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Schleswig-Holstein
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:
Schleswig-Holstein |
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Schleswig-Holstein |
Oxford Companion to German Literature:
Schleswig-Holstein |
Schleswig-Holstein, a constituent Land of the Federal Republic (see Bundesrepublik Deutschland) with Kiel as its capital, stretches from the river Elbe to Denmark and includes the North Frisian islands (see Hallig), among them Sylt and Föhr, the native island of the Frisian writer F. Zacchi, in the North Sea, and Fehmarn in the Baltic. Hanseatic Lübeck (see Hanse, Deutsche) forms the setting of the early work of Thomas Mann, who with his brother Heinrich Mann was born in the city. Husum by the North Sea is associated with Th. Storm. Much of Schleswig-Holstein's regional literature reflects the hardships of the seafaring communities, the exposure of the flat coastal expanse to the ravages of the North Sea, and its position as a borderland (see Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage). Other writers closely associated with the country's regional fiction include G. Frenssen, W. Lobsien, and Helene Voigt-Diederichs.
Columbia Encyclopedia:
Schleswig-Holstein |
Schleswig-Holstein (shlĕs'vĭkh-hôl'shtīn), state (1994 pop. 2,595,000), c.6,050 sq mi (15,670 sq km), NW Germany. Kiel (the capital and chief port), Lübeck, Flensburg, and Neumünster are the major cities. Flanked on the west by the North Sea and on the east by the Baltic Sea, Schleswig-Holstein occupies the southern part of the Jutland peninsula and extends from the Elbe River northward to the Danish border. It includes some of the North Frisian Islands of the North Sea and the island of Fehmarn in the Baltic. The Kiel Canal links the North Sea and the Baltic. Schleswig-Holstein is drained by the Eider River, which forms the historic border between the former duchies of Schleswig (in the north) and Holstein (in the south).
Economy
A low-lying region with excellent natural harbors along the Baltic coast, the state has fertile agricultural land except in the center, where heaths and moors predominate. Farming (grain, potatoes, and vegetables) and cattle raising are pursued, although agricultural production accounts for less than one tenth of the state's yearly output. Shipping and fishing are important along the coasts. Manufactures of Schleswig-Holstein include ships, textiles, electrical goods, paper, clothing, and machinery. There are oil fields in the Dithmarschen region in the southwest. The islands of Sylt and Föhr and the southern Baltic coast are popular tourist resorts, while Eutin, Lübeck, and Schleswig are historic centers.
History
With respect to the history of Schleswig-Holstein, Lord Palmerston once proclaimed it to be so complicated that only three men had ever fully understood it-one being Prince Albert, who was dead; the second, a professor, who had become insane; the third, Palmerston himself, who had forgotten it. (For the history of the area to the late 18th cent. see the articles Holstein and Schleswig.)
From 1773 the kings of Denmark held both duchies-Schleswig as full sovereigns, Holstein as princes of the Holy Roman Empire; both duchies were in personal union with, but not part of, Denmark. The Congress of Vienna (1814-15) did not change the status of the two duchies, except that the German Confederation had succeeded the Holy Roman Empire in its suzerainty over Holstein. A constitution for Holstein was guaranteed by the German Confederation.
Because of the growing national consciousness of the predominantly German population in the two duchies, any change in their status that would tie them more closely to Denmark was a potentially explosive issue. When King Christian VIII announced (1846) that succession by females was to apply not only to the Danish throne but to Schleswig as well, there was violent opposition among German nationalists, who feared the complete incorporation of Schleswig into Denmark. Nevertheless, on the pressure of the Danish nationalists, Frederick VII, who succeeded Christian, declared the complete union of Schleswig with Denmark in 1848. Revolution broke out in both duchies, a provisional government was established in Kiel, and the German Confederation came to the aid of the rebels and occupied the duchies. British intervention led to an armistice in the German-Danish fighting, but in 1849 the war was resumed. After inconclusive fighting, peace was made in 1850 between Prussia (which had been commissioned by the Confederation to conduct the war) and Denmark; both sides reserved their rights.
The fact that Frederick VII was childless made the Schleswig-Holstein succession a burning European issue. The question was taken up by the powers in a conference at London, and in 1852 Prussia, Austria, and other major powers (but not the German Confederation as a body) signed the Treaty of London. The treaty guaranteed the territorial integrity of Denmark, and settled the succession to Denmark and both duchies on the Glücksburg branch of the Danish royal house, which derived its claim through the female line. Duke Christian Augustus of Augustenburg, who represented a collateral line, renounced his claim to the duchies and accepted a money indemnity; Denmark in turn guaranteed the inseparability of the duchies and their continued status in personal union with Denmark.
In 1855, pressure from Danish nationalists forced Frederick VII to proclaim the Danish constitution as valid for both duchies. The protest of the German Confederation led to the withdrawal (1858) of that measure, but in Nov., 1863, just before Frederick's death, a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig was drawn up. His successor, Christian IX, signed the constitution, which the German diet declared in violation of the protocol. In Jan., 1864, Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark, which was easily defeated.
The disposal of the duchies was still at issue. Austria favored the claims of the duke of Augustenburg, who denounced the surrender of the Augustenburg claim by his father in 1852; but Bismarck, who was guiding Prussian policy, had already resolved to annex the duchies and had encouraged the Danish War with that end in view. By the Treaty of Gastein (1865) with Austria, Bismarck deliberately imposed a solution that was bound to create friction with Austria. Schleswig was placed under Prussian administration and Holstein under Austrian administration, while the duchy of Lauenburg (also lost by Denmark in 1864) went to Prussia in return for a money payment to Austria. The dual administration led, as Bismarck had anticipated, to such tension that Austria could easily be maneuvered into a war with Prussia. The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 ended with a swift (7 weeks) Prussian victory; Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg were annexed to Prussia and became the province of Schleswig-Holstein.
After World War I the Danish majority of N Schleswig determined by plebiscite (1920) the return of that part of the province to Denmark. The former free city of Lübeck and the Lübeck district of Oldenburg were incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein in 1937. After World War II, Schleswig-Holstein was constituted (1946) as a state of West Germany, and in 1990 it became a state of reunified Germany.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:
Schleswig-Holstein |
This article is about the current German state. For Schleswig-Holstein before 1945, see Province of Schleswig-Holstein. For the German warship, see SMS Schleswig-Holstein.
| Schleswig-Holstein | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State of Germany — | |||
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| Coordinates: 54°28′12″N 9°30′50″E / 54.47°N 9.51389°E | |||
| Country | Germany | ||
| Capital | Kiel | ||
| Government | |||
| • Minister-President | Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU) | ||
| • Governing parties | CDU / FDP | ||
| • Votes in Bundesrat | 4 (of 69) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 15,763.18 km2 (6,086.2 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2010-12-31)[1] | |||
| • Total | 2,834,259 | ||
| • Density | 179.8/km2 (465.7/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | DE-SH | ||
| Vehicle registration | formerly: S (1945–1947), SH (1947), BS (1948–1956)[2] | ||
| GDP/ Nominal | € 75.63 billion (2010) [3] | ||
| NUTS Region | DEF | ||
| Website | schleswig-holstein.de | ||
Schleswig-Holstein (pronounced [ˈʃleːsvɪç ˈhɔlʃtaɪn] (
listen)) is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany, comprising most of the historical duchy of Holstein and the southern part of the former Duchy of Schleswig. Its capital city is Kiel; other notable cities are Lübeck, Flensburg and Neumünster.
The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia, the Danish name is Slesvig-Holsten, the Low German name is Sleswig-Holsteen, the Dutch name is Sleeswijk-Holstein and the North Frisian name is Slaswik-Holstiinj. Historically, the name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County (Northern Schleswig) in Denmark.
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Contents
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History
Main article: History of Schleswig-Holstein
The term "Holstein" derives from Old Saxon, Holseta Land, meaning "the land of those who dwell in the wood" (Holz and Holt mean wood in modern Standardised German and in literary English respectively). Originally, it referred to the central of the three Saxon tribes north of the Elbe river, Tedmarsgoi, Holcetae, and Sturmarii. The area of the Holcetae was between the Stör river and Hamburg, and after Christianization their main church was in Schenefeld. Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. Since 811 the northern frontier of Holstein (and thus the Empire) was marked by the river Eider.
The term Schleswig takes its name from the city of Schleswig. The name derives from the Schlei inlet in the east and vik meaning inlet or settlement in Old Saxon and Old Norse. The name is similar to the place-names ending in the "-wick" or "-wich" element along the coast in the United Kingdom.
The Duchy of Schleswig or Southern Jutland was originally an integral part of Denmark, but was in medieval times established as a fief under the Kingdom of Denmark, with the same relation to the Danish Crown as for example Brandenburg or Bavaria vis-à-vis the Holy Roman Emperor. Around 1100 the Duke of Saxony gave Holstein, as it was his own country, to Count Adolf I of Schauenburg.
Schleswig and Holstein have at different times belonged in part or completely to either Denmark or Germany, or have been virtually independent of both nations. The exception is that Schleswig had never been part of Germany until the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. For many centuries, the King of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a German Duke of Holstein, the Duke of Saxony. Essentially, Schleswig was either integrated into Denmark or was a Danish fief, and Holstein was a German fief and once a sovereign state long ago. Both were for several centuries ruled by the kings of Denmark. In 1721 all of Schleswig was united as a single duchy under the king of Denmark, and the great powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future kings of Denmark should automatically become dukes of Schleswig, and consequently Schleswig would always follow the same line of succession as the one chosen in the Kingdom of Denmark.
The German national awakening following the Napoleonic Wars led to a strong popular movement in Holstein and Southern Schleswig for unification with a new Prussian-dominated Germany. However, this development was paralleled by an equally strong Danish national awakening in Denmark and northern Schleswig. It called for the complete reintegration of Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark and demanded an end to discrimination against Danes in Schleswig. The ensuing conflict is sometimes called the Schleswig-Holstein Question. In 1848 King Frederick VII of Denmark declared that he would grant Denmark a liberal constitution and the immediate goal for the Danish national movement was to ensure that this constitution would not only give rights to all Danes, i.e., not only in the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded protection for the Danish language in Schleswig since the dominant language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the 19th century.
A liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen, since it was a well-known fact that the political élite of Holstein had been far more conservative than Copenhagen's. This proved to be true, as the politicians of Holstein demanded that the Constitution of Denmark be scrapped — not only in Schleswig but also in Denmark. They also demanded that Schleswig immediately follow Holstein and become a member of the German Confederation, and eventually a part of the new united Germany. These demands were rejected and in 1848 the Germans of Holstein and Southern Schleswig rebelled. This was the beginning of the First War of Schleswig (1848–51) which ended in a Danish victory at Idstedt.
In 1863 conflict broke out again as King Frederick VII of Denmark died leaving no heir. According to the line of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would now pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg (the future King Christian IX); the crown of Holstein was considered to be more problematic. This decision was challenged by a rival pro-German branch of the Danish royal family, the House of Augustenborg who demanded, as in 1848, the crowns of both Schleswig and Holstein. The passing of a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig in November 1863 then gave Otto von Bismarck a chance to intervene and Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark. This was the Second War of Schleswig which ended in a Danish defeat. British attempts to mediate failed, and Denmark lost Schleswig (Northern and Southern Schleswig), Holstein, and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.
Following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stated that the people in northern Schleswig should be granted the right to a referendum on whether they would remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This promise was never fulfilled by Prussia.
Following the defeat of Germany in World War I, the Allied powers arranged a plebiscite in northern and central Schleswig. In northern Schleswig (10 February 1920) 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In central Schleswig (14 March 1920) the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark, primarily in Flensburg. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig, although it was planned. For the referendum under authority of an international commission (CIS, Commission Internationale de Surveillance du Plébiscite Slesvig) two (primarily three) election-zones were created. Primarily three zones were planned, Zone III should involve the rest of Southern Schleswig. Denmark passed on an election in this zone. Just the votes for the whole zone were crucial, not the dissenting votes in a single Kreis (district) or city:[4]
| Electorate | German name | Danish name | For Germany | For Denmark | ||
| percent | votes | percent | votes | |||
| Zone I (Northern Schleswig), 10 February 1920 | 25.1 % | 25,329 | 74.9 % | 75,431 | ||
| District of | Hadersleben | Haderslev | 16.0 % | 6,585 | 84.0 % | 34,653 |
| Town of | Hadersleben | Haderslev | 38.6 % | 3,275 | 61.4 % | 5,209 |
| District of | Apenrade | Aabenraa | 32.3 % | 6,030 | 67.7 % | 12,653 |
| Town of | Apenrade | Aabenraa | 55.1 % | 2,725 | 44.9 % | 2,224 |
| District of | Sonderburg | Sønderborg | 22.9 % | 5,083 | 77.1 % | 17,100 |
| Town of | Sonderburg | Sønderborg | 56.2 % | 2,601 | 43.8 % | 2,029 |
| Town of | Augustenburg | Augustenborg | 48.0 % | 236 | 52.0 % | 256 |
| Northern part of District of | Tondern | Tønder | 40.9 % | 7,083 | 59.1 % | 10,223 |
| Town of | Tondern | Tønder | 76.5 % | 2,448 | 23.5 % | 750 |
| Town of | Hoyer | Højer | 72.6 % | 581 | 27.4 % | 219 |
| Town of | Lügumkloster | Løgumkloster | 48.8 % | 516 | 51.2 % | 542 |
| Northern part of District of | Flensburg | Flensborg | 40.6 % | 548 | 59.4 % | 802 |
| Zone II (Central Schleswig), 14 March 1920 | 80.2 % | 51,742 | 19.8 % | 12,800 | ||
| Southern part of District of | Tondern | Tønder | 87.9 % | 17,283 | 12.1 % | 2,376 |
| Southern part of District of | Flensburg | Flensborg | 82.6 % | 6,688 | 17.4 % | 1,405 |
| Town of | Flensburg | Flensborg | 75.2 % | 27,081 | 24.8 % | 8,944 |
| Northern part of District of | Husum | Husum | 90.0 % | 672 | 10.0 % | 75 |
On 15 June 1920, northern Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. The Danish/German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I which was never challenged by Adolf Hitler.
In 1937 the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), where the nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formally belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck)[citation needed], the 711-year-long independence of the Hansestadt Lübeck came to an end, and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein.
After the Second World War, the Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation. On August 23, 1946, the Military Government abolished the province and reconstituted it as a separate Land.[5]
Because of the Expulsion of Germans after World War II the population of Schleswig-Holstein increased 33 percent (860,000 people).[6]
Geography
See also: List of places in Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein lies on the base of Jutland Peninsula between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Strictly speaking, "Schleswig" refers to the German Southern Schleswig, whereas Northern Schleswig is in Denmark. The state of Schleswig-Holstein further consists of Holstein as well as Lauenburg, and the formerly independent city of Lübeck.
Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark (Region Syddanmark) to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony, Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to the south.
In the western part of the state, there are lowlands with virtually no hills. The North Frisian Islands, as well as almost all of Schleswig-Holstein's North Sea coast, form the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park (Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer) which is the largest national park in Central Europe. Germany's only high-sea island, Heligoland, is situated in the North Sea.
The Baltic Sea coast in the east of Schleswig-Holstein is marked by bays, fjords and cliff lines. There are rolling hills (the highest elevation is the Bungsberg at 168 metres or 551 feet) and many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein, called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holsatian Switzerland") and the former Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg). Fehmarn is the only island off the eastern coast. The longest river besides the Elbe is the Eider; the most important waterway is the Kiel Canal which connects the North Sea and Baltic Sea.
Administration
Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 11 Kreise (districts):
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Furthermore, there are four separate urban districts:
- KI - Kiel
- HL - Hansestadt ("Hanseatic town") Lübeck
- NMS - Neumünster
- FL - Flensburg
Demographics
Religion
The region has been strongly Protestant since the time of the Reformation. Today members of the Evangelical Church in Germany make up 54.3% of the population,[7] while members of the Catholic Church comprise 6%.[8]
Culture
Schleswig-Holstein combines Danish and German aspects of culture. The castles and manors in the countryside are the best example for this tradition; some dishes like Rote Grütze are also shared.
The most important festivals are the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, an annual classic music festival all over the state, and the Nordische Filmtage, an annual film festival for movies from Scandinavian countries, held in Lübeck.
The annual Wacken Open Air festival is considered to be the largest heavy metal rock festival in the world.
The state's most important museum of cultural history is in Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig.
Symbols
The coat of arms shows the symbols of the two duchies united in Schleswig-Holstein, i.e., the two lions for Schleswig and the leaf of a nettle for Holstein. Supposedly, Otto von Bismarck decreed that the two lions were to face the nettle because of the discomfort to their bottoms which would have resulted if the lions faced away from it.
The motto of Schleswig-Holstein is "Up ewich ungedeelt" (Middle Low German: "Forever undivided", modern High German: "Auf ewig ungeteilt"). It goes back to the Vertrag von Ripen or Handfeste von Ripen (Danish: Ribe Håndfæstning) or Treaty of Ribe in 1460. Ripen (Ribe) is a historical small town at the North Sea coast in Northern Schleswig. See History of Schleswig-Holstein.
The anthem from 1844 is called "Wanke nicht, mein Vaterland" ("Don't falter, my fatherland"), but it is usually referred to with its first line "Schleswig-Holstein meerumschlungen" (i.e., "Schleswig-Holstein embraced by the seas") or "Schleswig-Holstein-Lied" (Schleswig-Holstein song).
The old city of Lübeck is a world heritage site.
Languages
German is the official language, Low German, Danish and North Frisian enjoy legal protection or state promotion.
Historically, Low German, Danish (in Schleswig) and Frisian (in Schleswig) were spoken. Low German is still used in many parts of the state, and a pidgin of Low and standardised German (Missingsch) is used in most areas. Danish is used by the Danes in Southern Schleswig, and Frisian is spoken by the North Frisians of the North Sea Coast and the Northern Frisian Islands in Southern Schleswig. The North Frisian dialect called Heligolandic (Halunder) is spoken on the island of Heligoland.
High German was introduced in the 16th century, mainly for official purposes, but is today the predominant language.
Education
Compulsory education starts for children who are six years old on June 30.[9] All children attend a "Grundschule", which is Germany's equivalent to primary school, for the first 4 years and then move on to a secondary school.[9] In Schleswig-Holstein there are "Gemeinschaftsschulen", which is a new type comprehensive school, as well as regional schools, which go by the German name "Regionalschule".[9] The option of a Gymnasium is still available.[9]
There are 3 universities in Kiel, Lübeck and Flensburg.[10] Also, there are 4 public Universities of Applied Sciences in Flensburg, Heide, Kiel, and Lübeck.[10] There is the Conservatory in Lübeck and the Muthesius Academy of Fine Arts in Kiel. There are also 3 private institutions of high learning.[10]
Politics
Main article: Politics of Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein has its own parliament and government which are located in the state capital Kiel.[11] The Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein is elected by the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein.[11]
Current executive branch
| Position | Minister | Party | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minister-President | Peter Harry Carstensen | CDU | [12] |
| Minister of Agriculture, the Environment and Rural Areas | Dr. Juliane Rumpf | CDU | [13] |
| Minister of Education and Culture | Dr. Ekkehard Klug | FDP | [14] |
| Minister of Employment, Social Affairs and Health | Dr. Heiner Garg | FDP | [15] |
| Minister of Finance | Rainer Wiegard | CDU | [16] |
| Minister of the Interior | Klaus Schlie | CDU | [17] |
| Minister of Justice, Equality and Integration | Emil Schmalfuß | Ind | [18] |
| Minister of Science, Economic Affairs and Transport | Jost de Jager | CDU | [19] |
Last election
See also: Schleswig-Holstein state election, 2009
The last Schleswig-Holstein state election was held on 27 September 2009, and the result of it was a coalition of the conservative CDU and the liberal FDP under the leadership of CDU state premier Peter Harry Carstensen. It was an early election; after the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Social Democratic Party (SPD) grand coalition broke apart in Summer 2009, Minister-President Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU) provoked early elections by intentionally losing a vote of confidence.
| Political Party | Votes % | +/- | Seats | |
| Christian Democratic Union (Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands) | 31.5 | -8.7 | 34 | |
| Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) | 25.4 | -12.3 | 25 | |
| Free Democratic Party of Germany (Freie Demokratische Partei) | 14.9 | +8.3 | 14 | |
| Alliance '90/The Greens (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) | 12.4 | +2.2 | 12 | |
| The Left (Die Linke) | 6.0 | +5.2 | 6 | |
| South Schleswig Voter Federation (Südschleswigscher Wählerverband) | 4.3 | +0.7 | 4 | |
| Pirate Party Germany (Piratenpartei Deutschland) | 1.8 | +1.8 | - | |
| Free Voters (Freie Wähler) | 1.0 | +1.0 | - | |
| National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands) | 0.9 | -1.0 | - | |
List of Minister-Presidents of Schleswig-Holstein
Main article: List of Ministers-Presidents of Schleswig-Holstein
See also
- Outline of Germany
- Schleswig-Holstein Question
- First Schleswig War
- Second Schleswig War
- Schleswig
- Holstein
- Duchy of Schleswig
- Holstein-Glückstadt
- Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Norburg
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Rethwisch
- Coat of arms of Schleswig
- Region Sønderjylland-Schleswig
References
- ^ "Statistikamt Nord: Bevölkerung in Schleswig-Holstein am 31. Dezember 2010 nach Kreisen, Ämtern, amtsfreien Gemeinden und Städten" (in German). Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein. 21 July 2011. http://www.statistik-nord.de/uploads/tx_standocuments/A_I_2_vj104_S.pdf.
- ^ By the federal vehicle registration reform of 1 July 1956 distinct prefixes were given for every district.
- ^ "Schleswig-Holstein: Schleswig-Holstein Portal". Schleswig-holstein.de. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Schwedler, Frank: Historischer Atlas Schleswig-Holstein 1867 bis 1945, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster
- ^ Ordinance No. 46, Abolition of the Provinces in the British Zone of the Former State of Prussia and Reconstitution thereof as Separate LänderPDF (218 KB)
- ^ Flucht und Vertreibung at Haus der Geschichte (German)
- ^ EKD http://www.ekd.de/download/kirchenmitglieder_2007.pdf
- ^ chiesa cattolica http://www.dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/bev-kath-l__nd-2008.pdf
- ^ a b c d "Education in Schleswig-Holstein". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/Education/Education_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ a b c "Institutions of Higher Education in Schleswig-Holstein". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/Education/InstitutionsHigherEducation/InstitutionsHigherEducation_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ a b "Responsibilities of the Government". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/TheResponsibilities/Responsibilities_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministerpräsident Peter Harry Carstensen im Porträt" (in German). State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/STK/DE/Ministerpraesident/Portraet/Portraet_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Agriculture, the Environment and Rural Areas". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryAgricultureEnvironmentRuralAreas/MinistryAgricultureEnvironmentRuralAreas_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Education and Culture". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryEducationCulture/MinistryEducationCulture_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Employment, Social Affairs and Health". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryEmploymentSocialAffairsHealth/MinistryEmploymentSocialAffairsHealth_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Finance". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryFinance/MinistryFinance_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of the Interior". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryInterior/MinistryInterior_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Justice, Equality and Integration". State of Schleswig Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryJusticeEqualityIntegration/MinistryJusticeEqualityIntegration_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ "Ministry of Science, Economic Affairs and Transport". State of Schleswig-Holstein. http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/LandGovernment/StateChancelleryMinistries/MinistryScienceEconomicAffairsTransport/MinistryScienceEconomicAffairsTransport_node.html. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
External links
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OpenStreetMap has geographic data related to: Schleswig-Holstein |
- Official government portal
- Official Directory
- Schleswig-Holstein Plebiscite Paper Money - 1919, 1920 Issues
- 360° Panoramas of Schleswig-Holstein
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schleswig-Holstein". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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- Flansburg (family name)
- Knappenberger (family name)
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