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Schleswig-Holstein
| Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Schleswig-Holstein |
| German Literature Companion: Schleswig-Holstein |
Schleswig-Holstein, a constituent Land of the Federal Republic (see Bundesrepublik Deutschland) with Kiel as its capital, stretches from the river Elbe to Denmark and includes the North Frisian islands (see Hallig), among them Sylt and Föhr, the native island of the Frisian writer F. Zacchi, in the North Sea, and Fehmarn in the Baltic. Hanseatic Lübeck (see Hanse, Deutsche) forms the setting of the early work of Thomas Mann, who with his brother Heinrich Mann was born in the city. Husum by the North Sea is associated with Th. Storm. Much of Schleswig-Holstein's regional literature reflects the hardships of the seafaring communities, the exposure of the flat coastal expanse to the ravages of the North Sea, and its position as a borderland (see Schleswig-Holsteinische Frage). Other writers closely associated with the country's regional fiction include G. Frenssen, W. Lobsien, and Helene Voigt-Diederichs.
| Columbia Encyclopedia: Schleswig-Holstein |
Schleswig-Holstein (shlĕs'vĭkh-hôl'shtīn) , state (1994 pop. 2,595,000), c.6,050 sq mi (15,670 sq km), NW Germany. Kiel (the capital and chief port), Lübeck, Flensburg, and Neumünster are the major cities. Flanked on the west by the North Sea and on the east by the Baltic Sea, Schleswig-Holstein occupies the southern part of the Jutland peninsula and extends from the Elbe River northward to the Danish border. It includes some of the North Frisian Islands of the North Sea and the island of Fehmarn in the Baltic. The Kiel Canal links the North Sea and the Baltic. Schleswig-Holstein is drained by the Eider River, which forms the historic border between the former duchies of Schleswig (in the north) and Holstein (in the south).
Economy
A low-lying region with excellent natural harbors along the Baltic coast, the state has fertile agricultural land except in the center, where heaths and moors predominate. Farming (grain, potatoes, and vegetables) and cattle raising are pursued, although agricultural production accounts for less than one tenth of the state's yearly output. Shipping and fishing are important along the coasts. Manufactures of Schleswig-Holstein include ships, textiles, electrical goods, paper, clothing, and machinery. There are oil fields in the Dithmarschen region in the southwest. The islands of Sylt and Föhr and the southern Baltic coast are popular tourist resorts, while Eutin, Lübeck, and Schleswig are historic centers.
History
With respect to the history of Schleswig-Holstein, Lord Palmerston once proclaimed it to be so complicated that only three men had ever fully understood it—one being Prince Albert, who was dead; the second, a professor, who had become insane; the third, Palmerston himself, who had forgotten it. (For the history of the area to the late 18th cent. see the articles Holstein and Schleswig.)
From 1773 the kings of Denmark held both duchies—Schleswig as full sovereigns, Holstein as princes of the Holy Roman Empire; both duchies were in personal union with, but not part of, Denmark. The Congress of Vienna (1814–15) did not change the status of the two duchies, except that the German Confederation had succeeded the Holy Roman Empire in its suzerainty over Holstein. A constitution for Holstein was guaranteed by the German Confederation.
Because of the growing national consciousness of the predominantly German population in the two duchies, any change in their status that would tie them more closely to Denmark was a potentially explosive issue. When King Christian VIII announced (1846) that succession by females was to apply not only to the Danish throne but to Schleswig as well, there was violent opposition among German nationalists, who feared the complete incorporation of Schleswig into Denmark. Nevertheless, on the pressure of the Danish nationalists, Frederick VII, who succeeded Christian, declared the complete union of Schleswig with Denmark in 1848. Revolution broke out in both duchies, a provisional government was established in Kiel, and the German Confederation came to the aid of the rebels and occupied the duchies. British intervention led to an armistice in the German-Danish fighting, but in 1849 the war was resumed. After inconclusive fighting, peace was made in 1850 between Prussia (which had been commissioned by the Confederation to conduct the war) and Denmark; both sides reserved their rights.
The fact that Frederick VII was childless made the Schleswig-Holstein succession a burning European issue. The question was taken up by the powers in a conference at London, and in 1852 Prussia, Austria, and other major powers (but not the German Confederation as a body) signed the Treaty of London. The treaty guaranteed the territorial integrity of Denmark, and settled the succession to Denmark and both duchies on the Glücksburg branch of the Danish royal house, which derived its claim through the female line. Duke Christian Augustus of Augustenburg, who represented a collateral line, renounced his claim to the duchies and accepted a money indemnity; Denmark in turn guaranteed the inseparability of the duchies and their continued status in personal union with Denmark.
In 1855, pressure from Danish nationalists forced Frederick VII to proclaim the Danish constitution as valid for both duchies. The protest of the German Confederation led to the withdrawal (1858) of that measure, but in Nov., 1863, just before Frederick's death, a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig was drawn up. His successor, Christian IX, signed the constitution, which the German diet declared in violation of the protocol. In Jan., 1864, Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark, which was easily defeated.
The disposal of the duchies was still at issue. Austria favored the claims of the duke of Augustenburg, who denounced the surrender of the Augustenburg claim by his father in 1852; but Bismarck, who was guiding Prussian policy, had already resolved to annex the duchies and had encouraged the Danish War with that end in view. By the Treaty of Gastein (1865) with Austria, Bismarck deliberately imposed a solution that was bound to create friction with Austria. Schleswig was placed under Prussian administration and Holstein under Austrian administration, while the duchy of Lauenburg (also lost by Denmark in 1864) went to Prussia in return for a money payment to Austria. The dual administration led, as Bismarck had anticipated, to such tension that Austria could easily be maneuvered into a war with Prussia. The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 ended with a swift (7 weeks) Prussian victory; Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg were annexed to Prussia and became the province of Schleswig-Holstein.
After World War I the Danish majority of N Schleswig determined by plebiscite (1920) the return of that part of the province to Denmark. The former free city of Lübeck and the Lübeck district of Oldenburg were incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein in 1937. After World War II, Schleswig-Holstein was constituted (1946) as a state of West Germany, and in 1990 it became a state of reunified Germany.
| Wikipedia: Schleswig-Holstein |
For Schleswig-Holstein before 1945, see Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
For the German warship, see German battleship Schleswig-Holstein.
| Schleswig-Holstein | |||
| Flag | Coat of arms | ||
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| Location | |||
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| Time zone | CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) | ||
| Administration | |||
| Country | Germany | ||
| NUTS Region | DEF | ||
| Capital | Kiel | ||
| Minister-President | Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU) | ||
| Governing parties | CDU / SPD | ||
| Votes in Bundesrat | 4 (of 69) | ||
| Basic statistics | |||
| Area | 15,763 km² (6,086 sq mi) | ||
| Population | 2,837,021 (09/2007)[1] | ||
| - Density | 180 /km² (466 /sq mi) | ||
| Other information | |||
| GDP/ Nominal | € 69 billion (2005) | ||
| ISO region | DE-SH | ||
| Website | schleswig-holstein.de | ||
Coordinates: 54°28′12″N 9°30′50″E / 54.470°N 9.514°E
Schleswig-Holstein (
Schleswig-Holstein (help·info)) is the northernmost of the sixteen states of Germany. Its capital city is Kiel, other notable cities are Lübeck and Flensburg.
Schleswig-Holstein borders Denmark (Region Syddanmark) to the north, the North Sea to the west, the Baltic Sea to the east, and the German states of Lower Saxony, Hamburg, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern to the south.
The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia, the Danish name is Slesvig-Holsten, the Low German name is Sleswig-Holsteen, and the North Frisian name is Slaswik-Holstiinj. Historically, the name can also refer to a larger region, containing both present-day Schleswig-Holstein and the former South Jutland County in Denmark.
Contents |
Geography
See also: List of places in Schleswig-Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein lies on the base of Jutland Peninsula between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. Strictly speaking, "Schleswig" refers to the German Southern Schleswig, whereas Northern Schleswig is in Denmark. The state of Schleswig-Holstein further consists of Holstein as well as Lauenburg, and the formerly independent city of Lübeck. This makes it one of the few nations with a boundary where the name is used in two countries; usually it is two counties villages that share the same name, as in Somerset.[clarification needed]
In the western part of the state there are lowlands with virtually no hills. The North Frisian Islands, as well as almost all of Schleswig-Holstein's North Sea coast, form Schleswig-Holstein's Wadden Sea National Parks (Nationalpark Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wattenmeer) which is the largest national park in Central Europe. Germany's only high-sea island, Heligoland, is situated in the North Sea.
The Baltic Sea coast in the east of Schleswig-Holstein is marked by bays, fjords and cliff lines. There are rolling hills (the highest elevation is the Bungsberg at 168 metres) and many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holsatian Switzerland") and the former Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg). Fehmarn is the only island off the eastern coast. The longest river besides the Elbe is the Eider; the most important waterway is the Kiel Canal which connects the North Sea and Baltic Sea.
Administration
Schleswig-Holstein is divided into 11 Kreise (districts):
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Furthermore, there are four separate urban districts:
- KI - Kiel
- HL - Hansestadt ("Hanseatic town") Lübeck
- NMS - Neumünster
- FL - Flensburg
Languages
The official language is German based on the standard dialect used by the Federal German government in Berlin. Low German, Low Saxon, Danish and North Frisian enjoy legal protection or state promotion.
Historically, Low German, Danish (in Schleswig) and Frisian (in Schleswig) were spoken. Low German is still used in many parts of the state and a pidgin of Low and standardised German (Missingsch) is used in most areas. Danish is used by the Danes in Southern Schleswig, and Frisian is spoken by the North Frisians of the North Sea Coast and the Northern Frisian Islands in Southern Schleswig. The North Frisian dialect called Heligolandic (Halunder) is spoken on the island of Heligoland.
High German was introduced in the 16th century, mainly for official purposes, but is today the predominant language.
Some ethnolonguistic studies conclude that the state's namesake and the term "Slesvig" was partially derived from a tribe of West Slavs known as "Slavsvick" that once lived in the state between the 5th century and 10th century AD.[citation needed]
Culture
Schleswig-Holstein combines Danish and German aspects of culture. The castles and manors in the countryside are the best example for this tradition; some dishes like Rote Grütze are also shared.
The most important festivals are the Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival, an annual classic music festival all over the state, and the Nordische Filmtage, an annual film festival for movies from Scandinavian countries, held in Lübeck.
The annual Wacken Open Air festival is considered to be the largest heavy metal rock festival in the world.
The state's most important museum of cultural history is in Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig.
The old city of Lübeck is a world heritage site.
History
The term "Holstein" derives from Old Saxon, Holseta Land, meaning "the land of those who dwell in the wood" (Holz means wood in modern Standardised German). Originally, it referred to the central of the three Saxon tribes north of the Elbe river, Tedmarsgoi, Holcetae, and Sturmarii. The area of the Holcetae was between the Stör river and Hamburg, and after Christianization their main church was in Schenefeld. Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. Since 811 the northern frontier of Holstein (and thus the Empire) was marked by the river Eider.
The term Schleswig takes its name from the city of Schleswig. The name derives from the Schlei inlet in the east and vik meaning inlet or settlement in Old Saxon and Old Norse. The name is similar to the place-names ending in the "-wick" or "-wich" element along the coast in the United Kingdom.
The Duchy of Schleswig or Southern Jutland was originally an integral part of Denmark, but was in medieval times established as a fief under the Kingdom of Denmark, with the same relation to the Danish Crown as for example Brandenburg or Bavaria vis-à-vis the Holy Roman Emperor. Around 1100 the Duke of Saxony gave Holstein, as it was his own country, to Count Adolf I of Schauenburg.
Schleswig and Holstein have at different times belonged in part or completely to either Denmark or Germany, or have been virtually independent of both nations. The exception is that Schleswig had never been part of Germany until the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. For many centuries, the King of Denmark was both a Danish Duke of Schleswig and a German Duke of Holstein, the Duke of Saxony. Essentially, Schleswig was either integrated into Denmark or was a Danish fief, and Holstein was a German fief and once a sovereign state long ago. Both were for several centuries ruled by the kings of Denmark. In 1721 all of Schleswig was united as a single duchy under the king of Denmark, and the great powers of Europe confirmed in an international treaty that all future kings of Denmark should automatically become dukes of Schleswig, and consequently Schleswig would always follow the same line of succession as the one chosen in the Kingdom of Denmark.
The German national awakening following the Napoleonic Wars led to a strong popular movement in Holstein and Southern Schleswig for unification with a new Prussian-dominated Germany. However, this development was paralleled by an equally strong Danish national awakening in Denmark and northern Schleswig. It called for the complete reintegration of Schleswig into the Kingdom of Denmark and demanded an end to discrimination against Danes in Schleswig. The ensuing conflict is sometimes called the Schleswig-Holstein Question. In 1848 King Frederick VII of Denmark declared that he would grant Denmark a liberal constitution and the immediate goal for the Danish national movement was to ensure that this constitution would not only give rights to all Danes, i.e., not only in the Kingdom of Denmark, but also to Danes (and Germans) living in Schleswig. Furthermore, they demanded protection for the Danish language in Schleswig since the dominant language in almost a quarter of Schleswig had changed from Danish to German since the beginning of the 19th century.
A liberal constitution for Holstein was not seriously considered in Copenhagen, since it was a well-known fact that the political élite of Holstein had been far more conservative than Copenhagen's. This proved to be true, as the politicians of Holstein demanded that the Constitution of Denmark be scrapped — not only in Schleswig but also in Denmark. They also demanded that Schleswig immediately follow Holstein and become a member of the German Confederation, and eventually a part of the new united Germany. These demands were rejected and in 1848 the Germans of Holstein and Southern Schleswig rebelled. This was the beginning of the First War of Schleswig (1848–51) which ended in a Danish victory at Idstedt. Elements of this period were fictionalized in Royal Flash, the second of George MacDonald Fraser's Flashman novels.
In 1863 conflict broke out again as King Frederick VII of Denmark died leaving no heir. According to the line of succession of Denmark and Schleswig, the crowns of both Denmark and Schleswig would now pass to Duke Christian of Glücksburg (the future King Christian IX); the crown of Holstein was considered to be more problematic. This decision was challenged by a rival pro-German branch of the Danish royal family, the House of Augustenburg (Danish: Augustenborg) who demanded, as in 1848, the crowns of both Schleswig and Holstein. The passing of a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig in November 1863 then gave Otto von Bismarck a chance to intervene and Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark. This was the Second War of Schleswig which ended in a Danish defeat. British attempts to mediate failed, and Denmark lost Schleswig (Northern and Southern Schleswig), Holstein, and Lauenburg to Prussia and Austria.
Following the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, section five of the Peace of Prague stated that the people in northern Schleswig should be granted the right to a referendum on whether they would remain under Prussian rule or return to Danish rule. This promise was never fulfilled by Prussia.
Following the defeat of Germany in World War I, the Allied powers arranged a referendum in northern and central Schleswig. In northern Schleswig (10 February 1920) 75% voted for reunification with Denmark and 25% voted for Germany. In central Schleswig (14 March 1920) the results were reversed; 80% voted for Germany and just 20% for Denmark, primarily in Flensburg. No vote ever took place in the southern third of Schleswig, although it was planned. For the referendum under authority of an international commission (CIS, Commission Internationale de Surveillance du Plébiscite Slesvig) two (primarily three) election-zones were created. Primarily three zones were planned, Zone III should involve the rest of Southern Schleswig. Denmark passed on an election in this zone. Just the votes for the whole zone were crucial, not dissent votes in a single Kreis (district) or city:
Zone I
1. Kreis (district) Hadersleben (Haderslev): 6.585 votes (16,0 %) for Germany, 34.653 votes (84,0 %) for Denmark - thereunder: city of Hadersleben: 3.275 votes (38,6 %) for Germany, 5.209 votes (61,4 %) for Denmark;
2. Kreis (district) Apenrade (Aabenraa): 6.030 votes (32,3 %) for Germany, 12.653 votes (67,7 %) for Denmark - thereunder: city of Apenrade: 2.725 votes (55,1 %) for Germany, 2.224 votes (44,9 %) for Denmark;
3. Kreis (district) Sonderburg (Sønderborg): 5.083 votes (22,9 %) for Germany, 17.100 votes (77,1 %) for Denmark - thereunder: city of Sonderburg 2.601 votes (56,2 %) for Germany, 2.029 votes (43,8 %) for Denmark;
4. northern part of Kreis (district) Tondern (Tønder): 7.083 votes (40,9 %) for Germany, 10.223 votes (59,1 %) for Denmark - thereunder: city of Tondern 2.448 votes (76,5%) for Germany, 750 votes (23,5 %) for Denmark;
5. northern part of Kreis (district) Flensburg (Flensborg) - without the city of Flensburg (Flensborg): 548 votes (40,6 %) for Germany, 802 votes (59,4 %) for Denmark.
Zone II
1. southern part of Kreis (district) Tondern (Tønder): 17.283 votes (87,9 %) for Germany, 2.376 votes (12,1 %) for Denmark;
2. southern part of Kreis (district) Flensburg (Flensborg) - without the city of Flensburg (Flensborg): 6.688 votes (82,6 %) for Germany, 1.405 votes (17,4 %) for Denmark;
3. northern part of Kreis (district) Husum: 672 votes (90,0 %) for Germany, 75 votes (10,0 %) for Denmark;
4. city of Flensburg (Flensborg): 27.081 votes (75,2 %) for Germany, 8.944 votes (24,8 %) for Denmark.[2]
On 15 June 1920, northern Schleswig officially returned to Danish rule. The Danish/German border was the only one of the borders imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I which was never challenged by Adolf Hitler.
In 1937 the Nazis passed the so-called Greater Hamburg Act (Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz), where the nearby Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg was expanded, to encompass towns that had formally belonged to the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein. To compensate Prussia for these losses (and partly because Hitler had a personal dislike for Lübeck), the 711-year-long independence of the Hansestadt Lübeck came to an end and almost all its territory was incorporated into Schleswig-Holstein.
After the Second World War, the Prussian province Schleswig-Holstein came under British occupation. On August 23, 1946, the Military Government abolished the province and reconstituted it as a separate Land[3].
Symbols
The coat of arms shows the symbols of the two duchies united in Schleswig-Holstein, i.e., the two lions for Schleswig and the leaf of a nettle for Holstein. Supposedly, Otto von Bismarck decreed that the two lions were to face the nettle because of the discomfort to their bottoms which would have resulted if the lions faced away from it.
The motto of Schleswig-Holstein is "Up ewich ungedeelt" (Middle Low German: "Forever undivided", modern High German: "Auf ewig ungeteilt"). It goes back to the Vertrag von Ripen or Handfeste von Ripen (Danish: Ribe Håndfæstning) or Treaty of Ribe in 1460. Ripen (Ribe) is a historical small town at the North Sea coast in Northern Schleswig. See History of Schleswig-Holstein.
The anthem is usually referred to with its first line "Schleswig-Holstein meerumschlungen" (i.e., "Schleswig-Holstein embraced by the seas") from 1844.
Politics
List of Minister-presidents of Schleswig-Holstein
- 1945–1947: Theodor Steltzer
- 1947–1949: Hermann Lüdemann
- 1949–1950: Bruno Diekmann
- 1950–1951: Walter Bartram
- 1951–1954: Friedrich-Wilhelm Lübke
- 1954–1963: Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU)
- 1963–1971: Helmut Lemke
- 1971–1982: Gerhard Stoltenberg (CDU), see List of Honorary Citizens of Schleswig-Holstein
- 1982–1987: Uwe Barschel (CDU)
- 1987–1988: Henning Schwarz (CDU)
- 1988–1993: Björn Engholm (SPD)
- 1993–2005: Heide Simonis (SPD)
- 2005– : Peter Harry Carstensen (CDU)
Last election (2005)
See also: Schleswig-Holstein state election, 2005
The latest state election was held on February 20, 2005, and the result of it was a grand coalition of the conservative CDU and the social democratic SPD under the leadership of CDU governor Peter Harry Carstensen.
| Party | Party List votes | Vote percentage (change) | Total Seats (change) | Seat percentage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 576,100 | 40.2% | +5.0% | 30 | −3 | 43.5% |
| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 554,844 | 38.7% | −4.4% | 29 | −12 | 42.0% |
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 94,920 | 6.6% | −1.0% | 4 | −3 | 5.8% |
| Alliance '90/The Greens | 89,330 | 6.2% | +0.0% | 4 | −1 | 5.8% |
| South Schleswig Voter Federation (SSW) | 51,901 | 3.6% | −0.5% | 2 | −1 | 2.9% |
| National Democratic Party (NPD) | 27,656 | 1.9% | +0.9% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| Family | 11,774 | 0.8% | +0.8% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) | 11,376 | 0.8% | −0.6% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| Grays | 7,523 | 0.5% | +0.3% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| All Others | 9,203 | 0.6% | −0.5% | 0 | +0 | 0.0% |
| Totals | 1,434,627 | 100.0% | 69 | −20 | 100.0% | |
References
- ^ "State population". Portal of the Federal Statistics Office Germany. http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_zs01_shs.asp. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
- ^ Schwedler, Frank: Historischer Atlas Schleswig-Holstein 1867 bis 1945, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster
- ^ Ordinance No. 46, Abolition of the Provinces in the British Zone of the Former State of Prussia and Reconstitution thereof as Separate LänderPDF (218 KiB)
See also
- History of Schleswig-Holstein
- Schleswig-Holstein Question
- First War of Schleswig
- Second War of Schleswig
- Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
- Coat of arms of Schleswig
- VfB Lübeck
- THW Kiel
External links
- Official government portal
- Schleswig-Holstein Plebiscite Paper Money - 1919, 1920 Issues
- 360º Panoramas of Schleswig-Holstein
"Schleswig-Holstein". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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