher of languages, gaining further proficiency in "Arabic, Syriac, Chaldaic and Hebrew.^[3]

Hahnemann studied medicine for two years at Leipzig. Citing Leipzig's lack of clinical facilities, he moved to Vienna, where he studied for ten months.^[4] After one term of further study, he graduated MD at the University of Erlangen on 10 August 1779, qualifying with honors. His poverty may have forced him to choose Erlangen, as the school's fees were lower.^[5] Hahnemann's thesis was titled Conspectus adfectuum spasmodicorum aetiologicus et therapeuticus. [A Dissertation on the Causes and Treatment of Cramps]^[6][7]

Medical practice

In 1781, Hahnemann took a village doctor’s position in the copper-mining area of Mansfeld, Saxony.^[8] He soon married Johanna Henriette Kuchler and would eventually have eleven children.^[3] After abandoning medical practice, and while working as a translator of scientific and medical textbooks, ^[9] Hahnemann travelled around Saxony for many years, staying in many different towns and villages for varying lengths of time, never living far from the River Elbe and settling at different times in Dresden, Torgau, Leipzig and Coethen ^[10] before finally moving to Paris in June 1835.^[11]

Creation of homeopathy

Hahnemann claimed that the medicine of his time did as much harm as good:

My sense of duty would not easily allow me to treat the unknown pathological state of my suffering brethren with these unknown medicines. The thought of becoming in this way a murderer or malefactor towards the life of my fellow human beings was most terrible to me, so terrible and disturbing that I wholly gave up my practice in the first years of my married life and occupied myself solely with chemistry and writing.^[3]

After giving up his practice around 1784, Hahnemann made his living chiefly as a writer and translator, while resolving also to investigate the causes of medicine's alleged errors. While translating William Cullen's A Treatise on the Materia Medica, Hahnemann encountered the claim that Cinchona, the bark of a Peruvian tree, was effective in treating malaria because of its astringency. Hahnemann believed that other astringent substances are not effective against malaria and began to research cinchona's effect on the human body by self-application. Noting that the drug induced malaria-like symptoms in himself, he concluded that it would do so in any healthy individual. This led him to postulate a healing principle: "that which can produce a set of symptoms in a healthy individual, can treat a sick individual who is manifesting a similar set of symptoms."^[3] This principle, like cures like, became the basis for an approach to medicine which he gave the name homeopathy.

Development of homeopathy

Hahnemann tested substances for the effect they produced on a healthy individual and tried to deduce from this the ills they would heal. From his research, he initially concluded that ingesting substances to produce noticeable changes in the body resulted in toxic effects. He then attempted to mitigate this problem through exploring dilutions of the compounds he was testing. He claimed that these dilutions, when prepared according to his technique of succussion (systematic mixing through vigorous shaking) and potentization, were still effective in alleviating the same symptoms in the sick.

Hahnemann began practicing this new technique, which attracted other doctors c.1792.^{[citation needed]} He first published an article about the homeopathic approach in a German language medical journal in 1796. Following a series of further essays, he published in 1810, his The Organon of the Healing Art, the first systematic treatise and containing all his detailed instructions on the subject. The Organon is widely regarded as a remodelled form of an essay he published in 1806 called "The Medicine of Experience," which had been published in Hufeland's Journal. Of the Organon, Dudgeon states it "was an amplification and extension of his "Medicine of Experience," worked up with greater care, and put into a more methodical and aphoristic form, after the model of the Hippocratic writings." ^[12]

Later life

In the Spring of 1811^[13] Hahnemann moved his family back to Leipzig with the intention of teaching his new medical system at the University of Leipzig. In accordance with the university statutes, he became a faculty member by submitting and defending a thesis on a medical topic of his choice. On 26 June 1812, Hahnemann presented a Latin thesis, entitled "A Medical Historical Dissertation on the Helleborism of the Ancients."^[14] Hellebore, a number of species of poisonous flowering plants, related to Buttercup and Magnolia.

Hahnemann continued practicing and researching homeopathy, as well as writing and lecturing for the rest of his life. He died in 1843 in Paris, at 88 years of age, and is entombed in a mausoleum at Paris's Père Lachaise cemetery.

Descendants

While there are a few living descendants of Hahnemann’s older sister Charlotte (1752-1812), there is only one known living descendant of Hahnemann himself, Mr Charles Tankard-Hahnemann (7th generation descendant of Dr Samuel Hahnemann)^[15]

His father, Mr William Herbert Tankard-Hahnemann (1922-2009), the great, great, great grandson of Samuel Hahnemann died on 12 January 2009 (his 87th birthday) after 22 years of active patronage of the British Institute of Homœpathy ^[16]. As a young boy, William remembered his mother telling him of her visits to her ‘grand-dad Leo’ at Ventnor, Isle of Wight. Later William Hahnemann knew that this was Dr Leopold Süβ-Hahnemann, Dr Samuel Hahnemann’s grandson, the only son of his favourite daughter Amelie (1789-1881). Dr Süβ-Hahnemann was the only member of the Hahnemann family to be present at Samuel Hahnemann’s funeral, apart from Hahnemann’s second wife Mélanie, in Paris in 1843 and at his subsequent re-burial in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in east Paris, where only persons of truly notable distinction are interred. Subsequently Leopold emigrated from France to England where he practised homœopathy in London. He retired to the Isle of Wight and died there at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Dr Leopold Süβ-Hahnemann’s youngest daughter, Amalia had two children, Winifred (born 1898) and Herbert. Mr William Tankard-Hahnemann was Winifred’s son. Apart from serving as the patron of the British Institute of Homœopathy, he also had a distinguished career in the City of London and was honoured by being appointed as a ‘Freeman of the City of London’.^{[citation needed]}

Samuel Hahnemann 1841

Hahnemann's mausoleum at the Père Lachaise cemetery, Paris, France

Writings

Hahnemann Memorial at Scott Circle, Washington DC

Hahnemann wrote a number of books, essays, and letters on the homeopathic method, chemistry, and general medicine:

• (in German) Versuch über ein neues Prinzip zur Auffindung der Heilkräfte der Arzneisubstanzen, nebst einigen Blicken auf die bisherigen [Essay on a New Principle for Ascertaining the Curative Powers of Drugs], 1796, http://www.mickler.de/journal/versuch-prinzip-1.htm  reprinted in Versuch über ein neues Prinzip zur Auffindung der Heilkräfte der Arzneisubstanzen, nebst einigen Blicken auf die bisherigen. Haug. 1988. ISBN 3776010606. 
• Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum positivis, a collection of 27 drug "provings" published in Latin in 1805.^[17][18][19]
• The Organon of the Healing Art (1810), a detailed delineation of what he saw as the rationale underpinning homeopathic medicine, and guidelines for practice. Hahnemann published the 5th edition in 1833; a revised draft of this (1842) was discovered after Hahnemann's death and finally published as the 6th edition in 1921.^{[20][21] [22] [23]}
• Materia Medica Pura, a compilation of "homoeopathic proving" reports, published in six volumes between vol. I in 1811 and vol. VI in 1827. Revised editions of volumes I and II were published in 1830 and 1833, respectively.^[24]
• Chronic Diseases (1828), an explanation of the root and cure of chronic disease according to the theory of miasms, together with a compilation of "homoeopathic proving" reports, published in five volumes during the 1830s.
• Lesser Writings of Samuel Hahnemann, http://www.minutus.org/library/article_showall.asp?cat_id=1&parent_id=1&parent_name=Articles&sub_name=Samuel+Hahnemann , which were gathered by Dudgeon.
• The Friend of Health, in which Hahnemann "recommended the use of fresh air, bed rest, proper diet, sunshine, public hygiene and numerous other beneficial measures at a time when many other physicians considered them of no value."^[25][26]
• Asiatic Cholera, in which Hahnemann described cholera as a "pathogenic" disease caused by "excessively minute, invisible, living creatures."^[27]
• Hahnemann also campaigned for the humane treatment of the insane in 1792^[28]
• John Henry Clarke wrote that "In 1787, Hahnemann discovered the best test for arsenic and other poisons in wine, having pointed out the unreliable nature of the "Wurtemberg Test," which had been in use up to that date." ^[29][30]

Notes

1. ^ Though some sources do state that he was born in the early hours of 11 April 1755, Haehl, Richard (1922), Samuel Hahnemann his Life and Works, 1, p. 9, "Hahnemann, was born on 10 April at approximately twelve o'clock midnight." 
2. ^ Harris Livermore Coulter (1977). Divided Legacy, a History of the Schism in Medical Thought. II. Washington: Wehawken Books. pp. 306. ISBN 0916386023. OCLC 67493911. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Hahnemann Biography, http://www.skylarkbooks.co.uk/Hahnemann_Biography.htm, retrieved 2009-01-13 
4. ^ Martin Kaufman (1972), Homeopathy in America, the Rise and Fall of a Medical Heresy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 24, ISBN 0801812380, OCLC 264319 
5. ^ Haehl, op cit, vol. 1, p.24
6. ^ Trevor Cook (1981), Samuel Hahnemann Founder of Homeopathy, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Thorsons, p. 36, ISBN 0722506899 
7. ^ Richard Haehl (1922), Samuel Hahnemann His Life and Work, 2, London: Homoeopathic Publishing, pp. 11, OCLC 14558215 
8. ^ Haehl, op cit, vol. 1, p.26
9. ^ Bradford, Thomas L, The Life and Letters of Hahnemann, 1895, pp.515-516
10. ^ Cook, Trevor, Samuel Hahnemann, the Founder of Homeopathy, Thorsons, UK, 1981, pp.83-4,
11. ^ Cook, p.168
12. ^ R H Dudgeon, Lectures on the Theory and Practice of Homeopathy, London: Henry Turner, 1853, p.xxxi
13. ^ Thomas Lindsley Bradford (1895 (reprinted 1999)), The Life and Letters of Samuel Hahnemann, Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel, p. 76, OCLC 1489955 
14. ^ Bradford, op cit, p.93
15. ^ http://www.britinsthom.com/index.php?option=com
16. ^ [1]
17. ^ (in Latin) Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum positivis, sive in sano corpore humano observatis. 1824. OCLC 14852975. http://www.archive.org/details/fragmentadeviri00hahngoog. 
18. ^ (in German) (PDF) Übersetzund der 'Fragmenta de viribus medicamentorum' von Marion Wettemann, http://www.hahnemann.de/frontend1/media/pdf/fragmenta_leseprobe.pdf ^{[dubious – discuss]}
19. ^ http://www.homeoint.org/seror/pathohahn/index.htm Fragmenta de viribus and Materia Medica Pura full-text in French
20. ^ Online etext of Hahnemann's Organon der Heilkunst
21. ^ http://www.vithoulkas.com/homeopathy/organon/index.html Organon of Homeopathy, 6th version] English version, full text online
22. ^ http://www.homeoint.org/books4/organon/ German original] (other format)
23. ^ http://www.homeopathyhome.com/reference/organon/organon.html English translation
24. ^ http://www.hpathy.com/materiamedica/hahnemann-materia-pura/index.asp Hahnemann's Materia Medica Pura full-text in English
25. ^ Rothstein, op cit, p.158
26. ^ Samuel Hahnemann (1792), The Friend of Health 
27. ^ Samuel Hahnemann (1831), Asiatic Cholera, http://www.minutus.org/library/article_read.asp?id=13 
28. ^ Samuel Hahnemann (1796), Description of Klockenbring During his Insanity 
29. ^ John Henry Clarke (1894). Homoeopathy: all about it; or, The principle of cure. London: Homoeopathic Publishing. OCLC 29160937. 
30. ^ Richard Haehl, Marie L. Wheeler (tr.) and W.H.R. Grundy (tr.) (1922). John Henry Clarke, Francis James Wheeler. ed. Samuel Hahnemann his Life and Work. 1. London: Homoeopathic Publishing. pp. 34. OCLC 222833661. http://www.archive.org/details/samuelhahnemannh01haehuoft. , reprinted as ISBN 81-7021-693-1

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• Habacher, M (1980), "Homöopathische Fernbehandlung durch Samuel Hahnemann" (in German), Medizinhistorisches Journal 15 (4): 385–91, PMID 11610925 
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• Hodges, PC (1964), "Homeopathy and Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann", Postgraduate medicine 35: 666–8, 1964 Jun, PMID 14143315 
• Dietrich, HJ, "Hahnemann's capacity for greatness; Samuel Hahnemann; and Hahnemann Medical College", The Hahnemannian 93 (2): 35–9, PMID 13562700 
• Koch, E (1955), "[On the 200th anniversary of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann; several ideas concerning homeopathy]" (in German), Das Deutsche Gesundheitswesen 10 (16): 585–90, 1955 Apr 21, PMID 14379841 
• Auster, F (1955), "[200th Anniversary of the birth of Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, born April 10, 1755]" (in German), Pharmazeutische Zentralhalle für Deutschland 94 (4): 124–8, 1955 Apr, PMID 14384489 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Samuel Hahnemann

• Life History of Samuel Hahnemann
• Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann A historical overview
• Hahnemann Building, Hope Street, Liverpool former site of the UK's first homeopathic hospital

v • d • e Topics in Homeopathy Reference material The Organon of the Healing Art · Homeopathic Materia Medica · Homeopathic dilutions Homeopaths S. Hahnemann · J.T. Kent · C. von Bönninghausen · J.H.Clarke · E. B. Nash · L. De Schepper · J.Sherr · G.Vithoulkas · more… Organizations Boiron · Heel · Miralus Healthcare · Nelsons Related Preparations (list) · Regulation and prevalence · Homeopathy and allopathy · Quackery See also Alternative medicine · Bach flower remedies · Jacques Benveniste · Medicine · Serial dilution · Water memory

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