0
Common Sense was written in very plain language that even semiliterate men could understand. Chalmer's work, on the other hand, was too complex. Those who needed convincing to remain loyal to Britain were not the educated who could actually understand Plain Truth, many of which were already loyalists, but the uneducated common folk who would have no hope of understanding it who were already swayed by Paine's simple work.
Common Sense was written in very plain language that even semiliterate men could understand. Chalmer's work, on the other hand, was too complex. Those who needed convincing to remain loyal to Britain were not the educated who could actually understand Plain Truth, many of which were already loyalists, but the uneducated common folk who would have no hope of understanding it who were already swayed by Paine's simple work.
Some words with the suffix 'ate' are:
abate
abbreviate
abdicate
ablate
abnegate
abominate
abrogate
accelerate
accentuate
acclimate
accommodate
acculturate
accumulate
accurate
acerbate
acetate
acetylate
acidulate
acrylate
activate
actuate
aculeate
acuminate
acylate
adequate
adjudicate
administrate
adnate
adsorbate
adulate
adulterate
adumbrate
advocate
aerate
aestivate
affectionate
affiliate
affricate
agate
agglomerate
agglutinate
aggravate
aggregate
agitate
agnate
alate
alginate
alienate
aliterate
alkylate
alleviate
alliterate
allocate
altercate
alternate
aluminate
aluminosilicate
alveolate
amalgamate
ambulate
ameliorate
ammoniate
amputate
angulate
animate
annihilate
annotate
annulate
annunciate
antedate
antepenultimate
anticipate
antiquate
apostate
apostolate
appellate
appreciate
approbate
appropriate
approximate
arbitrate
archiepiscopate
arcuate
areolate
arillate
arpeggiate
arrogate
arsenate
articulate
ascorbate
aspartate
asphyxiate
aspirate
assassinate
asseverate
assimilate
associate
ate
attenuate
aureate
auriculate
auscultate
authenticate
automate
autorotate
aviate
baccalaureate
baccate
backdate
baldpate
barbiturate
bate
bedmate
bedplate
benzoate
berate
bicarbonate
bichromate
biflagellate
bifurcate
billingsgate
bilobate
binate
binucleate
bipinnate
birthdate
birthrate
bistate
bisulfate
bitartrate
bivariate
boilerplate
bombinate
bookplate
borate
borosilicate
brachiate
bracteate
breastplate
brecciate
bromate
brominate
bullate
bunkmate
butylate
butyrate
cachinnate
calculate
calibrate
caliphate
calumniate
campanulate
camphorate
candidate
cantillate
capacitate
capitate
capitulate
captivate
carbamate
carbohydrate
carbonate
carboxylate
cardinalate
carinate
carpellate
caseate
casemate
castigate
castrate
cate
catenate
caudate
celebrate
celibate
cellmate
cerebrate
certificate
chalybeate
cheapskate
checkmate
chelate
chlorate
chlorinate
chocolate
chordate
chromate
ciliate
cingulate
circinate
circulate
circumambulate
circumnavigate
circumstantiate
circumvallate
citrate
classmate
clathrate
clavate
climate
coacervate
coagulate
coelenterate
coelomate
cogitate
cognate
collaborate
collate
collegiate
colligate
collimate
collocate
colocate
commemorate
commensurate
commentate
commiserate
communicate
commutate
companionate
compassionate
compensate
complicate
concatenate
concelebrate
concentrate
conciliate
condensate
confabulate
confederate
confiscate
conflate
conglomerate
congratulate
congregate
conjugate
connate
consecrate
considerate
consolidate
constellate
consternate
constipate
consulate
consummate
contaminate
contemplate
contraindicate
cooperate
coordinate
copperplate
copulate
corollate
corporate
correlate
corroborate
corrugate
coruscate
craniate
crate
create
cremate
crenate
crepitate
criminate
cruciate
culminate
cultivate
cumulate
cuneate
curate
cuspate
cuspidate
cyanate
cyanoacrylate
cyclamate
date
deactivate
deaerate
debate
debilitate
decaffeinate
decapitate
decarbonate
decarboxylate
decelerate
decerebrate
dechlorinate
decimate
decollate
deconsecrate
decontaminate
decorate
decorticate
decrepitate
decussate
dedicate
dedifferentiate
deescalate
defalcate
defecate
defenestrate
defibrillate
deflagrate
deflate
defoliate
degenerate
dehydrate
dehydrogenate
delaminate
delate
delegate
deliberate
delicate
delineate
demarcate
demodulate
demonstrate
denervate
denigrate
denominate
dentate
denticulate
denudate
deoxygenate
depauperate
depilate
depopulate
deprecate
depreciate
depredate
depurate
deracinate
derate
deregulate
derivate
derogate
desalinate
desecrate
desegregate
desiccate
desiderate
designate
desolate
desperate
desquamate
deteriorate
determinate
detonate
detoxicate
devaluate
devastate
deviate
diaconate
dichromate
dictate
differentiate
digitate
dilapidate
dilate
dimethoate
dinoflagellate
diphosphate
diplomate
directorate
disaffiliate
disaggregate
disambiguate
disarticulate
disassociate
discarnate
discombobulate
disconsolate
discriminate
disintegrate
dislocate
disorientate
disparate
dispassionate
disproportionate
disrate
disseminate
dissimilate
dissimulate
dissipate
dissociate
distillate
divagate
divaricate
doctorate
domesticate
dominate
donate
doorplate
downstate
duplicate
duumvirate
edentate
educate
edulcorate
effectuate
effeminate
ejaculate
elaborate
elate
electorate
electroplate
elevate
eliminate
elongate
elucidate
elutriate
emaciate
emanate
emancipate
emasculate
emendate
emigrate
emirate
emulate
encapsulate
endplate
enervate
enucleate
enumerate
enunciate
ephorate
episcopate
equate
equilibrate
equivocate
eradicate
escalate
estate
estimate
estivate
etiolate
evacuate
evaluate
evaporate
eventuate
eviscerate
exacerbate
exaggerate
exarchate
exasperate
excavate
excogitate
excommunicate
excoriate
excruciate
exculpate
execrate
exfoliate
exhilarate
exonerate
expatiate
expatriate
expectorate
expiate
explicate
expostulate
expropriate
expurgate
exsanguinate
extenuate
exterminate
extirpate
extortionate
extrapolate
extravasate
extricate
exudate
exuviate
fabricate
faceplate
facilitate
falcate
fantasticate
fasciate
fasciculate
fascinate
fastigiate
fate
fecundate
federate
felicitate
fenestrate
ferrate
festinate
fibrillate
figurate
filtrate
fishplate
fixate
flagellate
flatmate
flocculate
floodgate
fluctuate
fluoridate
fluorinate
fluxgate
folate
foliate
formate
formulate
fornicate
fortunate
foveate
fractionate
frigate
frustrate
fulgurate
fulminate
fumarate
fumigate
furcate
gallate
gastrulate
gate
geminate
generate
geniculate
germinate
gestate
gesticulate
glaciate
globate
glutamate
glycerinate
gradate
graduate
granulate
grate
gratulate
gravitate
guesstimate
guttate
gyrate
habilitate
habituate
hallucinate
halogenate
hamate
hate
helpmate
hemagglutinate
hemichordate
hemihydrate
hemoflagellate
herniate
hesitate
hibernate
homogenate
homologate
housemate
humiliate
hydrate
hydrogenate
hydrolysate
hydroxylate
hyperventilate
hyphenate
hypothecate
ideate
illegitimate
illiterate
illuminate
illustrate
imbricate
imitate
immaculate
immediate
immigrate
immoderate
immolate
imperforate
impersonate
impetrate
implicate
importunate
imprecate
impregnate
inaccurate
inactivate
inadequate
inanimate
inappropriate
inarticulate
inaugurate
incapacitate
incarcerate
incarnate
inchoate
incinerate
incommensurate
inconsiderate
incorporate
increate
incriminate
incubate
inculcate
inculpate
incurvate
indelicate
indeterminate
indicate
indiscriminate
individuate
indoctrinate
indurate
inebriate
infatuate
infibulate
infiltrate
inflate
infuriate
ingrate
ingratiate
ingurgitate
initiate
inmate
innate
innervate
innominate
innovate
innumerate
inoculate
inordinate
inosculate
insatiate
inseminate
insensate
insinuate
inspectorate
inspissate
instantiate
instate
instigate
insubordinate
insufflate
insulate
integrate
intemperate
intercalate
intercollegiate
intercommunicate
intercorrelate
interdigitate
intermediate
interpellate
interpenetrate
interpolate
interrelate
interrogate
interstate
intestate
intimate
intimidate
intonate
intoxicate
intrastate
intricate
intubate
inundate
invaginate
invalidate
invertebrate
investigate
inveterate
invigilate
invigorate
inviolate
iodate
iodinate
irate
irradiate
irrigate
irritate
isocyanate
isolate
iterate
itinerate
jubilate
karate
khanate
labiate
lacerate
lactate
lacunate
lamellate
laminate
lanceolate
late
laureate
leachate
legate
legislate
legitimate
lemniscate
levigate
levirate
levitate
liberate
librate
licentiate
ligate
linoleate
liquidate
literate
litigate
littermate
lixiviate
lobate
lobulate
locate
lubricate
lunate
lustrate
luxuriate
lysate
macerate
machinate
maculate
magistrate
magnate
malate
maleate
mandate
mandibulate
manganate
manipulate
marginate
marinate
marquessate
marquisate
masticate
masturbate
mate
matriarchate
matriculate
maturate
mediate
medicate
meditate
meliorate
menstruate
meprobamate
messmate
metaphosphate
metate
methacrylate
methotrexate
methylate
methylphenidate
microclimate
micturate
migrate
militate
misallocate
misappropriate
misarticulate
miscalculate
misdate
miseducate
misestimate
misevaluate
mismate
misrelate
misstate
mistranslate
mitigate
moderate
modulate
molybdate
motivate
mucronate
multinucleate
multivariate
muriate
muricate
mutate
mutilate
nameplate
narrate
nauseate
navigate
necessitate
negate
negotiate
neonate
nictate
nictitate
nitrate
nominate
notate
novitiate
nucleate
numerate
nutate
obcordate
obdurate
obfuscate
objurgate
oblanceolate
oblate
obligate
obliterate
obnubilate
obovate
obstinate
obturate
obviate
odonate
officiate
oleate
operate
operculate
opiate
orate
orchestrate
ordinate
organophosphate
orientate
originate
ornate
orthophosphate
oscillate
osculate
outdate
outdebate
outstate
ovate
overate
overcompensate
overcomplicate
overdecorate
overeducate
overelaborate
overestimate
overmedicate
overpopulate
overrate
oversaturate
overstate
overstimulate
ovulate
oxalate
oxidate
oxygenate
paginate
palate
palatinate
palliate
palmate
palmitate
palpate
palpitate
paniculate
pantothenate
papillate
participate
particulate
passionate
passivate
pastorate
pate
patriarchate
patriciate
pectate
pectinate
peculate
pedicellate
pedunculate
peltate
penetrate
penicillate
pennate
penultimate
perambulate
perborate
perchlorate
percolate
peregrinate
perennate
perfoliate
perforate
perfusate
permanganate
permeate
perorate
perpetrate
perpetuate
perseverate
personate
petiolate
phonate
phosphate
phosphorylate
photosynthate
picrate
pinnate
pirate
pistillate
placate
planate
plate
playmate
plicate
pollinate
polycarbonate
pomegranate
pontificate
populate
postdate
postdoctorate
postgraduate
postulate
potentate
potentiate
prate
precipitate
predate
predesignate
predestinate
predicate
predominate
prefabricate
prelate
preliterate
premeditate
preponderate
presbyterate
prevaricate
primate
priorate
private
probate
proconsulate
procrastinate
procreate
professorate
professoriate
profligate
prognosticate
prolate
proliferate
promulgate
pronate
propagate
propionate
propitiate
proportionate
prorate
prostate
prostrate
protectorate
protonate
proximate
pullulate
pulmonate
pulsate
punctate
punctuate
pupate
pyrophosphate
pyruvate
quadrate
quadruplicate
quantitate
quintuplicate
rabbinate
racemate
radiate
rate
ratiocinate
reaccelerate
reactivate
reallocate
reanimate
rebate
recalculate
recalibrate
recapitulate
reciprocate
recirculate
reconsecrate
reconsolidate
recontaminate
recreate
recriminate
rectorate
recuperate
redecorate
rededicate
reduplicate
reeducate
reestimate
reevaluate
reflate
reformulate
refrigerate
regenerate
regulate
regurgitate
rehabilitate
rehydrate
reincarnate
reincorporate
reinitiate
reinoculate
reinstate
reintegrate
reinvestigate
reinvigorate
reiterate
rejuvenate
relate
relegate
relocate
remediate
remonstrate
remunerate
renegotiate
renominate
renovate
renunciate
reorientate
repatriate
replicate
repopulate
reprobate
repudiate
reradiate
resinate
resonate
restate
resupinate
resuscitate
retaliate
retardate
reticulate
retranslate
revaccinate
revalidate
revaluate
revegetate
reverberate
roommate
roseate
rostrate
rotate
rubricate
ruminate
runagate
rusticate
saccate
sagittate
salicylate
salivate
sanitate
sate
satiate
saturate
schoolmate
scintillate
sedate
segregate
selenate
semiliterate
semiprivate
senate
sensate
separate
sequestrate
seriate
serrate
shipmate
shogunate
sibilate
sigmate
silicate
simulate
situate
skate
slate
soleplate
solvate
somnambulate
sonicate
sophisticate
spate
spathulate
spatulate
speciate
spectate
speculate
sporulate
squamate
stablemate
stagnate
stalemate
staminate
state
stearate
stellate
stimulate
stipulate
stomate
strangulate
striate
stridulate
stylobate
subjugate
sublate
sublimate
subordinate
subrogate
substantiate
substrate
subtemperate
subulate
succinate
suffocate
sulcate
sulfate
sulfonate
sulphate
sultanate
summate
superannuate
superordinate
superphosphate
supersaturate
superstate
supinate
supplicate
suppurate
suricate
surrogate
syllabicate
syncopate
syndicate
tabulate
tailgate
tannate
tartrate
teammate
temperate
template
terephthalate
tergiversate
terminate
ternate
tessellate
testate
thermoregulate
thiocyanate
thiosulfate
tinplate
titanate
titillate
titivate
titrate
tolerate
tollgate
tractate
transilluminate
translate
transliterate
translocate
transmigrate
transubstantiate
transudate
triacetate
triangulate
tribunate
trifoliate
trifurcate
triphosphate
triplicate
tristate
triturate
triumvirate
truncate
tuberculate
tungstate
tunicate
turbinate
ulcerate
ultimate
ululate
umbellate
umbilicate
unaffectionate
uncinate
uncrate
uncreate
underestimate
undergraduate
underrate
understate
undulate
unfortunate
ungulate
uninitiate
uninucleate
univariate
unregenerate
update
upstate
urinate
urochordate
urticate
vacate
vaccinate
vacillate
vacuolate
validate
valuate
variate
variegate
vaticinate
vegetate
venerate
ventilate
vermiculate
vertebrate
verticillate
vesiculate
vibrate
vicariate
vindicate
violate
vitiate
vituperate
vizierate
vociferate
vulgate
vulvate
workmate
xanthate
Daniel Boone decided to explore Kentucky because he had heard of the fertile land and the large amounts of game. In 1769, Boone began a two-year hunting expedition in Kentucky.
Education in the People's Republic of China is a state-run system of public education run by the Ministry of Education. All citizens must attend school for at least nine years. The government provides primary education for six years, starting at age six or seven, followed by six years of secondary education for ages 12 to 18. Some provinces may have five years of primary school but four years for middle school. There are three years of middle school and three years of high school. The Ministry of Education reported a 99 percent attendance rate for primary school and an 80 percent rate for both primary and middle schools.[citation needed] In 1985, the government abolished tax-funded higher education, requiring university applicants to compete for scholarships based on academic ability. In the early 1980s the government allowed the establishment of the first private schools. The population has had on average only 6.2 years of schooling, but in 1986 the government set the goal of nine years of compulsory education for students by the year 2000.
The United Nations Development Program reported that in 2003 China had 116,390 kindergarten classes with 613,000 teachers and 20 million students.[citation needed] At that time, there were 425,846 primary schools with 5.7 million teachers and 116.8 million students. General secondary education had 79,490 institutions, 4.5 million teachers, and 85.8 million students. There also were 3,065 specialized secondary schools with 199,000 teachers and 5 million students. Among these specialized institutions were 6,843 agricultural and vocational schools with 289,000 teachers and 5.2 million students and 1,551 special schools with 30,000 teachers and 365,000 students.Template:Http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/China.pdf
China has had a major expansion in education, increasing the number of undergraduates and people who hold doctoral degrees fivefold in 10 years.[3] In 2003 China supported 1,552 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) and their 725,000 professors and 11 million students (see List of universities in the People's Republic of China). There are over 100 National Key Universities, including Beijing University and Tsinghua University.
The percentage of China's college-age population in higher education has increased from 1.4% in 1978 to roughly 20% in 2005. Every year 450,000 engineering students graduate from college, 50,000 graduate with masters degrees, and 8,000 graduate with Ph.Ds.[citation needed]
In 2002, the literacy rate in China was 90.8%; 95.1% of males and 86.5% of females.[4]
Laws regulating the system of education include the Regulation on Academic Degrees, the Compulsory Education Law, the Teachers Law, the Education Law, the Law on Vocational Education, and the Law on Higher Education. See also: Law of the People's Republic of China
Contents[hide]- 1 History
- 2 Development
- 3 Education policy
- 4 Education system
- 4.1 Stages
- 4.2 New directions
- 4.3 Compulsory education law
- 4.4 Basic education
- 4.5 Key schools
- 5 Primary education
- 5.1 Primary schools
- 5.2 Preschool education
- 5.3 Special education
- 6 Secondary education
- 6.1 Middle schools
- 6.2 Vocational and technical schools
- 7 Higher education
- 7.1 Background
- 7.2 Modernization goals in the 1980s
- 7.2.1 Entrance examinations and admission criteria
- 7.2.2 Changes in enrollment and assignment policies
- 7.2.3 Scholarship and loan system
- 7.2.4 Study abroad
- 7.3 Educational investment
- 7.4 Reform in the 21st Century
- 8 Teachers
- 9 Adult and online education
- 9.1 Role in modernization
- 9.2 Forms
- 9.3 Literacy and language reform
- 10 Rural education
- 11 Private education
- 12 Overseas students
- 13 See also
- 14 References
- 15 Further reading
- 16 External links
- 16.1 China Education statistics
Since the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), the education system in China has been geared toward economic modernization.[citation needed] In 1985, the national government ceded responsibility for basic education to local governments through the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party's "Decision on the Reform of the Educational Structure."[5] In unveiling the education reform plan in May 1985, the authorities called for nine years of compulsory education and the establishment of the State Education Commission (created the following month). Official commitment to improved education was nowhere more evident than in the substantial increase in funds for education in the Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986-90), which amounted to 72 percent more than funds allotted to education in the previous plan period (1981-85). In 1986 some 16.8 percent of the state budget was earmarked for education, compared with 10.4 percent in 1984. Since 1949, education has been a focus of controversy in China. As a result of continual intraparty realignments, official policy alternated between ideological imperatives and practical efforts to further national development. But ideology and pragmatism often have been incompatible. The Great Leap Forward (1958-60) and the Socialist Education Movement (1962-65) sought to end deeply rooted academic elitism, to narrow social and cultural gaps between workers and peasants and between urban and rural populations, and to "rectify" the tendency of scholars and intellectuals disdain manual labor. During the Cultural Revolution, [[universal fostering social equality was an overriding priority. The city government of Beijing brings the basics of differential calculus to the masses
The post-Mao Zedong Chinese Communist Party leadership viewed education as the foundation of the Four Modernizations. In the early 1980s, science and technology education became an important focus of education policy. By 1986 training skilled personnel and expanding scientific and technical knowledge had been assigned the highest priority. Although the humanities were considered important, vocational and technical skills were considered paramount for meeting China's modernization goals. The reorientation of educational priorities paralleled Deng Xiaoping's strategy for economic development. Emphasis also was placed on the further training of the already-educated elite, who would carry on the modernization program in the coming decades. Renewed emphasis on modern science and technology, coupled with the recognition of the relative scientific superiority of the West, led to the adoption, beginning in 1976, of an outward-looking policy that encouraged learning and borrowing from abroad for advanced training in a wide range of scientific fields.
Beginning at the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee in December 1978, intellectuals were encouraged to pursue research in support of the Four Modernizations and, as long as they complied with the party's "Four Cardinal Principles" they were given relatively free rein. But when the party and the government determined that the strictures of the four cardinal principles had been stretched beyond tolerable limits, they did not hesitate to restrict intellectual expression.
Literature and the arts also experienced a great revival in the late 1970s and 1980s. Traditional forms flourished once again, and many new kinds of literature and cultural expression were introduced from abroad.
DevelopmentTsinghua University is a top university in ChinaSince 1950 China has provided nine-year compulsory education for a fifth of the world's population. Nine-year compulsory education operates in 90 percent of China's populated areas, and illiteracy in the young and mid-aged population has fallen from over 80 percent down to five percent. The system trained some 60 million mid- or high-level professionals and near 400 million laborers to junior or senior high school level. Today, 250 million Chinese get three levels of school education, (elementary, junior and senior high school) doubling the rate of increase in the rest of the world during the same period. Net elementary school enrolment has reached 98.9 percent, and the gross enrollment rate in junior high schools 94.1 percent.
China's educational horizons are expanding. Ten years ago the MBA was virtually unknown but by 2004 there were 47,000 MBAs, trained at 62 MBA schools. Many people also apply for international professional qualifications, such as EMBA and MPA; close to 10,000 MPA students are enrolled in 47 schools of higher learning, including Peking University and Tsinghua University. The education market has rocketed, with training and testing for professional qualifications, such as computer and foreign languages, thriving. Continuing education is the trend, once in one's life schooling has become lifelong learning.
International cooperation and education exchanges increase every year. China has more students studying abroad than any other country; since 1979, there have been 697,000 Chinese students studying in 103 countries and regions, of whom 185,000 have returned after finishing their studies. The number of foreign students studying in China has also increased rapidly; in 2004, over 110,000 students from 178 countries were studying at China's universities.
Investment in education has increased in recent years; the proportion of the overall budget allocated to education has been increased by one percentage point every year since 1998. According to a Ministry of Education program, the government will set up an educational finance system in line with the public finance system, strengthen the responsibility of governments at all levels in educational investment, and ensure that their financial allocation for educational expenditure grows faster than their regular revenue. The program also set out the government's aim that educational investment should account for four percent of GDP in a relatively short period of time.
For non-compulsory education, China adopts a shared-cost mechanism, charging tuition at a certain percentage of the cost. Meanwhile, to ensure that students from low-income families have access to higher education, the government has initiated effective ways of assistance, with policies and measures as scholarships, work-study programs, subsidies for students with special economic difficulties, tuition reduction or exemption and state stipends.
The government has committed itself to markedly raising educational levels generally, as evidenced in a Ministry of Education program; by 2020, of every 100,000 people, 13,500 will have had junior college education or above and some 31,000 will have had senior high school schooling; rates for illiteracy and semi-literacy rate will fall below three percent; and average schooling duration across the population will increase from today's eight years to nearly 11.
Education policySee also: Education policyThis section does not cite any references or sources.
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The overthrow of the Kuomintang regime in 1949 ended China's "feudal capitalist" system in which education was effectively closed to workers and peasants in practical terms[citation needed] despite Sun Yat-Sen's support of general education in principle.
However, the Marxist ideology of the post-1949 government, in reacting to the overly literary and classical tradition of China, overstressed in turn "practical applications" and the superior wisdom of the worker and peasant, whose hand-skill was assumed to be the "base" to the "superstructure" of science and learning in general.[6] This resulted in various experiments in which peasants and industrial workers were made "teachers" overnight but were unable to gain respect or communicate their tacit knowledge.[citation needed]
The new Communist government created wide access to some form of education for all, except children of people under suspicion for "landlordism" and other bourgeois crimes. The possibility however of re-education and service to the "masses" was held out to bourgeois families as long as they proved their good faith by service to the workers and peasants.
This meant that even before the Cultural Revolution, there was a continuum, in China, between the prison, the re-education camp, and the school, a continuum which also exists in the West. Formally speaking, the opportunity was extended to all classes to join China's project on its Leninist terms.
The education provided was practical and made accessible, for example by simplifying many characters for quick learning and by training people in skills they could use, including the basic medical training provided "barefoot doctors", actually paramedics that provided medical care, midwifery and instruction on the evils of footbinding and female infanticide in such rural areas where those practices still existed.
Like most serious[clarification needed] Communist and socialist governments before and since,[citation needed] the Chinese Communist government provided "the goods" to the bottom of society in good faith and for this reason received broad support before the Cultural Revolution from the people at the bottom.[citation needed] The general populace was unaware of, and indifferent to,[citation needed] the fate of intellectuals during the Great Leap Forward and the Hundred Flowers epochs of the late 1950s, but seems on balance that for the first time in Chinese history, something was being done for his children's education and welfare,[citation needed] as it was being done contemporaneously in Russia and in the 1960s in Cuba.
Some of the practices taught were adopted by Westerners without much acknowledgement[citation needed] including the Lamaze method of drug-free childbirth and the training of paramedics: American emergency medicine in particular owes much, not only to military "medevac" procedures refined during the Vietnam War, but a Chinese-influenced break[citation needed] in the hold of the medical profession has over practitioner qualification, which allowed nurses and paramedics to fill in for doctors at straightforward procedures.[citation needed]
Other practical results of education reform prior to the Cultural Revolution of 1966 included practical instruction in the evils of opium addiction (cf. Opium Regimes, Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, eds., University of California Press, 2000). The Japanese and to an extent the Guomindang had fostered or ignored opium and other forms of addiction as a way of social control whereas the educational system and government of China eradicated opium, in part by education and also by harsh penalties (including death for repeat offenders) which are still in use.
But during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), higher education in particular suffered tremendous losses; the system was almost shut down, and a rising generation of college and graduate students, academics and technicians, professionals and teachers, was lost. The result was a lack of trained talent to meet the needs of society, an irrationally structured higher education system unequal to the needs of the economic and technological boom, and an uneven development in secondary technical and vocational education. In the post-Mao period, China's education policy continued to evolve. The pragmatist leadership, under Deng Xiaoping, recognized that to meet the goals of modernization it was necessary to develop science, technology, and intellectual resources and to raise the population's education level. Demands on education - for new technology, information science, and advanced management expertise - were levied as a result of the reform of the economic structure and the emergence of new economic forms. In particular, China needed an educated labor force to feed and provision its one billion plus population.
By 1980, achievement was once again accepted as the basis for admission and promotion in education. This fundamental change reflected the critical role of scientific and technical knowledge and professional skills in the Four Modernizations. Also, political activism was no longer regarded as an important measure of individual performance, and even the development of commonly approved political attitudes and political background was secondary to achievement. Education policy promoted expanded enrollments, with the long-term objective of achieving universal primary and secondary education. This policy contrasted with the previous one, which touted increased enrollments for egalitarian reasons. In 1985 the commitment to modernization was reinforced by plans for nine-year compulsory education and for providing good quality higher education.
Deng Xiaoping's far-ranging educational reform policy, which involved all levels of the education system, aimed to narrow the gap between China and other developing countries. Modernizing education was critical to modernizing China. Devolution of educational management from the central to the local level was the means chosen to improve the education system. Centralized authority was not abandoned, however, as evidenced by the creation of the State Education Commission. Academically, the goals of reform were to enhance and universalize elementary and junior middle school education; to increase the number of schools and qualified teachers; and to develop vocational and technical education. A uniform standard for curricula, textbooks, examinations, and teacher qualifications (especially at the middle-school level) was established, and considerable autonomy and variations in and among the autonomous regions, provinces, and special municipalities were allowed. Further, the system of enrollment and job assignment in higher education was changed, and excessive government control over colleges and universities was reduced.
Education systemStagesEducational stages in ChinaAgeEducationCompulsory18-22University or collegeNo15-18Senior high school (middle school)or
Vocational schoolNo12-15Junior middle schoolYes6-12Primary school
To provide for its population, China has a vast and varied school system. There are preschools, kindergartens, schools for the deaf and blind, key schools (similar to college preparatory schools), primary schools, secondary schools (comprising junior and senior middle schools, secondary agricultural and vocational schools, regular secondary schools, secondary teachers' schools, secondary technical schools, and secondary professional schools), and various institutions of higher learning (consisting of regular colleges and universities, professional colleges, and short-term vocational universities). In terms of access to education, China's system represented a pyramid; because of the scarcity of resources allotted to higher education, student numbers decreased sharply at the higher levels. Although there were dramatic advances in primary education after 1949, achievements in secondary and higher education were not as great.
Although the government has authority over the education system, the Chinese Communist Party has played a role in managing education since 1949. The party established broad education policies and under Deng Xiaoping, tied improvements in the quality of education to its modernization plan. The party also monitored the government's implementation of its policies at the local level and within educational institutions through its party committees. Party members within educational institutions, who often have a leading management role, are responsible for steering their schools in the direction mandated by party policy.
New directionsThe May 1985 National Conference on Education recognized five fundamental areas for reform to be discussed in connection with implementing the party Central Committee's "Draft Decision on Reforming the Education System." The reforms were intended to produce "more able people"; to make the localities responsible for developing "basic education" and systematically implement a nine-year compulsory education program; to improve secondary education develop vocational and technical education; to reform and the graduate-assignment system of institutions of higher education and to expand their management and decision-making powers; and to give administrators the necessary encouragement and authority to ensure smooth progress in educational reform.The National Conference on Education paved the way for reorganization of the Ministry of Education, which occurred in June 1985. Created to coordinate education policy, it also assumed the role previously played by the State Planning Commission and as a State Council commission, the new Ministry had greater status and was in charge of all education organizations except military ones. Although the new Ministry assumed a central role in the administration of education, the reform decentralized much of the power it previously wielded and its constituent offices and bureaus, which had established curriculum and admissions policies in response to the State Planning Commission's requirements.
The Ministry of Education, with its expanded administrative scope and power, was responsible for formulating guiding principles for education, establishing regulations, planning the progress of educational projects, coordinating the educational programs of different departments, and standardization educational reforms. Simplification of administration and delegation of authority were made the bases for improving the education system. This devolution of management to the autonomous regions, provinces, and special municipalities meant local governments had more decision-making power and were able to develop basic education. State-owned enterprises, mass organizations, and individuals were encouraged to pool funds to accomplish education reform. Local authorities used state appropriations and a percentage of local reserve financial resources (basically township financial revenues) to finance educational projects.
Compulsory education lawThe Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education (中华人民共和国义务教育法), which took effect on July 1, 1986, established requirements and deadlines for attaining universal education tailored to local conditions and guaranteed school-age children the right to receive at least nine years of education (five year primary education and four years secondary education). People's congresses at various local levels were, within certain guidelines and according to local conditions, to decide the steps, methods, and deadlines for implementing nine-year compulsory education in accordance with the guidelines formulated by the central authorities. The program sought to bring rural areas, which had four to six years of compulsory schooling, into line with their urban counterparts. Education departments were exhorted to train millions of skilled workers for all trades and professions and to offer guidelines, curricula, and methods to comply with the reform program and modernization needs.Provincial-level authorities were to develop plans, enact decrees and rules, distribute funds to counties, and administer directly a few key secondary schools. County authorities were to distribute funds to each township government, which were to make up for any deficiencies. County authorities were to supervise education and teaching and to manage their own senior middle schools, teachers' schools, teachers' in-service training schools, agricultural vocational schools, and exemplary primary and junior middle schools. The remaining schools were to be managed separately by the county and township authorities.
The compulsory education law divided China into three categories: cities and economically developed areas in coastal provinces and a small number of developed areas in the hinterland; towns and villages with medium development; and economically backward areas.
By November 1985 the first category - the larger cities and approximately 20 percent of the counties (mainly in the more developed coastal and southeastern areas of China) had achieved universal 9-year education. By 1990 cities, economically developed areas in coastal provincial-level units, and a small number of developed interior areas (approximately 25 percent of China's population) and areas where junior middle schools were already popularized were targeted to have universal junior-middle-school education. Education planners had envisioned that by the mid-1990s all workers and staff in coastal areas, inland cities, and moderately developed areas (with a combined population of 300 million to 400 million people) would have either compulsory 9-year or vocational education and that 5 percent of the people in these areas would have a college education - building a solid intellectual foundation for China. Further, the planners expected that secondary education and university entrants would also have increased by the year 2000.
The second category targeted under the 9-year compulsory education law consisted of towns and villages with medium-level development (around 50 percent of China's population), where universal education was expected to reach the junior-middle-school level by 1995. Technical and higher education was projected to develop at the same rate.
The third category, economically backward (rural) areas (around 25 percent of China's population) were to popularize basic education without a timetable and at various levels according to local economic development, though the state would try to support educational development. The state also would assist education in minority nationality areas. In the past, rural areas, which lacked a standardized and universal primary education system, had produced generations of illiterates; only 60 percent of their primary school graduates had met established standards.
As a further example of the government's commitment to nine-year compulsory education, in January 1986 the State Council drafted a bill passed at the Fourteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress that made it illegal for any organization or individual to employ youths before they had completed their nine years of schooling. The bill also authorized free education and subsidies for students whose families had financial difficulties.[7]
Basic educationChina's basic education involves pre-school, nine-year compulsory education from elementary to junior high school, standard senior high school education, special education for disabled children, and education for illiterate people.China has over 200 million elementary and high school students, who, together with pre-school children, account for one sixth of the total population. For this reason the Central Government has prioritized basic education as a key field of infrastructure construction and educational development.
In recent years, senior high school education has developed steadily. In 2004 enrollment was 8.215 million, 2.3 times that of 1988. Gross national enrollment in senior high schools has reached 43.8 percent, still lower than that of developed countries.
The government has created a special fund to improve conditions in China's elementary and high schools, for new construction, expansion and the re-building of run-down structures. Per-capita educational expenditure for elementary and high school students has grown greatly, teaching and research equipment, books and documents being updated and renewed every year.
Government's aim for the development of China's basic education system is to approach or attain the level of moderately-developed countries by 2010.
Key schools"Key schools," shut down during the Cultural Revolution, reappeared in the late 1970s and, in the early 1980s, became an integral part of the effort to revive the lapsed education system. Because educational resources were scarce, selected ("key") institutions - usually those with records of past educational accomplishment - were given priority in the assignment of teachers, equipment, and funds. They also were allowed to recruit the best students for special training to compete for admission to top schools at the next level. Key schools constituted only a small percentage of all regular senior middle schools and funneled the best students into the best secondary schools, largely on the basis of entrance scores. In 1980 the greatest resources were allocated to the key schools that would produce the greatest number of college entrants.In early 1987 efforts had begun to develop the key school from a preparatory school into a vehicle for diffusing improved curricula, materials, and teaching practices to local schools. Moreover, the appropriateness of a key school's role in the nine-year basic education plan was questioned by some officials because key schools favored urban areas and the children of more affluent and better educated parents. In 1985 entrance examinations and the key-school system had already been abolished in Changchun, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Xiamen, and other cities, and education departments in Shanghai and Tianjin were moving to establish a student recommendation system and eliminate key schools. In 1986 the Shanghai Educational Bureau abolished the key junior-middle-school system to ensure "an overall level of education."
Primary educationPrimary schoolsThe development of primary education in so vast a country as China has been a formidable accomplishment. In contrast to the 20 percent enrollment rate before 1949, in 1985 about 96 percent of primary school age children were enrolled in approximately 832,300 primary schools. This enrollment figure compared favorably with the record figures of the late 1960s and early 1970s, when enrollment standards were more egalitarian. In 1985 the World Bank estimated that enrollments in primary schools would decrease from 136 million in 1983 to 95 million in the late 1990s and that the decreased enrollment would reduce the number of teachers needed. Qualified teachers, however, would continue to be in demand.Under the Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education, primary schools were to be tuition-free and reasonably located for the convenience of children attending them; students would attend primary schools in their neighborhoods or villages. Parents paid a small fee per term for books and other expenses such as transportation, food, and heating. Previously, fees were not considered a deterrent to attendance. Under the education reform, students from poor families received stipends, and state enterprises, institutions, and other sectors of society were encouraged to establish their own schools. A major concern was that scarce resources be conserved without causing enrollment to fall and without weakening of the better schools. In particular, local governments were told not to pursue middle-school education blindly while primary school education was still developing, or to wrest money, teaching staff, and materials from primary schools.
Children usually entered primary school at seven years of age for six days a week, which after regulatory changes in 1995 and 1997 were changed to five and a half and five days, respectively. The two-semester school year consisted of 9.5 months, and began on September 1 and March 1, with a summer vacation in July and August and a winter vacation in January and February. Urban primary schools typically divided the school week into twenty-four to twenty-seven classes of forty-five minutes each, but in the rural areas, the norm was half-day schooling, more flexible schedules, and itinerant teachers. Most primary schools had a five-year course, except in such cities as Beijing and Shanghai, and later other major cities, which had reintroduced six-year primary schools and accepted children at six and one-half years rather than seven.
The primary-school curriculum consisted of Chinese, mathematics, physical education, music, drawing, and elementary instruction in nature, history, and geography, combined with practical work experiences around the school compound. A general knowledge of politics and moral training, which stressed love of the motherland, love of the party, and love of the people (and previously love of Chairman Mao), was another part of the curriculum. A foreign language, often English, is introduced in about the third grade. Chinese and mathematics accounted for about 60 percent of the scheduled class time; natural science and social science accounted for about 8 percent. Putonghua (common spoken language) was taught in regular schools and pinyin romanization in lower grades and kindergarten. The Ministry of Education required that all primary schools offer courses on morality and ethics. Beginning in the fourth grade, students usually had to perform productive labor two weeks per semester to relate classwork with production experience in workshops or on farms and relate it to academic study. Most schools had after-hour activities at least one day per week to involve students in recreation and community service.
Students are always organized into groups so that they can learn cooperation skills. To encourage responsibility, there are no janitors in Chinese schools. Rather, it is the student's job to take care of the inside of the schools by cleaning it.
By 1980 the percentage of students enrolled in primary schools was high, but the schools reported high dropout rates and regional enrollment gaps (most enrollees were concentrated in the cities). Only one in four counties had universal primary education. On the average, 10-percent of the students dropped out between each grade. During the 1979-83 period, the government acknowledged the "9-6-3" rule, that is, that nine of ten children began primary school, six completed it, and three graduated with good performance. This meant that only about 60 percent of primary students actually completed their five year program of study and graduated, and only about 30 percent were regarded as having primary-level competence. Statistics in the mid-1980s showed that more rural girls than boys dropped out of school.
Within the framework of the Law on Nine-Year Compulsory Education and the general trend toward vocational and technical skills, attempts were made to accommodate and correct the gap between urban and rural education. Urban and key schools almost invariably operated on a six day full-time schedule to prepare students for further education and high-level jobs. Rural schools generally operated on a flexible schedule geared to the needs of the agricultural seasons and sought to prepare students for adult life and manual labor in lower-skilled jobs. They also offered a more limited curriculum, often only Chinese, mathematics, and morals. To promote attendance and allow the class schedule and academic year to be completed, agricultural seasons were taken into account. School holidays were moved, school days shortened, and full-time, half-time, and spare-time classes offered in the slack agricultural seasons. Sometimes itinerant teachers were hired for mountain villages and served one village in the morning, another village in the afternoon.
Rural parents were generally well aware that their children had limited opportunities to further their education. Some parents saw little use in having their children attend even primary school, especially after the establishment of the agricultural responsibility system. Under that system, parents preferred that their children work to increase family income - and withdrew them from school - for both long and short periods of time.
Preschool educationPreschool education, which began at age three , was another target of education reform in 1985. Preschool facilities were to be established in buildings made available by public enterprises, production teams, municipal authorities, local groups, and families. The government announced that it depended on individual organizations to sponsor their own preschool education and that preschool education was to become a part of the welfare services of various government organizations, institutes, and state- and collectively operated enterprises. Costs for preschool education varied according to services rendered. Officials also called for more preschool teachers with more appropriate training. Special educationThe 1985 National Conference on Education also recognized the importance of special education, in the form of programs for gifted children and for slow learners. Gifted children were allowed to skip grades. Slow learners were encouraged to reach minimum standards, although those who did not maintain the pace seldom reached the next stage. For the most part, children with severe learning problems and those with handicaps and psychological needs were the responsibilities of their families. Extra provisions were made for blind and severely hearing-impaired children, although in 1984 special schools enrolled fewer than 2 percent of all eligible children in those categories. The China Welfare Fund, established in 1984, received state funding and had the right to solicit donations within China and from abroad, but special education has remained a low government priority.Today, China has 1,540 schools for special education, with 375,000 students; more than 1,000 vocational training institutes for disabled people, nearly 3,000 standard vocational training and education institutes that also admit disabled people; more than 1,700 training organizations for rehabilitating hearing-impaired children, with over 100,000 trained and in-training children. In 2004, 4,112 disabled students entered ordinary schools of higher learning. Of disabled children receiving special education, 63.6 percent of total recruitment numbers and 66.2 percent of enrollment were in ordinary schools or special classes thereof.
Secondary educationMiddle schoolsThis section may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help by adding relevant internal links, or by improving the section's layout. (March 2010)Lists of newly admitted students - complete with their home communities, test scores, and any extra points their derived due to their ethnicity or family size - posted outside of Linxia High SchoolSecondary education in China has a complicated history. In the early 1960s, education planners followed a policy called "walking on two legs," which established both regular academic schools and separate technical schools for vocational training. The rapid expansion of secondary education during the Cultural Revolution created serious problems; because resources were spread too thinly, educational quality declined. Further, this expansion was limited to regular secondary schools; technical schools were closed during the Cultural Revolution because they were viewed as an attempt to provide inferior education to children of worker and peasant families.
In the late 1970s, government and party representatives criticized what they termed the "unitary" approach of the 1960s, arguing that it ignored the need for two kinds of graduates: those with an academic education (college preparatory) and those with specialized technical education (vocational). Beginning in 1976 with the renewed emphasis on technical training, technical schools reopened, and their enrollments increased.
In the drive to spread vocational and technical education, regular secondary-school enrollments fell. By 1986 universal secondary education was part of the nine year compulsory education law that made primary education (six years) and junior-middle-school education (three years) mandatory. The desire to consolidate existing schools and to improve the quality of key middle schools was, however, under the education reform, more important than expanding enrollment.
Chinese secondary schools are called middle schools and are divided into junior and senior levels. In 1985 more than 104,000 middle schools (both regular and vocational) enrolled about 51 million students. Junior, or lower, middle schools offered a three year course of study, which students began at twelve years of age. Senior, or upper, middle schools offered a two or three year course, which students began at age fifteen.
The regular secondary-school year usually had two semesters, totaling nine months. In some rural areas, schools operated on a shift schedule to accommodate agricultural cycles. The academic curriculum consisted of Chinese, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geology, foreign language, history, geography, political science, music, fine arts, and physical education. Some middle schools also offered vocational subjects. There were thirty or thirty-one periods a week in addition to self-study and extracurricular activity. Thirty-eight percent of the curriculum at a junior middle school was in Chinese and mathematics, 16 percent in a foreign language. Fifty percent of the teaching at a senior middle school was in natural sciences and mathematics, 30 percent in Chinese and a foreign language.
Rural secondary education has undergone several transformations since 1980, when county-level administrative units closed some schools and took over certain schools run by the people's communes. In 1982 the communes were eliminated. In 1985 educational reform legislation officially placed rural secondary schools under local administration. There was a high dropout rate among rural students in general and among secondary students in particular, largely because of parental attitudes. All students, however, especially males, were encouraged to attend secondary school if it would lead to entrance to a college or university (still regarded as prestigious) and escape from village life.
In China a senior-middle-school graduate is considered an educated person, although middle schools are viewed as a training ground for colleges and universities. And, while middle-school students are offered the prospect of higher education, they are also confronted with the fact that university admission is limited. Middle schools are evaluated in terms of their success in sending graduates on for higher education, although efforts persist to educate young people to take a place in society as valued and skilled members of the work force.
Vocational and technical schoolsThe "Law on Vocational Education" was issued in 1996. Vocational education embraces higher vocational schools, secondary skill schools, vestibule schools, vocational high schools, job-finding centers and other adult skill and social training institutes. To enable vocational education to better accommodate the demands of economic re-structuring and urbanization, in recent years the government has remodeled vocational education, oriented towards obtaining employment, and focusing on two major vocational education projects to meet society's ever more acute demand for high quality, skilled workers. These are cultivating skilled workers urgently needed in modern manufacture and service industries; and training rural laborers moving to urban areas. To accelerate vocational education in western areas, the Central Government has used government bonds to build 186 vocational education centers in impoverished western area counties.Both regular and vocational secondary schools sought to serve modernization needs. A number of technical and "skilled-worker" training schools reopened after the Cultural Revolution, and an effort was made to provide exposure to vocational subjects in general secondary schools (by offering courses in industry, services, business, and agriculture). By 1985 there were almost 3 million vocational and technical students.
Under the educational reform tenets, polytechnic colleges were to give priority to admitting secondary vocational and technical school graduates and providing on-the-job training for qualified workers. Education reformers continued to press for the conversion of about 50 percent of upper secondary education into vocational education, which traditionally had been weak in the rural areas. Regular senior middle schools were to be converted into vocational middle schools, and vocational training classes were to be established in some senior middle schools. Diversion of students from academic to technical education was intended to alleviate skill shortages and to reduce the competition for university enrollment.
Although enrollment in technical schools of various kinds had not yet increased enough to compensate for decreasing enrollments in regular senior middle schools, the proportion of vocational and technical students to total senior-middle-school students increased from about 5 percent in 1978 to almost 36 percent in 1985, although development was uneven. Further, to encourage greater numbers of junior-middle-school graduates to enter technical schools, vocational and technical school graduates were given priority in job assignments, while other job seekers had to take technical tests.
In 1987 there were four kinds of secondary vocational and technical schools: technical schools that offered a four year, post-junior middle course and two- to three-year post-senior middle training in such fields as commerce, legal work, fine arts, and forestry; workers' training schools that accepted students whose senior-middle-school education consisted of two years of training in such trades as carpentry and welding; vocational technical schools that accepted either junior-or senior-middle-school students for one- to three-year courses in cooking, tailoring, photography, and other services; and agricultural middle schools that offered basic subjects and agricultural science.
These technical schools had several hundred different programs. Their narrow specializations had advantages in that they offered in-depth training , reducing the need for on-the-job training and thereby lowering learning time and costs. Moreover, students were more motivated to study if there were links between training and future jobs. Much of the training could be done at existing enterprises, where staff and equipment was available at little additional cost.
There were some disadvantages to this system, however. Under the Four Modernizations, technically trained generalists were needed more than highly specialized technicians. Also, highly specialized equipment and staff were underused, and there was an overall shortage of specialized facilities to conduct training. In addition, large expenses were incurred in providing the necessary facilities and staff, and the trend in some government technical agencies was toward more general technical and vocational education.
Further, the dropout rate continued to have a negative effect on the labor pool as upper-secondary-school technical students dropped out and as the percentage of lower-secondary-school graduates entering the labor market without job training increased. Occupational rigidity and the geographic immobility of the population, particularly in rural areas, further limited educational choices.
Although there were 668,000 new polytechnic school enrollments in 1985, the Seventh Five-Year Plan called for annual increases of 2 million mid-level skilled workers and 400,000 senior technicians, indicating that enrollment levels were still far from sufficient. To improve the situation, in July 1986 officials from the State Education Commission, State Planning Commission, and Ministry of Labor and Personnel convened a national conference on developing China's technical and vocational education. It was decided that technical and vocational education in rural areas should accommodate local conditions and be conducted on a short-term basis. Where conditions permitted, emphasis would be placed on organizing technical schools and short-term training classes. To alleviate the shortage of teachers, vocational and technical teachers' colleges were to be reformed and other colleges and universities were to be mobilized for assistance. The State Council decision to improve training for workers who had passed technical examinations (as opposed to unskilled workers) was intended to reinforce the development of vocational and technical schools.
Expanding and improving secondary vocational education has long been an objective of China's educational reformers, for vocational schools are seen as those which are best placed to address (by providing trained workers) the rising needs of the nation's expanding economy, especially its manufacturing and industrial sectors. Without an educated and trained work force, China cannot have economic, hence social and national, development. Yet, given a finite, and often quite limited, pot of money for secondary schools, an allocation competition/conflict necessarily exists between its two sub-sectors: general education and vocational/technical education. Regardless, an over-enrollment in the latter has been the overall result of the mid-1980s reforms. Yet firms that must seek workers from this graduate pool have remained unimpressed with the quality of recruits and have had to rely on their own job-training programs that provide re-education for their newly hired workers. The public, also, has not been very enthusiastic over vocational secondary education which, unlike general education, does not lead to the possibility of higher education. The public's perception is that these schools provide little more than a dead end for their children. Also, vocational institutions are more expensive to run than their counterparts in general education, and they have not had sufficient money to modernize their facilities, as China's modernizing national economy demands. By mid-decade of the 21st Century, therefore, academics and policy-makers alike began to question the wisdom of educational policy that pours funds into vocational schools that do not do their intended function.
Higher educationHuazhong University of Science and Technology in WuhanMain article: Higher education in China
By the end of 2004, China had 2,236 schools of Higher Learning, with over 20 million students; the gross rate of enrollment in schools of higher learning reached 19 percent. Postgraduate education is the fastest growing sector, with 24.1 percent more students recruited and 25.9 percent more researchers than the year before. This enrollment growth indicates that China has entered the stage of popular education. The UNESCO world higher education report of June 2003 pointed out that the student population of China's schools of higher learning had doubled in a very short period of time, and was the world's largest.
Particular attention has been paid to improving systems in recent reforms. Many industrial multiversities and specialist colleges have been established, strengthening some incomplete subjects and establishing new specialties, e.g., automation, nuclear power, energy resources, oceanography, nuclear physics, computer science, polymer chemistry, polymer physics, radiochemistry, physical chemistry and biophysics. A project for creating 100 world class universities began in 1993, which has merged 708 schools of higher learning into 302 universities. Merging schools of higher learning has produced far-reaching reform of higher education management, optimizing of educational resources allocation, and further improving teaching quality and school standards. More than 30 universities have received help from a special national fund to support their attainment of world elite class.
Between 1999 and 2003, enrollment in higher education increased from 1.6 million to 3.82 million. In 2004, the total enrollment in ordinary schools of higher learning was 4.473 million, 651,000 more than in 2003. Schools of higher learning and research institutes enrolled 326,000 postgraduate students, 57,000 more than the previous year. In 2010 China is expecting 6.3 million students to graduate from College or University, with 63% likely to enter the work force.[8]
The contribution to China's economic construction and social development made by research in the higher education sector is becoming ever more evident. By strengthening cooperation among their production, teaching and research, schools of higher learning are speeding up the process in turning sci-tech research results into products, giving rise to many new and hi-tech enterprises and important innovations. Forty-three national university sci-tech parks have been started or approved, some of which have become important bases for commercializing research.
BackgroundHigher education reflected the changes in political policies that have occurred in contemporary China. Since 1949 emphasis has continually been placed on political re-education, and in periods of political upheaval, such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, ideology has been stressed over professional or technical competence. During the early stages of the Cultural Revolution, tens of thousands of college students joined Red Guard organizations, effectively closing down the higher education system. In general, when universities reopened in the early 1970s, enrollments were reduced from pre-Cultural Revolution levels, and admission was restricted to individuals who had been recommended by their work unit (danwei) possessed good political credentials, and had distinguished themselves in manual labor. In the absence of stringent and reasonably objective entrance examinations, political connections became increasingly important in securing the recommendations and political dossiers necessary to qualify for university admission. As a result, the decline in educational quality was profound. Deng Xiaoping reportedly wrote Mao Zedong in 1975 that university graduates were "not even capable of reading a book" in their own fields when they left the university. University faculty and administrators, moreover, were demoralized by what they faced.Efforts made in 1975 to improve educational quality were unsuccessful. By 1980 it appeared doubtful that the politically oriented admission criteria had accomplished even the purpose of increasing enrollment of worker and peasant children. Successful candidates for university entrance were usually children of cadres and officials who used personal connections that allowed them to "enter through the back door." Students from officials' families would accept the requisite minimum two year work assignment in the countryside, often in a suburban location that allowed them to remain close to their families. Village cadres, anxious to please the parent-official, gladly recommended these youths for university placement after the labor requirement had been met. The child of an official family was then on his or her way to a university without having academic ability, a record of political activism, or a distinguished work record.
After 1976 steps were taken to improve educational quality by establishing order and stability, and calling for an end to political contention on university campuses, and expanding university enrollments. This pressure to maintain quality and minimize expenditures led to efforts both to run existing institutions more efficiently and to develop other college and university programs. As a result, labor colleges for training agro-technicians and factory-run colleges for providing technical education for workers were established. In addition, eighty-eight institutions and key universities were provided with special funding, top students and faculty members, and other support, and they recruited the most academically qualified students without regard to family background or political activism.
Modernization goals in the 1980sRepresentatives of Xi'an universities ready to welcome new students at booths set up outside of the city's train station throughout the late summerThe commitment to the Four Modernizations required great advances in science and technology. Under the modernization program, higher education was to be the cornerstone for training and research. Because modernization depended on a vastly increased and improved capability to train scientists and engineers for needed breakthroughs, the renewed concern for higher education and academic quality - and the central role that the sciences were expected to play in the Four Modernizations - highlighted the need for scientific research and training. This concern can be traced to the critical personnel shortages and qualitative deficiencies in the sciences resulting from the unproductive years of the Cultural Revolution, when higher education was shut down. In response to the need for scientific training, the Sixth Plenum of the Twelfth National Party Congress Central Committee, held in September 1986, adopted a resolution on the guiding principles for building a socialist society that strongly emphasized the importance of education and science.
Reformers realized, however, that the higher education system was far from meeting modernization goals and that additional changes were needed. The Provisional Regulations Concerning the Management of Institutions of Higher Learning, promulgated by the State Council in 1986, initiated vast changes in administration and adjusted educational opportunity, direction, and content. With the increased independence accorded under the education reform, universities and colleges were able to choose their own teaching plans and curricula; to accept projects from or cooperate with other socialist establishments for scientific research and technical development in setting up "combines" involving teaching, scientific research, and production; to suggest appointments and removals of vice presidents and other staff members; to take charge of the distribution of capital construction investment and funds allocated by the state; and to be responsible for the development of international exchanges by using their own funds.
The changes also allowed the universities to accept financial aid from work units and decide how this money was to be used without asking for more money from departments in charge of education. Further, higher education institutions and work units could sign contracts for the training of students.
Higher education institutions also were assigned a greater role in running inter-regional and inter-departmental schools. Within their state-approved budgets, universities secured more freedom to allocate funds as they saw fit and to use income from tuition and technical and advisory services for their own development, including collective welfare and bonuses.
There also was a renewed interest in television, radio, and correspondence classes (see distance learning and electronic learning. Some of the courses, particularly in the college-run factories, were serious, full-time enterprises, with a two- to three-year curriculum.
Entrance examinations and admission criteriaNational examinations to select students for higher education (and positions of leadership) were an important part of China's culture, and, traditionally, entrance to a higher education institution was considered prestigious. Although the examination system for admission to colleges and universities has undergone many changes since the Cultural Revolution, it remains the basis for recruiting academically able students. When higher education institutions were reopened in early 1970s, candidates for entrance examinations had to be senior-middle-school graduates or the equivalent, generally below twenty-six years of age. Work experience requirements were eliminated, but workers and staff members needed permission from their enterprises to take the examinations.
Each provincial-level unit was assigned a quota of students to be admitted to key universities, a second quota of students for regular universities within that administrative division, and a third quota of students from other provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities who would be admitted to institutions operated at the provincial level. Provincial-level administrative units selected students with outstanding records to take the examinations. Additionally, preselection examinations were organized by the provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities for potential students (from three to five times the number of places allotted). These candidates were actively encouraged to take the examination to ensure that a sufficient number of good applicants would be available. Cadres with at least two years of work experience were recruited for selected departments in a small number of universities on an experimental basis. Preferential admission treatment (in spite of lower test scores) was given to minority candidates, students from disadvantaged areas, and those who agreed in advance to work in less developed regions after graduation.
In December 1977, when uniform national examinations were reinstated, 5.7 million students took the examinations, although university placement was available for only the 278,000 applicants with the highest scores. In July 1984, about 1.6 million candidates (30,000 fewer than in 1983) took the entrance examinations for the 430,000 places in China's more than 900 colleges and universities. Of the 1.6 million examinees, more than 1 million took the test for placement in science and engineering colleges; 415,000 for places in liberal arts colleges; 88,000 for placement in foreign language institutions; and 15,000 for placement in sports universities and schools. More than 100,000 of the candidates were from national minority groups. A year later, there were approximately 1.8 million students taking the three day college entrance examination to compete for 560,000 places. Liberal arts candidates were tested on politics, Chinese, mathematics, foreign languages, history, and geography. Science and engineering candidates were tested on politics, Chinese, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Entrance examinations also were given in 1985 for professional and technical schools, which sought to enroll 550,000 new students.
Other innovations in enrollment practices, included allowing colleges and universities to admit students with good academic records but relatively low entrance-examination scores. Some colleges were allowed to try an experimental student recommendation system - fixed at 2 percent of the total enrollment for regular colleges and 5 percent for teachers' colleges - instead of the traditional entrance examination. A minimum national examination score was established for admission to specific departments at specially designated colleges and universities, and the minimum score for admission to other universities was set by provincial-level authorities. Key universities established separate classes for minorities. When several applicants attained the minimum test score, the school had the option of making a selection, a policy that gave university faculty and administrators a certain amount of discretion but still protected admission according to academic ability.
In addition to the written examination, university applicants had to pass a physical examination and a political screening. Less than 2 percent of the students who passed the written test were eliminated for reasons of poor health. The number disqualified for political reasons was known, but publicly the party maintained that the number was very small and that it sought to ensure that only the most able students actually entered colleges and universities.
By 1985 the number of institutions of higher learning had again increased - to slightly more than 1,000. The State Education Commission and the Ministry of Finance issued a joint declaration for nationwide unified enrollment of adult students - not the regular secondary-school graduates but the members of the work force who qualified for admission by taking a test. The State Education Commission established unified questions and time and evaluation criteria for the test and authorized provinces, autonomous regions, and special municipalities to administer the test, grade the papers in a uniform manner, and determine the minimum points required for admission. The various schools were to enroll students according to the results. Adult students needed to have the educational equivalent of senior-middle-school graduates, and those applying for release or partial release from work to study were to be under forty years of age. Staff members and workers were to apply to study job-related subjects with review by and approval of their respective work units. If employers paid for the college courses, the workers had to take entrance examinations. In 1985 colleges enrolled 33,000 employees from various enterprises and companies, approximately 6 percent of the total college enrollment.
In 1985 state quotas for university places were set, allowing both for students sponsored by institutions and for those paying their own expenses. This policy was a change from the previous system in which all students were enrolled according to guidelines established in Beijing. All students except those at teachers' colleges, those who had financial difficulties, and those who were to work under adverse conditions after graduation had to pay for their own tuition, accommodations, and miscellaneous expenses.
Changes in enrollment and assignment policiesThe student enrollment and graduate assignment system also was changed to reflect more closely the personnel needs of modernization. By 1986 the state was responsible for drafting the enrollment plan, which took into account future personnel demands, the need to recruit students from outlying regions, and the needs of trades and professions with adverse working conditions. Moreover, a certain number of graduates to be trained for the People's Liberation Army were included in the state enrollment plan. In most cases, enrollment in higher education institutions at the employers' request was extended as a supplement to the state student enrollment plan. Employers were to pay a percentage of training fees, and students were to fulfill contractual obligations to the employers after graduation. The small number of students who attended colleges and universities at their own expense could be enrolled in addition to those in the state plan.
Accompanying the changes in enrollment practices were reforms, adopted in 1986, in the faculty appointment system, which ended the "iron rice bowl" employment system and gave colleges and universities freedom to decide what departments, majors, and numbers of teachers they needed. Teachers in institutions of higher learning were hired on a renewable contract basis, usually for two to four years at a time. The teaching positions available on basis were teaching assistant, lecturer, associate professor, and professor. The system was tested in eight major universities in Beijing and Shanghai before it was instituted nationwide at the end of 1985. University presidents headed groups in charge of appointing professors, lecturers, and teaching assistants according to their academic levels and teaching abilities, and a more rational wage system, geared to different job levels, was inaugurated. Universities and colleges with surplus professors and researchers were advised to grant them appropriate academic titles and encourage them to work for their current pay in schools of higher learning where they were needed. The new system was to be extended to schools of all kinds and other education departments within two years.
Under the 1985 reforms, all graduates were assigned jobs by the state; a central government placement agency told the schools where to send graduates. By 1985 Tsinghua University and a few other universities were experimenting with a system that allowed graduates to accept job offers or to look for their own positions. For example, of 1,900 Tsinghua University graduates in 1985, 1,200 went on to graduate school, 48 looked for their own jobs, and the remainder were assigned jobs by the school after consultation with the students. The college students and postgraduates scheduled to graduate in 1986 were assigned primarily to work in forestry, education, textiles, and the armaments industry. Graduates still were needed in civil engineering, computer science, and finance.
Scholarship and loan systemIn July 1986 the State Council announced that the stipend system for university and college students would be replaced with a new scholarship and loan system. The new system, to be tested in selected institutions during the 1986-87 academic year, was designed to help students who could not cover their own living expenses but who studied hard, obeyed state laws, and observed discipline codes. Students eligible for financial aid were to apply to the schools and the China Industrial and Commercial Bank for low-interest loans. Three categories of students eligible for aid were established: top students encouraged to attain all-around excellence; students specializing in education, agriculture, forestry, sports, and marine navigation; and students willing to work in poor, remote, and border regions or under harsh conditions, such as in mining and engineering. In addition, free tuition and board were to be offered at teachers' colleges, and the graduates were required to teach at least five years in primary and middle schools. After graduation, a student's loans were to be paid off by his or her employer in a lump sum, and the money was to be repaid to the employer by the student through five years of payroll deductions.
Study abroadIn addition to loans, another means of raising educational quality, particularly in science, was to send students abroad to study. A large number of Chinese students studied in the Soviet Union before educational links and other cooperative programs with the Soviet Union were severed in the late 1950s (see Sino-Soviet split). In the 1960s and 1970s, China continued to send a small number of students abroad, primarily to European universities. In October 1978 Chinese students began to arrive in the United States; their numbers accelerated after normalization of relations between the two countries in January 1979, a policy consistent with modernization needs. Although figures vary, more than 36,000 students, including 7,000 self-supporting students (those who paid their own way, received scholarships from host institutions, or received help from relatives and "foreign friends"), studied in 14 countries between 1978 and 1984. Of this total, 78 percent were technical personnel sent abroad for advanced study. As of mid-1986 there were 15,000 Chinese scholars and graduates in American universities, compared with the total of 19,000 scholars sent between 1979 and 1983.
Chinese students sent to the United States generally were not typical undergraduates or graduate students but were mid-career scientists, often thirty-five to forty-five years of age, seeking advanced training in their areas of specialization. Often they were individuals of exceptional ability who occupied responsible positions in Chinese universities and research institutions. Fewer than 15 percent of the earliest arrivals were degree candidates. Nearly all the visiting scholars were in scientific fields.
Educational investmentMany of the problems that had hindered higher educational development in the past continued in 1987. Funding remained a major problem because science and technology study and research and study abroad were expensive. Because education was competing with other modernization programs, capital was critically short. Another concern was whether or not the Chinese economy was sufficiently advanced to make efficient use of the highly trained technical personnel it planned to educate. For example, some observers believed that it would be more realistic to train a literate work force of low-level technicians instead of research scientists. Moreover, it was feared that using an examination to recruit the most able students might advance people who were merely good at taking examinations. Educational reforms also made some people uncomfortable by criticizing the traditional practice of rote memorization and promoting innovative teaching and study methods.The prestige associated with higher education caused a demand for it. But many qualified youths were unable to attend colleges and universities because China could not finance enough university places for them. To help meet the demand and to educate a highly trained, specialized work force, China established alternate forms of higher education - such as spare-time, part-time, and radio and television universities.
China could not afford a heavy investment, either ideologically or financially, in the education of a few students. Since 1978 China's leaders have modified the policy of concentrating education resources at the university level, which, although designed to facilitate modernization, conflicted directly with the party's principles. The policies that produced an educated elite also siphoned off resources that might have been used to accomplish the compulsory nine year education more speedily and to equalize educational opportunities in the city and the countryside. The policy of key schools has been modified over the years. Nevertheless, China's leaders believe an educated elite is necessary to reach modernization goals. Corruption has been increasingly problematic for rural schools. Because the educational funding is distributed from the top down, each layer of bureaucracy has tended to siphon off more than its share of funding, leaving too little for the bottom rural level.
Reform in the 21st CenturyTwo years before the dawn of the 21st Century the Chinese government proposed an ambitious plan intended to expand university enrollment to ensure a greater output of professional and specialized graduates. An adjunct to the plan aimed to develop an elite of world class universities. Restructuring, through consolidations, mergers and shifts among the authorities which supervise institutions, was aimed at addressing the problems of small size and low efficiency. Higher vocational education was also restructured, and there was a general tendency there to emphasize elite institutions. This rapid expansion of mass higher education has resulted in not only a strain in teaching resources but also in higher unemployment rates among graduates. The creation of private universities, not under governmental control, remains slow and its future uncertain. The restructuring of higher education, in the words of one academic "has created a clearly escalating social stratification pattern among institutions, stratified by geography, source of funding, administrative unit, as well as by functional category (e.g., comprehensive, law, medical, etc.)."[9] Thus, although recent reform has arguably improved over-all educational quality, they have created new, different issues of equity and efficiency that will need to be addressed as the century proceeds.In the spring 2007 China will conduct a national evaluation of its universities. The results of this evaluation will be used to support the next major planned policy initiative. The last substantial national evaluation of universities, which was undertaken in 1994, resulted in the 'massification' of higher education as well as a renewed emphasis on elite institutions.[10] Academics praised the fin du siècle reforms for budging China's higher education from a unified, centralized, closed and static system into one characterized by more diversification, decentralization, openness and dynamism, stimulating the involvement of local governments and other non-state sectors. At the same time they note that this decentralization and marketization has led to further inequality in educational opportunity.[11]
Chinese parents and employers have begun to place a high value on overseas education, especially at top American and European institutions such as Harvard University, Oxford University, and Cambridge University, which are "revered" among many middle-class parents.[12] Since 1999, the number of Chinese applicants to top schools overseas has increased tenfold.[12][13] Much of the interest in overseas schools has been attributed to the release of how-to parenting books such as Harvard Girl, which spawned a "national obsession" with admissions to overseas schools.[13][14]
TeachersIn 1985, the government designated September 10 as Teachers' Day, the first festival day for any profession and indicative of government efforts to raise the social status and living standards of teachers.The government has started the Nationwide Program of Network for Education of Teachers to improve the quality of teaching. It aims to modernize teachers' education through educational information, providing support and services for lifelong learning through the teachers' education network, TV satellite network, and the Internet and to greatly improve the teaching quality of elementary and high school faculty through large-scale, high-quality and high-efficiency training and continuous education.
As required by state law, local governments are implementing teacher qualification systems and promoting in-service training for large numbers of school principals, so as to further improve school management standards. Currently, in schools of higher learning, professors and assistant professors account for 9.5 percent and 30 percent respectively. Young and middle-aged teachers predominate; teachers under age 45 account for 79 percent of total faculty, and under age 35 for 46 percent. Teachers in higher education constitute a vital contingent in scientific research, knowledge innovation and sci-tech. Of all academicians in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40.7 percent (280) are in the higher education sector; for the Chinese Academy of Engineering the corresponding figure is 35.3 percent (234).
Among the most pressing problems facing education reformers was the scarcity of qualified teachers, which has led to a serious stunting of educational development. In 1986 there were about 8 million primary- and middle-school teachers in China, but many lacked professional training. Estimates indicated that in order to meet the goals of the Seventh Five-Year Plan and realize compulsory 9-year education, the system needed 1 million new teachers for primary schools, 750,000 new teachers for junior middle schools, and 300,000 new teachers for senior middle schools. Estimates predict, however, that the demand for teachers will drop in the late 1990s because of an anticipated decrease in primary-school enrollments.
To cope with the shortage of qualified teachers, the State Education Commission decreed in 1985 that senior-middle-school teachers should be graduates with two years' training in professional institutes and that primary-school teachers should be graduates of secondary schools. To improve teacher quality, the commission established full-time and part-time (the latter preferred because it was less costly) in-service training programs. Primary-school and preschool in-service teacher training programs devoted 84 percent of the time to subject teaching, 6 percent to pedagogy and psychology, and 10 percent to teaching methods. In-service training for primary-school teachers was designed to raise them to a level of approximately two years' postsecondary study, with the goal of qualifying most primary-school teachers by 1990. Secondary-school in-service teacher training was based on a unified model, tailored to meet local conditions, and offered on a spare-time basis. Ninety-five percent of its curricula was devoted to subject teaching, 2 to 3 percent to pedagogy and psychology, and 2 to 3 percent to teaching methods. There was no similar large-scale in-service effort for technical and vocational teachers, most of whom worked for enterprises and local authorities.
By 1985 there were more than 1,000 teacher training schools - an indispensable tool in the effort to solve the acute shortage of qualified teachers. These schools, however, were unable to supply the number of teachers needed to attain modernization goals through 1990. Although a considerable number of students graduated as qualified teachers from institutions of Higher Learning, the relatively low social status and salary levels of teachers hampered recruitment, and not all of the graduates of teachers' colleges became teachers. To attract more teachers, China tried to make teaching a more desirable and respected profession. To this end, the government designated September 10 as Teachers' Day, granted teachers pay raises, and made teachers' colleges tuition free. To further arrest the teacher shortage, in 1986 the central government sent teachers to underdeveloped regions to train local schoolteachers.
Because urban teachers continued to earn more than their rural counterparts and because academic standards in the countryside had dropped, it remained difficult to recruit teachers for rural areas. Teachers in rural areas also had production responsibilities for their plots of land, which took time from their teaching. Rural primary teachers needed to supplement their pay by farming because most were paid by the relatively poor local communities rather than by the state.
Adult and online educationSee also: Adult education, Continuing education, Distance education, and Lifelong learningThe participation of big investors in online education has made it a new hotspot for investment in the education industry. Students of remote and under-developed areas are the biggest beneficiaries of online education, but online universities offer students who failed university entrance examinations and working people the chance of lifelong education and learning.
The Ministry of Education has approved 68 ordinary schools of higher learning and the Central Radio and TV University to pilot modern distance education. By the end of 2003, these schools had established 2,027 off-campus learning centers around China, offering 140 majors in ten disciplines, and had a total enrollment of 1.373 million.
The gradual spread of broadband technology has also helped online education. The China Education and Research Network (CERNET), started in 1994, is now China's second largest Internet network, covering all major cities of China. The high-speed connection between it and the China Education Broadband Satellite Net, opened in 2000, established a "space to earth" transmission platform for modern distance education, and provided an all-round network supporting environment for distance education.
Adult education is both dynamic and diverse. Schools of higher learning for adults include radio and TV, worker, farmer, correspondence and evening universities, management and education colleges; adult secondary schools include vocational, high and skills training schools; worker elementary and farmer elementary schools comprise the adult elementary sector.
Role in modernizationBecause only 4 percent of the nation's middle-school graduates are admitted to universities, China has found it necessary to develop other ways of meeting the demand for education. Adult education has become increasingly important in helping China meet its modernization goals. Adult, or "nonformal," education is an alternative form of higher education that encompasses radio, television, and correspondence universities, spare-time and part-time universities, factory-run universities for staff and workers, and county-run universities for peasants, many operating primarily during students' off-work hours. These alternative forms of education are economical. They had sought to educate both the "delayed generation" - those who lost educational opportunities during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) - and to raise the cultural, scientific, and general education levels of workers on the job. FormsSchools have been established by government departments, businesses, trade unions, academic societies, democratic parties, and other organizations. In 1984 about 70 percent of China's factories and enterprises supported their own part-time classes, which often were referred to as workers' colleges. In Beijing alone, more than ninety adult-education schools with night schools enrolled tens of thousands of students. More than 20,000 of these students graduated annually from evening universities, workers' colleges, television universities, and correspondence schools - more than twice the number graduating from regular colleges and universities. The government spent 200 yuan (¥) to ¥500 per adult education student and at least ¥1,000 per regular university student. In 1984 approximately 1.3 million students enrolled in television, correspondence, and evening universities, about a 30 percent increase over 1983.Spare-time education for workers and peasants and literacy classes for the entire adult population were other components of basic education. Spare-time education included a very broad range of educational activities at all levels. Most spare-time schools were sponsored by factories and run for their own workers; they provided fairly elementary education, as well as courses to upgrade technical skills. Most were on-the-job training and retraining courses, a normal part of any industrial system. These schools continually received publicity in the domestic media as a symbol of social justice, but it was unclear whether they received adequate resources to achieve this end.
China's educational television system began in 1960 but was suspended during the Cultural Revolution in 1966. In 1979 the Central Radio and Television University was established in Beijing with branches in twenty-eight provincial-level universities. Many Central Radio and Television University students were recent senior-middle school graduates who scored just below the cut-off point for admission to conventional colleges and universities. Full-time (who take four courses) and part-time students (two courses) had at least two years' work experience, and they return to their jobs after graduation. Spare-time students (one course) studied after work. Students whose work units granted them permission to study in a television university were paid their normal wages; expenses for most of their books and other educational materials were paid for by the state. A typical Central Radio and Television University student spent up to six hours a day over a three-year period watching lectures on videotapes produced by some of the best teachers in China. These lectures were augmented by face-to-face tutoring by local instructors and approximately four hours of homework each evening. The major problem with the system is that there were too few television sets. In 1987 the Central Television and Radio University had its programs produced, transmitted and financed by the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television. The State Education Commission developed its curriculum and distributed its printed support materials. Curriculum included both basic, general-purpose courses in science and technology and more specialized courses. The Central Television and Radio University offered more than 1,000 classes in Beijing and its suburbs and 14 majors in 2- to 3-year courses through 56 working centers. Students who passed final examinations were given certificates entitling them to the same level of remuneration as graduates of regular, full-time colleges and universities. The state gave certain allowances to students awaiting jobs during their training period.
Literacy and language reformThe Hanyu Pinyin Romanization is commonly used as a means of teaching literacy and the standard ("Putonghua") pronunciationThe continuing campaigns to eradicate illiteracy also were a part of basic education. Chinese government statistics indicated that of a total population of nearly 1.1 billion in 1985, about 230 million people were illiterate or semiliterate. The difficulty of mastering written Chinese makes raising the literacy rate particularly difficult. In general, language reform was intended to make written and spoken Chinese easier to learn, which in turn would foster both literacy and linguistic unity and serve as a foundation for a simpler written language. In 1951 the party issued a directive that inaugurated a three-part plan for language reform. The plan sought to establish universal comprehension of a standardized common language, simplify written characters, and introduce, where possible, romanized forms based on the Latin alphabet. In 1956 Putonghua (modern Standard Mandarin) was introduced as the language of instruction in schools and in the national broadcast media, and by 1977 it was in use throughout China, particularly in the government and party, and in education. Although in 1987 the government continued to endorse the goal of universalizing putonghua, hundreds of regional and local dialects continued to be spoken, complicating interregional communication.
A second language reform required the simplification of ideographs because ideographs with fewer strokes are easier to learn. In 1964 the Committee for Reforming the Chinese Written Language released an official list of 2,238 simplified characters most basic to the language. Simplification made literacy easier, although people taught only in simplified characters were cut off from the wealth of Chinese literature written in traditional characters. Any idea of replacing ideographic script with romanized script was soon abandoned, however by government and education leaders.
A third area of change involved the proposal to use the pinyin romanization system more widely. Pinyin (first approved by the National People's Congress in 1958) was encouraged primarily to facilitate the spread of putonghua in regions where other dialects and languages are spoken. By the mid-1980s, however, the use of pinyin was not as widespread as the use of putonghua.
Retaining literacy was as much a problem as acquiring it, particularly among the rural population. Literacy rates declined between 1966 and 1976. Political disorder may have contributed to the decline, but the basic problem was that the many Chinese ideographs can be mastered only through rote learning and can be often forgotten because of disuse.
Rural educationReflecting the fact that most of China's population live in the countryside, 95.2 percent of all elementary schools, 87.6 percent of junior high schools and 71.5 percent of senior high schools are in rural areas, with 160 million students at the compulsory education stage. The 1995-2000 "National Project of Compulsory Education in Impoverished Areas" involved the allocation of 3.9 billion special funds from the central finance and 10 billion yuan raised by local governments to improve schooling conditions in impoverished areas. In 2004, various special funds allocated by the central finance for compulsory education in rural areas reached 10 billion yuan, a 72.4 percent increase on the 2003 figure of 5.8 billion.The China Agricultural Broadcast and Television School has nearly 3,000 branch schools and a teaching and administrative staff of 46,000. Using radio, television, satellite, network, audio and video materials, it has trained over 100 million people in applicable agricultural technologies and over 8 million persons for work in rural areas. After 20 years in development, it is the world's largest distance learning organ for rural education.
In a Ministry of Education program covering the next five years, the government will implement measures to realize its aims of nine-year compulsory education in China's western region and the basic elimination of young and middle-aged illiteracy and the popularization of high level, high quality nine-year compulsory education in east and central rural areas. At the same time, government is to promote the development of modern distance learning for rural elementary and high schools, and further improve rural compulsory education management systems.
Private educationThe government supports private educational organizations. The first "Law on Promotion of Private Education" came into effect on September 1, 2003.Development of private schools means an increase in overall education supply and a change in the traditional pattern of public-only schools, so as to meet educational needs. At the end of 2004, there were more than 70,000 private schools of all types and level, with a total enrollment of 14.16 million, including 1,279 private institutes of higher learning, with a total enrollment of 1.81 million.
Private schools have pioneered cooperation with foreign partners in the running of schools and many foreign universities have entered China this way, which has both improved the quality of China's education resources and opened new channels for students' further studies.[citation needed]
Overseas studentsThe number of foreign students wanting to study in China is rising rapidly year by year by approximately 20%.[15] According to official government figures 195,503 overseas students from 188 countries and regions came to study on the mainland in 2007 although the number is believed to be somewhere around the 300,000 region, because the government's figures do not include students studying at private language schools. This makes China the world's sixth-largest study abroad destination.According to reports, the Republic of Korea, Japan, the United States of America, Vietnam and Thailand were the five biggest source countries, and the number of students from European source countries is increasing.[16] Currently the Chinese government offers over 10,000 scholarships to foreign students, though this is set to rise by approximately 3000 within the next year.
International students are increasingly studying in China. China's economy is improving more quickly than had been predicted, i.e. sizable economic growth by 2015 has been predicted as opposed to 2050.[17] China has already drawn the attention of the West for its growth rates and the 2008 Olympic Games intensified this positive attention. Another factor that draws students to China is the considerably lower cost of living in China compared to most western countries. Finally, major cities in China such as Beijing and Shanghai already have a strong international presence.
Currently China has around 1000 colleges and universities. Some universities have already gained international reputation for outstanding teaching and research facilities. China has signed agreements with almost 40 countries such as France, Great Britain, the United States of America, Russia, etc to recognize each others diplomas. Many Chinese universities now offer degrees in English enabling students with no knowledge of Chinese to study there.
abandonments abbreviating abbreviation abbreviators abecedarians aberrational abjectnesses abolishments abolitionary abolitionism abolitionist abominations aboriginally abortionists abortiveness abracadabras abrasiveness abridgements abruptnesses absenteeisms absentminded absoluteness absolutistic absolutizing absorbancies absorbencies absorptances absorptivity absquatulate abstemiously abstractable abstractedly abstractions abstractness abstruseness abstrusities absurdnesses academically academicians academicisms acatalectics accelerandos accelerating acceleration accelerative accelerators accentuating accentuation acceptations accessioning accessorised accessorises accessorized accessorizes acciaccatura accidentally accipitrines acclamations acclimations acclimatised acclimatises acclimatized acclimatizer acclimatizes accommodated accommodates accommodator accompanists accompanying accomplished accomplisher accomplishes accordionist accouchement accouterment accoutrement accreditable accretionary acculturated acculturates accumulating accumulation accumulative accumulators accurateness accursedness acetaldehyde acetanilides acetonitrile acetylations achievements achlorhydria achlorhydric achromatisms achromatized achromatizes acidimetries acidulations acknowledged acknowledges acoustically acousticians acquaintance acquiescence acquirements acquisitions acquittances acriflavines acrocentrics acromegalics acromegalies acrostically actabilities actinometers actinometric actinomorphy actinomycete actinomycins activenesses acupressures acupunctures adaptability adaptational adaptiveness adaptivities additionally additivities adenoviruses adequateness adhesiveness adjectivally adjournments adjudicating adjudication adjudicative adjudicators adjudicatory adjustmental administered administrant administrate admirability admonishment admonitorily adolescences adolescently adoptability adoptianisms adoptionisms adoptionists adorableness adrenochrome adroitnesses adscititious adulterating adulteration adulterators adulteresses adulterously adumbrations advancements advantageous adventitious adventurisms adventurists adversatives advertencies advertisings advertorials advisability aerenchymata aerodynamics aeroembolism aeromagnetic aeromedicine aeronautical aerosolizing aesthetician aestheticism aestheticize aestivations affabilities affectations affectedness affectionate afficionados affiliations affirmations affirmatives afflictively affricatives aforethought afterburners aftereffects aftermarkets afterthought agapanthuses agglomerated agglomerates agglutinable agglutinated agglutinates agglutinogen aggradations aggrandising aggrandizers aggrandizing aggravations aggregations aggressively aggressivity aggrievement agnosticisms agoraphobias agoraphobics agranulocyte agrarianisms agreeability agribusiness agrichemical agricultural agricultures agrochemical agroforester agroforestry aiguillettes ailurophiles ailurophobes ailurophobia airfreighted airtightness airworthiest albuminurias alchemically alcyonarians aldolization aldosterones alexandrines alexandrites algolagniacs alienability alimentation alkalimeters alkalinities alkalinizing allegorising allegorizers allegorizing allelomorphs allelopathic alleviations alliterating alliteration alliterative alloantibody alloantigens allografting allomorphism allopurinols allosauruses allusiveness almightiness alphabetical alphabetized alphabetizer alphabetizes alphanumeric alterability altercations alternations alternatives altitudinous amalgamating amalgamation amalgamators amateurishly amazonstones ambassadress ambidextrous ambitionless ambivalences ambivalently ambiversions amblygonites ambulatories ambulatorily ameliorating amelioration ameliorative ameliorators amelioratory amentiferous amiabilities amicableness aminopterins aminopyrines amitotically ammoniations amobarbitals amontillados amortization amoxicillins amoxycillins amperometric amphetamines amphibiously amphibolites amphibrachic amphictyonic amphidiploid amphisbaenas amphisbaenic amphitheater amygdaloidal amylopectins anachronisms anacoluthons anacreontics anaerobioses anaerobiosis anaesthesias anaesthetics anagogically anagrammatic analogically analphabetic analytically analyzations anaphylactic anaplasmoses anaplasmosis anarchically anastigmatic anastomosing anathematize anatomically ancestresses anchorpeople anchorperson andouillette androcentric androgeneses androgenesis androgenetic androsterone anecdotalism anecdotalist anelasticity anemometries anemophilous anencephalic anesthetists anesthetized anesthetizes aneuploidies angelologies angelologist angiogeneses angiogenesis angiographic angiotensins anglerfishes angularities anilinctuses animadverted aniseikonias anisotropies anisotropism ankylosaurus annexational annihilating annihilation annihilators annihilatory announcement annunciating annunciation annunciators annunciatory anodizations anorexigenic anorthosites anorthositic antagonistic antagonizing antecedences antecedently antechambers antediluvian antependiums anthelmintic anthocyanins anthological anthologists anthologized anthologizer anthologizes anthophilous anthracnoses anthranilate anthropology antiabortion antiacademic antiaircraft antibacklash antiblackism antiboycotts antiburglary antibusiness anticatalyst anticathodes anticipating anticipation anticipators anticipatory anticlerical anticlimaxes anticlotting anticolonial anticonsumer anticreative anticultural anticyclones anticyclonic antidandruff antidiabetic antidilution antidogmatic antieconomic antielectron antielitisms antielitists antientropic antiepilepsy antiestrogen antifascisms antifascists antifashions antifeminine antifeminism antifeminist antifriction antigambling antigenicity antiglobulin antiheroines antihumanism antihuntings antihysteric antikickback antileukemic antiliberals antiliterate antilynching antimacassar antimagnetic antimalarial antimilitary antimissiles antimitotics antimonopoly antimosquito antinational antinepotism antineutrino antineutrons antinovelist antinucleons antioxidants antiozonants antiparallel antiparticle antipathetic antiperiodic antiphonally antipiracies antipleasure antipoaching antipolitics antipredator antipruritic antipyretics antiquarians antiquations antirachitic antirational antirealisms antirealists antireligion antiromantic antiroyalist antirrhinums antisciences antisocially antispending antistrophes antistrophic antitakeover antithetical antithrombin antitrusters antitussives antiviolence antivitamins antonomasias aoristically aortographic aperiodicity aphrodisiacs apiculturist apocalyptism apocalyptist apochromatic apocryphally apolitically apomorphines apophyllites apostatising apostatizing apostleships apostolicity apostrophise apostrophize apothecaries apothegmatic apotheosized apotheosizes apparatchiki apparatchiks apparentness apparitional appeasements appellations appellatives appendectomy appendicites appendicitis appendicular apperceiving apperception apperceptive appertaining appetizingly applications appoggiatura appointments apportioning appositeness appositional appositively appraisement appraisingly appreciating appreciation appreciative appreciators appreciatory apprehending apprehension apprehensive apprenticing appressorium approachable approbations appropriable appropriated appropriates appropriator approximated approximates appurtenance appurtenants aquacultural aquacultures aquarellists aquatintists aquicultures aquilinities arabinosides arbitrageurs arbitraments arbitrations arborescence arborization archdeaconry archdiocesan archdioceses archdukedoms archegoniate archenterons archeologies archeologist archerfishes archesporial archesporium archetypally archetypical archipelagic archipelagos architecture archosaurian argillaceous aristocratic arithmetical armamentaria aromatherapy aromatically arpeggiating arraignments arrangements arsenopyrite arsphenamine arteriograms artfulnesses arthroscopes arthroscopic arthrospores articulacies articulately articulating articulation articulative articulators articulatory artificially artillerists artilleryman artillerymen artiodactyls artisanships artistically ascendancies ascendencies ascertaining ascomycetous asexualities aspergillums asphyxiating asphyxiation aspirational assassinated assassinates assassinator assaultively assemblagist assentations asseverating asseveration asseverative assignations assimilating assimilation assimilative assimilators assimilatory associations assuagements assumability asteriskless astigmatisms astonishment astoundingly astringently astrobiology astrocytomas astrological astrometries astronautics astronomical astrophysics astutenesses asymmetrical asymptomatic asynchronies asynchronism asynchronous atheoretical atheromatous athletically athleticisms athwartships atmospherics atomizations attenuations attestations attitudinise attitudinize attorneyship attractances attractively attributable attributions attributives audibilities audiological audiologists audiometries audiovisuals augmentation augmentative augustnesses auscultating auscultation auscultatory auspiciously autecologies authenticate authenticity autistically autoantibody autochthones autocratical autodidactic autoeciously autoerotisms autogenously autografting autographies autographing autohypnoses autohypnosis autohypnotic autoimmunity automaticity automatizing automobiling automobilist automobility automorphism autonomously autorotating autorotation autosuggests autotomizing autotrophies autoxidation auxotrophies availability avariciously avascularity aversenesses aversiveness aviculturist avitaminoses avitaminosis avitaminotic avuncularity axiomatizing axisymmetric azathioprine azoospermias azotobacters babesiosises bacchanalian bachelordoms bachelorette bachelorhood backbenchers backbreakers backbreaking backcourtman backcourtmen backcrossing backdropping backgrounded backgrounder backhandedly backlighting backpedaling backpedalled backscatters backslappers backslapping backsplashes backstabbers backstabbing backstitched backstitches backstopping backtracking backwardness backwoodsman backwoodsmen bactericidal bactericides bacteriocins bacteriology bacteriostat bacteriurias bailiffships balderdashes ballcarriers balletomanes balletomania ballhandling ballyragging balneologies banderillero bankruptcies bantamweight baptisteries barbarianism barbarically barbiturates bardolatries barnstormers barnstorming baroreceptor barquentines barrelhouses barrennesses barricadoing basementless baserunnings basidiospore basification bastardising bastardizing bastinadoing bathetically bathymetries bathypelagic bathyscaphes bathyspheres battlefields battlefronts battleground battlemented battlewagons beachcombers beachcombing bearbaitings beardtongues beatifically beautifulest beaverboards becudgelling bedazzlement bedcoverings bedevilments bedizenments bedrivelling befuddlement beggarliness beglamouring begrudgingly beguilements behaviorally behaviorisms behaviorists beleaguering belittlement belletristic belligerence belligerency belligerents bellybuttons benchwarmers benedictions benefactions benefactress beneficences beneficently beneficially beneficiated beneficiates benevolences benevolently benignancies benzaldehyde benzoapyrene benzophenone bereavements beseechingly bespattering bespectacled besprinkling bestialities bestializing betweenbrain betweentimes bewilderedly bewilderment bewitcheries bewitchingly bewitchments bibliography bibliolaters bibliologies bibliomaniac bibliomanias bibliopegies bibliopegist bibliophiles bibliophilic bibliopolist bibliothecae bibliothecal bibliothecas bibulousness bicameralism bicarbonates bicentennial biflagellate bifunctional bifurcations bigheartedly bilateralism bilharziases bilharziasis bilingualism billboarding billingsgate billionaires bimetallisms bimetallists bimillennial bimodalities binocularity bioacoustics bioavailable biochemicals biochemistry biodegrading biodiversity bioenergetic bioengineers bioethicists biofeedbacks biogeography biographical biologically biomaterials biomechanics biomedicines biometrician biomolecular biomolecules biophysicist bioscientist biosyntheses biosynthesis biosynthetic biotechnical biotelemetry biparentally bipartitions bipedalities bipolarities bipolarizing bipropellant biquadratics biracialisms birdwatchers birefringent bitchinesses bitternesses bittersweets bituminizing biuniqueness blabbermouth blackballing blackberries blackbirders blackbirding blackguarded blackguardly blackhanders blackjacking blacklisters blacklisting blackmailers blackmailing blacktopping bladderworts blandishment blastocoeles blastocoelic blastospores blastulation blatherskite bleacherites blearinesses blimpishness blindfolding blissfulness blisteringly blithesomely blockbusters blockbusting bloodinesses bloodletting bloodmobiles bloodstained bloodstreams bloodsuckers bloodsucking bloodthirsty blueprinting bluestocking bluishnesses blunderingly blurrinesses blusteringly boardsailing boardsailors boastfulness boatbuilders boatbuilding bobsleddings boddhisattva bodhisattvas bodybuilders bodybuilding bodychecking bohemianisms boilermakers boilerplates boisterously bolshevizing bombardments bombinations bonefishings bonnyclabber bookbindings bookkeepings booksellings boomeranging boondogglers boondoggling bootlessness bootstrapped boringnesses borohydrides borosilicate botherations bottlenecked bottomlessly boulevardier bourgeoisies bourgeoisify boutonnieres bowdlerising bowdlerizers bowdlerizing boyishnesses brachiations brackishness bradycardias braggadocios braininesses brainstormed brainstormer brainteasers brainwashers brainwashing branchiopods brassinesses brattinesses brawninesses brazennesses breadbaskets breadboarded breadwinners breadwinning breakfasters breakfasting breakthrough breastplates breaststroke breathlessly breathtaking brecciations breechblocks breechcloths breechclouts breechloader breezinesses bricklayings brightnesses brilliancies brilliantine brinkmanship bristletails broadcasters broadcasting brokennesses bromegrasses brominations bromouracils bronchitides bronchitises bronchogenic bronchoscope bronchoscopy bronchospasm broncobuster brontosaurus broodinesses broomballers brotherhoods brushability bryophyllums bubbleheaded buccaneering buccaneerish buffaloberry buffooneries bullbaitings bulldoggings bullfighters bullfighting bullheadedly bullmastiffs bullterriers bullwhipping bullyragging bumbershoots bunchberries bunchgrasses bureaucratic burglarizing burglarproof burgomasters bushrangings bushwhackers bushwhacking businesslike butterfishes butterflyers butterflying butterscotch buttonbushes buttonholers buttonholing buttonhooked cabbageworms cabinetmaker cabinetworks cachinnating cachinnation cacographies cadaverously calamitously calcareously calcinations calculatedly calculations calibrations californiums calisthenics calligrapher calligraphic callownesses calorimeters calorimetric calumniating calumniation calumniators calumniously calypsonians camaraderies cameraperson camouflaging camphorating canalization cancelations cancellation candelabrums candescences candidatures candidnesses candlefishes candleholder candlelights candlepowers candlesticks candyflosses cannabinoids cannibalised cannibalises cannibalisms cannibalized cannibalizes cannonballed canonicities canonization canorousness cantankerous cantharidins cantilevered cantillating cantillation capabilities capacitances capacitating capacitation capacitively caparisoning capercaillie capercailzie capitalising capitalistic capitalizing capitularies capitulating capitulation capriciously caprolactams captainships captiousness captivations caramelising caramelizing caravanserai carbohydrase carbohydrate carbonaceous carbonadoing carbonations carboxylases carboxylated carboxylates carburetions carburetters carburetting carburettors carcinogenic cardinalates cardinalship cardiographs cardiography cardiologies cardiologist cardiotonics cardsharpers carelessness caricaturing caricaturist carillonneur carillonning carminatives carpentering carpetbagger carrageenans carrageenins carriageways carrottopped carryforward cartographer cartographic cartoonishly cartwheelers cartwheeling cassiterites castigations casualnesses catabolizing catachrestic catadioptric cataphoreses cataphoresis cataphoretic catastrophes catastrophic catchphrases catechetical categorising categorizing caterpillars caterwauling catheterized catheterizes cathodically catholically catholicates catholicized catholicizes catholicoses cationically caudillismos cauliflowers causticities cautiousness cavalierisms celebrations cellulitides cellulitises cellulolytic cementations cementitious censoriously centenarians centennially centerboards centeredness centerpieces centimorgans centralising centralistic centralities centralizers centralizing centricities centrifugals centrifuging cephalically cephalometry cephalothins ceratopsians cerebrations cerebrosides ceremonially certificated certificates cervicitides cervicitises chaetognaths chairmanning chairmanship chairpersons chalcedonies chalcogenide chalcopyrite chamaephytes chamberlains chambermaids championship chancinesses chandeliered changelessly channelizing chansonniers chanterelles chanticleers chaperonages chaplaincies characterful characteries charactering characterize charbroilers charbroiling charcuteries charismatics charlatanism chartularies chastenesses chastisement chatoyancies chatterboxes chattinesses chauffeuring chaulmoogras chauvinistic checkerberry checkerboard checkmarking cheekinesses cheerfullest cheerfulness cheerinesses cheerleaders cheerleading cheeseburger cheesecloths cheeseparing cheesinesses chemiosmotic chemisorbing chemosurgery chemotherapy chemotropism cherrystones cherubically chesterfield chiaroscuros chickenpoxes childbearing childishness childproofed chillinesses chimerically chimichangas chimneypiece chinaberries chinoiseries chirographer chirographic chiromancers chiromancies chiropodists chiropractic chiropractor chiropterans chitchatting chitterlings chivalrously chlorenchyma chlorinating chlorination chlorinators chlorinities chloroformed chlorohydrin chlorophylls chloropicrin chloroplasts chloroprenes chloroquines chocolatiers choicenesses choirmasters chokeberries cholerically cholesterols chondriosome chondroitins choppinesses choreographs choreography chorographer chorographic chowderheads chrestomathy chrismations christenings christianias chromaticism chromaticity chromatogram chrominances chromocenter chromonemata chromophores chromophoric chromoplasts chromosphere chronicities chronographs chronography chronologers chronologies chronologist chronometers chronometric chrysarobins chrysoberyls chrysomelids chrysophytes chrysoprases chubbinesses chuckawallas chuckleheads chugalugging chumminesses churchgoings churchianity churchliness churchwarden churlishness chylomicrons chymotrypsin chymotryptic cinematheque cinematizing cinquecentos circuitously circularised circularises circularized circularizes circularness circulatable circulations circumcenter circumcircle circumcisers circumcising circumcision circumflexes circumfluent circumfluous circumfusing circumfusion circumjacent circumscribe circumstance circumvented cirrocumulus cirrostratus citification citizenesses citizenships citriculture citronellals citronellols civilianized civilianizes civilisation civilization cladogeneses cladogenesis cladogenetic cladophyllum clairaudient clairvoyance clairvoyants clamminesses clangorously clannishness clapboarding clapperclaws clarinetists clarinettist classicality classicistic classicizing classifiable classinesses clatteringly claudication clavieristic cleanability clearstories cleistogamic clerestories clericalisms clericalists clevernesses cliffhangers climacterics climatically cliquishness clitorectomy cloddishness cloistresses closemouthed clotheshorse clotheslined clotheslines clothespress cloudberries cloudinesses cloverleaves clownishness cloxacillins clubbinesses clumsinesses coacervation coadaptation coadjutrices coagulations coalescences coalitionist coarctations coarsenesses coauthorship cobblestoned cobblestones cocaptaining cocarcinogen cochairwoman cochairwomen cockeyedness cockfighting cockleshells cockneyfying cocksureness cocounseling cocounselled cocultivated cocultivates cocurricular codefendants codependence codependency codependents codevelopers codeveloping codicologies codification codirections codiscovered codiscoverer coeducations coefficients coelenterate coequalities coerciveness coercivities coevolutions coexistences coffeehouses coffeemakers cogeneration cogenerators cohabitation cohesionless cohesiveness cohomologies cohostessing coincidences coincidental coincidently coinsurances coleopterans coleopterist coleopterous collaborated collaborates collaborator collagenases collaterally collectables collectibles collectively collectivise collectivism collectivist collectivity collectivize collegiality collegiately collembolans collembolous collenchymas colligations collimations collinearity collocations colloquially collywobbles cologarithms colonialisms colonialists colonialized colonializes colonialness colonisation colonization colorfulness colorimeters colorimetric colorization columniation comanagement combinations combustibles comelinesses comeuppances comfortingly comicalities commandeered commanderies commandingly commandments commemorated commemorates commemorator commencement commendation commendatory commensalism commensurate commentaries commentating commentators commercially comminations comminutions commiserated commiserates commissarial commissariat commissaries commissioned commissioner committeeman committeemen commodifying commodiously commonalties commonnesses commonplaces commonwealth communalisms communalists communalized communalizes communicable communicably communicants communicated communicatee communicates communicator commutations companionate companioning companionway comparatists comparatives compartments compatriotic compellation compellingly compensating compensation compensative compensators compensatory competencies competitions compilations complacences complacently complainants complaisance complemental complemented completeness complexation complexified complexifies complexional complexioned complexities compliancies complicacies complicating complication complicities complicitous complimented componential comportments composedness compositions compoundable comprehended compressedly compressible compressions compromisers compromising comptrollers compulsively compulsivity compulsorily compunctions compunctious compurgation compurgators computations computerdoms computereses computerised computerises computerists computerized computerizes computerless computerlike computerniks comradeships concanavalin concatenated concatenates concealingly concealments concelebrant concelebrate concentering concentrated concentrates concentrator conceptacles conceptional conceptually concernments concertgoers concertgoing concertizing concessional concessioner concessively conchoidally conchologies conchologist conciliating conciliation conciliative conciliators conciliatory concinnities conclusively concomitance concomitants concordances concordantly concrescence concreteness concretizing concubinages concupiscent concurrences concurrently condemnation condemnatory condensation condescended conditionals conditioners conditioning condominiums condonations conductances conductivity conductorial conduplicate confabulated confabulates confabulator confectioner confederated confederates conferencing conferential conferrences confessional confidential confinements confirmation confirmatory confiscating confiscation confiscators confiscatory conflictions conformances conformation conformities confoundedly confusedness confutations congealments congelations congeniality congenitally conglobating conglobation conglomerate conglutinate congratulate congregating congregation congregators congruencies conidiophore conjecturers conjecturing conjugations conjunctions conjunctivae conjunctival conjunctivas conjunctives conjunctures conjurations connaturally connectional connectively connectivity connoisseurs connotations connubialism connubiality conquistador conscionable conscripting conscription consecrating consecration consecrative consecrators consecratory consecutions consensually consentingly consequences consequently conservation conservatism conservative conservatize conservators conservatory considerable considerably consignation consignments consistences consistently consistorial consistories consociating consociation consolations consolidated consolidates consolidator consonancies conspecifics conspectuses conspiracies conspiration conspirators constabulary constellated constellates consternated consternates constipating constipation constituency constituents constituting constitution constitutive constraining constricting constriction constrictive constrictors constringent constringing constructing construction constructive constructors consultation consultative consumerisms consumerists consumership consummately consummating consummation consummative consummators consummatory consumptions consumptives contagiously containerise containerize containments contaminants contaminated contaminates contaminator contemplated contemplates contemplator contemporary contemporize contemptible contemptibly contemptuous contentments conterminous contestation contextually contiguities contiguously continentals contingences contingently continuances continuation continuative continuators continuingly continuities continuously contrabasses contractible contractions contractures contradicted contradictor contraoctave contraptions contrapuntal contrariness contrariwise contrastable contraveners contravening contredanses contributing contribution contributive contributors contributory contriteness contrivances controllable controlments controverted controverter contumacious contumelious conurbations convalescent convalescing convectional conveniences conveniently conventicler conventicles conventional conventually convergences conversances conversation conversional convertibles conveyancers conveyancing conveyorised conveyorises conveyorized conveyorizes convincingly conviviality convocations convolutions convulsively cooperations cooperatives coordinately coordinating coordination coordinative coordinators copartnering copingstones copolymerize copperplates coppersmiths copresenting copresidents coprincipals coprocessing coprocessors coproduction coprophagies coprophagous coprophiliac coprophilias coprophilous coproprietor coprosperity copublishers copublishing copyrighting coquettishly coralberries cordialities corecipients corepressors corequisites coresearcher corespondent corkscrewing cornerstones cornhuskings cornstarches coronagraphs coronographs corporations corporatisms corporeality corporeities corpulencies correctional correctitude correctively correlatable correlations correlatives corresponded corroborated corroborates corroborator corrugations corruptively coruscations cosmetically cosmeticians cosmeticized cosmeticizes cosmochemist cosmogonical cosmogonists cosmographer cosmographic cosmological cosmologists cosmopolises cosmopolitan cosmopolites cosponsoring costermonger costlinesses cosurfactant cotoneasters cotransduced cotransduces cotransports cottonmouths cotyledonary coulometries councilmanic councilwoman councilwomen counsellings countability countenanced countenancer countenances counteracted counteragent counterargue counterblast counterblows countercheck counterclaim countercoups countercries counterfeits counterfired counterfires counterflows counterfoils counterforce counterimage countermands countermarch countermemos countermined countermines countermoved countermoves countermyths counteroffer counterorder counterpanes counterparts counterplans counterplays counterpleas counterplots counterploys counterpoint counterpoise counterposed counterposes counterpower counterpunch counterraids counterrally countershots countersigns countersinks counterspell counterspies counterstain counterstate countersteps counterstyle countersuing countersuits countertenor countertrade countertrend countervails counterviews counterworld countryseats countrysides countrywoman countrywomen courageously covariations covertnesses covetousness cowardliness crackbrained crackerjacks cracklewares craftinesses craftspeople craftsperson cragginesses craniofacial craniologies craniosacral craniotomies crankinesses crapshooters cravennesses creakinesses creaminesses creationisms creationists creativeness creativities creaturehood credentialed creditworthy creepinesses crematoriums crenelations crenellation crenulations creolization crepitations crescendoing criminalized criminalizes criminations crispinesses crisscrossed crisscrosses criticalness criticasters criticizable crocidolites crocodilians croquignoles crossability crossbanding crossbarring crossbearers crosscurrent crosscutting crosshatched crosshatches crosspatches crossruffing crucifixions crumminesses crustinesses cryopreserve cryosurgeons cryosurgical cryptanalyst cryptarithms cryptococcal cryptococcus cryptogamous cryptographs cryptography cryptologies cryptologist cryptomerias cryptorchids cryptorchism crystalizing crystallised crystallises crystallites crystallized crystallizer crystallizes crystalloids ctenophorans cuckooflower culminations culpableness cultivatable cultivations cumbersomely cumbrousness cumulatively cumulonimbus cunnilinctus cupellations cupronickels curabilities curarization curatorships curettements curmudgeonly currycombing cursednesses curtailments curveballing cuspidations cussednesses customhouses customshouse cutabilities cuttlefishes cyanogeneses cyanogenesis cyanogenetic cyanohydrins cybernations cybernetical cycadophytes cyclazocines cyclizations cyclodextrin cyclogeneses cyclogenesis cyclohexanes cyclonically cycloolefins cyclopaedias cyclopropane cycloserines cyclosporine cyclostyling cyclothymias cypripediums cyproterones cysticercoid cystoscopies cytochalasin cytochemical cytogenetics cytomembrane cytoskeletal cytoskeleton cytotaxonomy cytotoxicity czarevitches daintinesses damnableness damselfishes dappernesses daredeviltry daringnesses daughterless daunorubicin daydreamlike daylightings deacidifying deactivating deactivation deactivators deadlinesses deaminations deathwatches debarkations debaucheries debilitating debilitation debonairness debouchments debridements decaffeinate decalcifying decalcomania decantations decapitating decapitation decapitators decarbonated decarbonates decarbonized decarbonizer decarbonizes decarburized decarburizes decasyllabic decasyllable decelerating deceleration decelerators decemvirates decentralize decerebrated decerebrates decertifying dechlorinate decidability decimalizing decipherable decipherment decisiveness declamations declarations declassified declassifies declensional declinations decollations decolletages decolonizing decolorizers decolorizing decommission decompensate decomposable decompressed decompresses deconditions decongestant decongesting decongestion decongestive deconsecrate deconstructs decontrolled decoratively decorousness decorticated decorticates decorticator decreasingly decrementing decrepitated decrepitates decrepitudes decrescendos decussations deerstalkers deescalating deescalation defalcations defeminizing defenestrate defibrillate defibrinated defibrinates deficiencies definiteness definitional definitively definitizing deflagrating deflagration deflationary deflorations defoliations deforcements deformalized deformalizes deformations degeneracies degenerately degenerating degeneration degenerative deglaciation deglamorized deglamorizes deglutitions degradations degressively degringolade degustations dehumanizing dehumidified dehumidifier dehumidifies dehydrations deifications deionization dejectedness delaminating delamination delectations deliberately deliberating deliberation deliberative delicatessen delightfully delimitation delineations delinquently deliquescent deliquescing deliverances delocalizing delusiveness demagnetized demagnetizer demagnetizes demarcations dementedness demilitarize demimondaine demineralize demobilizing democratized democratizer democratizes demodulating demodulation demodulators demographers demographics demographies demolishment demonetizing demoniacally demonization demonologies demonologist demonstrable demonstrably demonstrated demonstrates demonstrator demoralizers demoralizing demurenesses demystifying denaturalize denaturation dendrologies dendrologist denervations denigrations denitrifiers denitrifying denominating denomination denominative denominators denouncement densitometer densitometry denticulated denuclearize denunciation denunciative denunciatory deontologies deontologist deoxidations deoxygenated deoxygenates deoxyriboses departmental dependencies depilatories depolarizers depolarizing depoliticize depolymerize depopulating depopulation deportations depositaries depositional depositories depravations depravedness depravements deprecations depreciating depreciation depreciative depreciators depreciatory depredations depressingly depressively depressurize deprivations deprograming deprogrammed deprogrammer deputization deracinating deracination derangements deregulating deregulation derelictions derepressing derepression derisiveness derivational derivatively derivatizing dermabrasion dermatitides dermatitises dermatologic dermatophyte derogatively derogatorily desacralized desacralizes desalinating desalination desalinators desalinizing descriptions desecrations desegregated desegregates desensitized desensitizer desensitizes deservedness desexualized desexualizes desiccations desiderating desideration desiderative designations desipramines desirability desirousness desolateness desolatingly despairingly desperations despisements despitefully despiteously despoilments despoliation despondences despondently despotically desquamating desquamation dessertspoon destabilized destabilizes destinations destitutions destructible destructions desulfurized desulfurizes detachedness detailedness detasselling detergencies deteriorated deteriorates determinable determinably determinants determinator determinedly determinisms determinists detestations dethronement detonability detoxicating detoxication detractively detrainments detribalized detribalizes detrimentals detumescence deuteranopes deuteranopia deuteranopic deuterations deuterostome devaluations devastations developments deverbatives deviationism deviationist devilishness devitalizing devitrifying devocalizing devotionally devoutnesses dextrorotary diabetogenic diabolically diageotropic diagnoseable diagnostical diagonalized diagonalizes diagrammable diagrammatic dialectician dialectology dialogically diamagnetism diamondbacks diaphanously diaphoretics diapositives diastereomer diastrophism diatessarons diatomaceous diatonically dibenzofuran dicarboxylic dichlorvoses dichotically dichotomists dichotomized dichotomizes dichromatism dichroscopes dicotyledons dictatorship dictionaries dictyosteles didactically didacticisms diencephalic diencephalon dietetically differencing differentiae differential difficulties diffractions diffusionism diffusionist difunctional digitalizing digitization diglycerides digressional digressively dilapidating dilapidation dilatability dilatational dilatometers dilatometric dilatoriness dilettantish dilettantism dillydallied dillydallies dilutenesses dimensioning dimercaprols dimerization diminishable diminishment diminutively dinucleotide dipeptidases diphosphates diphtheritic diphtheroids diphthongize diploblastic diplodocuses diplomatists dipsomaniacs dipterocarps directedness directnesses directorates directorship directresses disabilities disablements disaccharide disaccording disaccustoms disadvantage disaffecting disaffection disaffiliate disaffirming disaggregate disagreeable disagreeably disagreement disallowance disambiguate disannulling disappearing disappointed disapprovals disapprovers disapproving disarmaments disarranging disassembled disassembles disassociate disastrously disbandments disbelievers disbelieving disbowelling disburdening disbursement discerningly discernments discipleship disciplinary discipliners disciplining disclamation discographer discographic discomfiting discomfiture discomforted discommended discommoding discomposing discomposure disconcerted disconfirmed disconnected disconsolate discontented discontinued discontinues discordances discordantly discotheques discountable discouragers discouraging discourteous discoverable discrediting discreetness discrepantly discreteness discriminant discriminate discursively disdainfully diseconomies disembarking disembarrass disembodying disemboguing disemboweled disenchanted disenchanter disencumbers disendowment disentailing disentangled disentangles disenthralls disentitling disestablish disesteeming disfranchise disfunctions disfurnished disfurnishes disgruntling disguisement disgustfully disgustingly disharmonies disharmonize disheartened dishevelling dishonesties dishonorable dishonorably disillusions disincentive disinclining disinfectant disinfecting disinfection disinfestant disinfesting disinflation disingenuous disinherited disinhibited disintegrate disinterests disinterment disinterring disinvesting disjointedly disjunctions disjunctives disjunctures dislocations dislodgement dislodgments disloyalties dismalnesses dismembering dismissively disobedience disorderedly disorganized disorganizes disorientate disorienting dispensaries dispensation dispensatory dispersively dispiritedly displaceable displacement displeasures disportments dispositions dispossessed dispossesses dispossessor disputations disputatious disqualified disqualifies disquietudes disquisition disregardful disregarding disrelations disrelishing disremembers disreputable disreputably disrespected disruptively dissatisfied dissatisfies disseminated disseminates disseminator disseminules dissentients dissepiments dissertating dissertation dissertators disseverance disseverment dissimilarly dissimilated dissimilates dissimulated dissimulates dissimulator dissipatedly dissipations dissociating dissociation dissociative dissolutions dissuasively dissyllables dissymmetric distemperate distempering distillation distilleries distinctions distinctness distortional distractable distractedly distractible distractions distrainable distraughtly distributary distributees distributing distribution distributive distributors disturbances disturbingly disunionists disutilities ditchdiggers ditransitive diuretically divaricating divarication divergencies diversifiers diversifying diversionary diversionist diverticular diverticulum divertimenti divertimento divestitures dividendless divisibility divisionisms divisionists divisiveness divorcements doctrinaires documentable dodecahedral dodecahedron dodecaphonic doggednesses dogmatically dolomitizing dolorousness domestically domesticated domesticates domiciliated domiciliates dominatrices dominatrixes dopaminergic doppelganger dorsiventral dorsolateral dorsoventral doubleheader doublenesses doublespeaks doublethinks doubtfulness doughnutlike douroucoulis dovishnesses downloadable downshifting downwardness doxorubicins doxycyclines draftinesses draftsperson dramatically dramatizable dramaturgies drapeability dreadfulness dreadnoughts dreamfulness dreaminesses drearinesses dressinesses dressmakings drillability drillmasters drinkability driveability drivennesses droughtiness drowsinesses drumbeatings drysalteries dumbfounders dumbfounding dumortierite dunderheaded duodecillion duplications durabilities dwarfishness dyeabilities dynamometers dynamometric dynastically dysfunctions dysmenorrhea dysphemistic dysrhythmias earsplitting earthenwares earthinesses earthmovings earthshakers earthshaking earwitnesses eavesdropped eavesdropper ebulliencies eccentricity ecclesiastic ecclesiology echinococcus echolocation eclectically eclecticisms ecologically econometrics econometrist economically ecstatically ectoparasite ecumenically ecumenicisms ecumenicists ediblenesses edifications editorialist editorialize educatedness educationese educationist edulcorating edutainments effectuality effectuating effectuation effeminacies effeminately effervescent effervescing effetenesses efficacities efficiencies efflorescent efflorescing effortlessly effronteries effusiveness egalitarians egocentrisms egoistically eigenvectors einsteiniums eisteddfodau eisteddfodic ejaculations elaborations elasmobranch elasticities elatednesses elderberries electability electioneers electiveness electrically electricians electrifying electrocuted electrocutes electroforms electrogenic electrograms electrolyses electrolysis electrolytes electrolytic electrolyzed electrolyzes electrometer electrophile electrophori electroplate electroscope electroshock electrotonic electrotonus electrotyped electrotyper electrotypes eleemosynary elementarily elicitations eliminations elliptically elocutionary elocutionist elucidations elucubrating elucubration elutriations emancipating emancipation emancipators emargination emasculating emasculation emasculators embarcaderos embarkations embarrassing embattlement embellishers embellishing embezzlement embitterment emblazonment emblazonries emblematical emblematized emblematizes embolization embracements embrocations embroiderers embroideries embroidering embroilments embryogenies embryologies embryologist embryophytes emissivities emmenagogues emotionalism emotionalist emotionality emotionalize empathically emperorships emphatically emplacements empoisonment empowerments empressement emulsifiable enamorations enantiomeric enantiomorph encapsulated encapsulates encephalitic encephalitis enchainments enchantingly enchantments enchiridions encipherment encirclement encompassing encountering encrimsoning encroachment encrustation encumbrancer encumbrances encyclopedia encyclopedic endangerment endeavouring endemicities endocarditis endochondral endodermises endodontists endogenously endometrites endometritis endomorphies endomorphism endonuclease endoparasite endoperoxide endorsements endoskeletal endoskeleton endosymbiont endothelioma endothermies endotracheal enduringness energization enfeeblement enfeoffments enforcements enframements enfranchised enfranchises engarlanding engineerings engorgements engraftments engrossingly engrossments enhancements enjambements enlargements enlightening ennoblements enormousness enregistered ensanguining enshrinement enslavements ensorcelling entablatures entanglement enterobiases enterobiasis enterococcal enterococcus enterocoeles enterocoelic enterokinase enterostomal enterotoxins enterprisers enterprising entertainers entertaining enthrallment enthronement enthusiastic entirenesses entitlements entomofaunae entomofaunas entomologies entomologist entrainments entrancement entranceways entreatingly entreatments entrenchment entrepreneur entropically entrustments enucleations enumerations enunciations envelopments enviableness environments enzymologies enzymologist eosinophilia eosinophilic epeirogenies epexegetical ephemerality epicureanism epicuticular epicycloidal epidemically epidemiology epidiascopes epididymides epididymites epididymitis epiglottides epiglottises epigrammatic epigraphical epigraphists epileptiform epinephrines epiphenomena epiphytology epiphytotics episcopacies episiotomies episodically epistemology epistolaries epithalamion epithalamium epitheliomas epithelizing epoxidations equabilities equalitarian equalization equanimities equationally equestrienne equilibrants equilibrated equilibrates equilibrator equilibrists equilibriums equinoctials equipollence equipollents equiprobable equitability equivalences equivalently equivocality equivocating equivocation equivocators eradications erectilities ergastoplasm ergodicities erotizations erysipelases erythematous erythorbates erythroblast erythrocytes erythrocytic erythromycin erythrosines escapologies escapologist esoterically esotericisms espiegleries essentialism essentialist essentiality essentialize establishers establishing estheticians estheticisms estrangement eternalizing eternization ethanolamine etherealized etherealizes etherealness etherization ethicalities ethionamides ethnocentric ethnographer ethnographic ethnohistory ethnological ethnologists ethnoscience ethylbenzene etymological etymologised etymologises etymologists etymologized etymologizes eucalyptoles eucalyptuses euchromatins eudaemonisms eudaemonists eudaimonisms euhemeristic euphonically euphoniously euphorically eurythermous euthanatized euthanatizes evaginations evanescences evangelistic evangelizing evaporations evenhandedly eventfulness everblooming everlastings everydayness evidentially eviscerating evisceration evolutionary evolutionism evolutionist exacerbating exacerbation exactingness exaggerating exaggeration exaggerative exaggerators exaggeratory examinations exanthematic exasperating exasperation excavational excellencies exchangeable excitability exclamations exclusionary exclusionist exclusivisms exclusivists excogitating excogitation excogitative excoriations excrescences excrescently excruciating excruciation exculpations excursionist executioners executorship exemplifying exenterating exenteration exercitation exfoliations exhaustively exhaustivity exhibitioner exhilarating exhilaration exhilarative exhortations exiguousness exobiologies exobiologist exonerations exonucleases exopeptidase exophthalmic exophthalmos exophthalmus exorbitances exorbitantly exorcistical exoskeletons exoterically exothermally exoticnesses expansionary expansionism expansionist expatiations expatriating expatriation expatriatism expectancies expectations expectedness expectorants expectorated expectorates expediencies expediential expenditures experiencing experiential experimental experimented experimenter expertnesses explanations explantation explications explicitness exploitation exploitative explorations exponentials exportations expositional expostulated expostulates expressional expressively expressivity expropriated expropriates expropriator expurgations exsanguinate exsiccations extemporally extemporised extemporises extemporized extemporizer extemporizes extendedness extensometer extenuations exteriorised exteriorises exteriorized exteriorizes exterminated exterminates exterminator externalised externalises externalisms externalized externalizes exteroceptor extinguished extinguisher extinguishes extirpations extortionary extortionate extortioners extortionist extracranial extractively extraditable extraditions extrahepatic extralegally extralimital extralogical extramarital extramundane extramurally extramusical extraneously extranuclear extrapolated extrapolates extrapolator extrasensory extrasystole extratextual extrauterine extravagance extravagancy extravaganza extravagated extravagates extravasated extravasates extraversion extrications extroversion eyewitnesses fabrications fabulousness facelessness facilenesses facilitating facilitation facilitative facilitators facilitatory factionalism factiousness factitiously factualities fainthearted faintishness faithfulness fallaciously fallownesses familiarised familiarises familiarized familiarizes familiarness famousnesses fanaticizing fancifulness fanfaronades fantasticate fantasticoes fantasylands farsightedly farthingales fascicularly fasciculated fascinations fascioliases fascioliasis fashionables fastidiously fatherliness fathomlessly fatigability faultfinders faultfinding faultinesses fearlessness fearsomeness featherbrain featheredged featheredges featherheads featherlight fecklessness fecundations federalizing federatively feebleminded feeblenesses feistinesses felicitating felicitation felicitators felicitously fellmongered fellowshiped femalenesses feminineness femininities feminization femtoseconds fenestration fermentation fermentative ferricyanide ferrimagnets ferrocyanide ferromagnets ferrosilicon fertilizable fervidnesses festivalgoer festooneries fetoproteins feverishness fianchettoed fiberglassed fiberglasses fiberization fibreglasses fibrillating fibrillation fibrinolyses fibrinolysin fibrinolysis fibrinolytic fibroblastic fibronectins fibrosarcoma fibrositides fibrositises ficklenesses fictionalise fictionality fictionalize fictionizing fictitiously fiddlesticks fiendishness fiercenesses figuratively filibustered filibusterer filmsettings filthinesses fimbriations finalization fingerboards fingerpicked fingerprints finitenesses firecrackers firefighters fireproofing fissionables fitfulnesses flabbergasts flabbinesses flabelliform flaccidities flagellating flagellation flagitiously flamboyances flamboyantly flameproofed flameproofer flamethrower flammability flannelettes flashinesses flatteringly flatulencies flavoprotein flawlessness fleetingness fleshinesses flexographic flickeringly flimflammers flimflammery flimflamming flimsinesses flintinesses flocculating flocculation flocculators floodlighted floorwalkers floppinesses florescences floriculture floridnesses flowcharting fluctuations fluegelhorns fluffinesses fluidextract fluidization fluoresceins fluorescence fluorescents fluoridating fluoridation fluorimeters fluorimetric fluorinating fluorination fluorocarbon fluorochrome fluorography fluorometers fluorometric fluoroscoped fluoroscopes fluoroscopic fluorouracil fluphenazine flutterboard focalization folkloristic folksinesses folksingings folliculites folliculitis followership fomentations foodlessness foolhardiest footdraggers footfaulting footlamberts footlessness footsloggers footslogging footsoreness foraminifera foraminifers forbearances forbiddances forbiddingly forcefulness forcibleness forebodingly forecastable forecheckers forechecking foreclosures foregathered foregrounded forehandedly foremanships forensically foreordained forequarters forereaching foreshadowed foreshadower foreshortens foresightful forespeaking forestallers forestalling forestations forestaysail foreswearing forethoughts foretokening forgathering forgeability formaldehyde formalizable formalnesses formlessness formularized formularizer formularizes formulations fornications forthrightly fortresslike fortuitously foundational fountainhead fourdriniers fractionally fractionated fractionates fractionator fragmentally fragmentated fragmentates fragmentized fragmentizes frangibility frankfurters frankincense franklinites frankpledges fraternalism fraternities fraternizers fraternizing fraudulences fraudulently freakinesses freakishness freehandedly freestanding freethinkers freethinking freewheelers freewheeling freewritings frenchifying frenetically freneticisms frequentness friabilities fricasseeing frictionally frictionless friendliness frigidnesses friskinesses fritillarias fritillaries frizzinesses frontalities frontiersman frontiersmen frontispiece frontrunners frostbitings frostinesses frothinesses frozennesses fruitfullest fruitfulness fruitinesses frustrations fucoxanthins fugitiveness fulfillments fulgurations fuliginously fulminations funambulisms funambulists functionally functionless fundamentals fundraisings fungicidally furazolidone furtherances furunculoses furunculosis fusibilities fustigations futilenesses futilitarian futurologies futurologist gadzookeries galactorrhea galactosemia galactosemic galactosides gallbladders gallerygoers galligaskins gallinaceous gallinippers gallivanting galvanically galvanometer galvanoscope gamesmanship gamesomeness gametogenous gametophores gametophytes gametophytic gamopetalous ganglionated gangliosides gangsterdoms gangsterisms garishnesses garnisheeing garnishments gasification gastightness gastrocnemii gastronomies gastronomist gastroscopes gastroscopic gastrotrichs gastrulating gastrulation gauchenesses geanticlines gegenscheins gelatinizing gelatinously gemeinschaft gemmologists gendarmeries genealogical genealogists generalising generalities generalizers generalizing generalships generational generatrices generosities generousness gentlenesses gentleperson genuflecting genuflection geobotanical geobotanists geochemistry geographical geohydrology geologically geomagnetism geometrician geometrising geometrizing geophysicist geopolitical geopressured geoscientist geostrategic geosynclinal geosynclines geotechnical geothermally geriatrician germinations gerontocracy gerontocrats gerontologic gerrymanders gesellschaft gesticulated gesticulates gesticulator ghostwriters ghostwriting ghostwritten ghoulishness gibberellins giftednesses gigantically gillyflowers gingerbreads gingerbready gingerliness gingivectomy gingivitides gingivitises glaciologies glaciologist gladiatorial gladsomeness glamourizing glassblowers glassblowing glassinesses glassmakings glasspapered glassworkers glaucousness glioblastoma glitteringly globeflowers glockenspiel gloominesses gloriousness glossinesses glossolalias glossolalist glucokinases glucosamines glucosidases glucuronides glutaminases glutathiones glutethimide gluttonously glycerinated glycerinates glycogeneses glycogenesis glycopeptide glycoprotein glycosidases glycosylated glycosylates gnatcatchers goaltendings gobbledegook gobbledygook goddaughters godfathering goldbricking goldennesses gonadotropic gonadotropin goniometries googolplexes gooseberries goosefleshes goosegrasses gorgeousness gormandising gormandizers gormandizing gossipmonger gourmandises gourmandisms gourmandized gourmandizes governmental governorates governorship gracefullest gracefulness graciousness gradiometers graininesses granddaddies grandfathers grandiflorae grandifloras grandmasters grandmothers grandnephews grandparents grandstanded grandstander granitewares granodiorite granulations granulocytes granulocytic graphitizing graphologies graphologist graspingness grasshoppers gratefullest gratefulness gratifyingly gratuitously gratulations gravimetries gravitations greasepaints greaseproofs greasinesses greathearted grecianizing greedinesses greenbackers greenbackism greenfinches greengrocers greengrocery greenishness greenkeepers greenmailers greenmailing greenockites greenskeeper gregariously griddlecakes grievousness griseofulvin grislinesses grittinesses grogginesses grossularite grotesquerie groundbursts groundfishes groundlessly groundmasses groundsheets groundswells groundwaters groupuscules growlinesses grubbinesses gruesomeness grumpinesses guanethidine guaranteeing guardianship guesstimated guesstimates guilefulness guillotining guiltinesses guitarfishes gunslingings gunsmithings guttersnipes gutturalisms gymnosophist gynecocratic gynecologies gynecologist gynecomastia gyromagnetic haberdashers haberdashery habilitating habilitation habitability habitualness habituations hagiographer hagiographic hagiological hairbreadths haircuttings hairdressers hairdressing hairlessness hairsbreadth hairsplitter hairstylings hairstylists hallucinated hallucinates hallucinator hallucinogen hallucinoses hallucinosis halogenating halogenation haloperidols halterbreaks halterbroken hamantaschen hamstringing handbreadths handcrafting handednesses handfastings handholdings handicappers handicapping handicrafter handkerchief handrailings handsbreadth handsomeness handwringers handwringing handwritings handypersons happenchance happenstance haptoglobins harbingering harbormaster hardheadedly hardinggrass hardscrabble hardstanding harlequinade harmlessness harmonically harmonicists harmoniously harpsichords harquebusier harvesttimes hasenpfeffer hatchability headforemost headlessness headmistress headquarters headshrinker heartbreaker heartburning hearteningly hearthstones heartinesses heartrending heartstrings heartwarming heathenishly heathenizing heavenliness heavyhearted heavyweights hebdomadally hebephrenias hebephrenics hebetudinous hebraization hectographed hedgehoppers hedgehopping heedlessness heldentenors helicoptered heliocentric heliographed heliographic heliolatries heliolatrous heliotropism hellaciously hellgrammite helmsmanship helplessness hemangiomata hematogenous hematologies hematologist hematoxylins hemerocallis hemerythrins hemichordate hemihydrated hemihydrates hemimorphism hemodialyses hemodialysis hemodilution hemodynamics hemophiliacs hemoproteins hemorrhaging hemorrhoidal hemosiderins hemstitchers hemstitching henceforward henotheistic hepatomegaly heraldically herbicidally hereditament hereditarian hereditarily hereinbefore heritability hermeneutics hermetically hermeticisms heroicomical herringboned herringbones hesitatingly heteroauxins heterocercal heteroclites heterocycles heterocyclic heterodoxies heteroduplex heterodyning heteroecious heteroecisms heterogamete heterogamety heterogamies heterogamous heterogenies heterogenous heterogonies heterografts heterokaryon heterologous heteronomies heteronomous heterophylly heteroploids heteroploidy heterosexual heterotrophs heterotrophy heterozygote heterozygous hexadecimals hexahydrates hexaploidies hexobarbital hibernaculum hibernations hiddennesses hierarchical hierarchized hierarchizes hieratically hieroglyphic hierophantic highbrowisms highhandedly highlighters highlighting hindquarters hippienesses hippopotamus histaminases histogeneses histogenesis histogenetic histological histologists historically historicisms historicists historicized historicizes hoarsenesses hobblebushes hobbledehoys holidaymaker holistically hollandaises hollownesses holographers holographies holographing holophrastic holothurians homelessness homelinesses homeomorphic homeopathies homeothermic homeschooled homeschooler homesickness homesteaders homesteading hominization homogenising homogenizers homogenizing homoiotherms homoiousians homologating homologation homologizers homologizing homomorphism homonymously homopolymers homosexually homothallism homozygosity homozygously honeybunches honeycombing honeycreeper honeymooners honeymooning honeysuckles honorability hoodednesses hooliganisms hootenannies hopelessness hopscotching horizontally hornednesses hornlessness hornswoggled hornswoggles horrendously horribleness horridnesses horrifically horrifyingly horsefleshes horsemanship horseplayers horseshoeing horsewhipped horsewhipper horticulture hospitalised hospitalises hospitalized hospitalizes hotchpotches houseboaters housebreaker housecleaned housedresses housefathers householders househusband housekeepers housekeeping housemasters housemothers housepainter houseparents housepersons housesitting housewarming hucksterisms humanenesses humanitarian humanization humblenesses humbuggeries humification humiliations hummingbirds humorousness hungrinesses hydralazines hydrobiology hydrocarbons hydrocephaly hydrocolloid hydrocracked hydrocracker hydrodynamic hydrogenases hydrogenated hydrogenates hydrographer hydrographic hydrokinetic hydrological hydrologists hydrolysates hydrolyzable hydrolyzates hydromancies hydromedusae hydrometeors hydromorphic hydronically hydropathies hydrophobias hydroplaning hydroquinone hydrospheres hydrospheric hydrostatics hydrotherapy hydrothermal hydrotropism hydroxylases hydroxylated hydroxylates hydroxyureas hydroxyzines hygienically hygrophilous hymenopteran hymenopteron hyoscyamines hypabyssally hyperacidity hyperactives hyperarousal hyperbolical hyperbolists hyperbolized hyperbolizes hyperboloids hyperboreans hypercapnias hypercharged hypercharges hypercomplex hypercorrect hypercritics hyperendemic hyperexcited hyperextends hyperintense hyperkineses hyperkinesia hyperkinesis hyperkinetic hyperlipemia hyperlipemic hypermarkets hypermnesias hypermutable hyperostoses hyperostosis hyperostotic hyperphagias hyperplasias hyperplastic hyperpyrexia hyperreactor hyperrealism hyperrealist hypersthenes hypersthenic hypersurface hypertension hypertensive hyperthermia hyperthermic hyperthyroid hypertrophic hypertypical hyphenations hypnotherapy hypnotically hypnotizable hypocalcemia hypocalcemic hypochlorite hypochondria hypocoristic hypocritical hypocycloids hypodermises hypodiploidy hypoglossals hypoglycemia hypoglycemic hypokalemias hypolimnions hypostatized hypostatizes hypotensions hypotensives hypothalamic hypothalamus hypothecated hypothecates hypothecator hypothenuses hypothermias hypothesized hypothesizes hypothetical hypotonicity hypoxanthine hysterectomy hysterically ichthyofauna ichthyosaurs iconoclastic iconographer iconographic iconolatries iconological icosahedrons idealization ideationally identifiable identifiably ideographies ideologizing idiosyncrasy idolatrously idolizations ignitability ignobilities ignorantness illegalities illegalizing illegibility illegitimacy illegitimate illiberalism illiberality illiteracies illiterately illogicality illuminances illuminating illumination illuminative illuminators illusionisms illusionists illusiveness illusoriness illustrating illustration illustrative illustrators illuviations imaginations imbecilities imbibitional imbrications immaculacies immaculately immanentisms immanentists immaturities immeasurable immeasurably immemorially immensurable immethodical immigrations immobilities immobilizers immobilizing immoderacies immoderately immoderation immoralities immortalised immortalises immortalized immortalizer immortalizes immovability immunization immunoassays immunologies immunologist immutability imparadising impartations impartiality impassioning impeachments impenetrable impenetrably impenitences impenitently imperatively imperatorial imperceptive impercipient imperfection imperfective imperialisms imperialists imperilments imperishable imperishably impermanence impermanency impersonally impersonated impersonates impersonator impertinence impertinency imperviously impetiginous impetrations impingements impishnesses implantation implementers implementing implementors implications implicitness impoliteness imponderable imponderably importancies importations impoundments impoverished impoverisher impoverishes imprecations imprecisions impregnating impregnation impregnators impressively impressments imprisonment improperness improvements improvidence improvisator impudicities impuissances impurenesses imputability imputatively inaccessible inaccessibly inaccuracies inaccurately inactivating inactivation inactivities inadequacies inadequately inadmissible inadmissibly inadvertence inadvertency inapparently inappeasable inappetences inapplicable inapplicably inappositely inarticulacy inarticulate inattentions inaudibility inaugurating inauguration inaugurators inauspicious incalculable incalculably incalescence incandescent incandescing incantations incapability incapacitate incapacities incarcerated incarcerates incarnadined incarnadines incarnations incautiously incendiaries incendiarism incertitudes incessancies incestuously inchoateness inchoatively incidentally incinerating incineration incinerators incipiencies incisiveness incivilities inclemencies inclinations inclinometer incognizance incoherences incoherently incommodious incommutable incommutably incomparable incomparably incompatible incompatibly incompetence incompetency incompetents incompletely incomputable incomputably inconcinnity inconclusive inconformity incongruence inconsequent inconsistent inconsolable inconsolably inconsonance inconstantly inconsumable inconsumably incontinence incontinency inconvenient incorporable incorporated incorporates incorporator incorporeity incorrigible incorrigibly incorruption increasingly incrementing incriminated incriminates incrustation inculcations inculpations incumbencies incurvations incurvatures indebtedness indecisively indeclinable indecorously indefeasible indefeasibly indefectible indefectibly indefensible indefensibly indefinables indefinitely indehiscence indelibility indelicacies indelicately indemnifiers indemnifying indentations independence independency independents indicational indicatively indifference indifferency indigenizing indigenously indigestible indigestions indignations indirections indirectness indiscipline indiscreetly indiscretion indisputable indisputably indissoluble indissolubly indistinctly individually individuated individuates indivisibles indocilities indoctrinate indomethacin indorsements inducibility industrially inebriations ineffability ineffaceable ineffaceably inefficacies inefficiency inefficients inelasticity ineloquently inequalities inequivalved ineradicable ineradicably inessentials inexactitude inexistences inexpedience inexpediency inexperience inexpertness inexplicable inexplicably inexpressive inexpugnable inexpugnably inexpungible inextricable inextricably infanticidal infanticides infantilisms infantilized infantilizes infatuations infectiously infelicities infelicitous infestations infibulating infibulation infidelities infiltrating infiltration infiltrative infiltrators infiniteness infinitively inflammables inflammation inflammatory inflationary inflationism inflationist inflectional influentials infomercials informations infotainment infrequences infrequently infringement infundibular infundibulum infuriations infusibility ingatherings ingloriously ingratiating ingratiation ingratiatory ingratitudes ingurgitated ingurgitates inhabitation inhalational inharmonious inheritances inheritrices inheritrixes inhospitable inhospitably inhumanities iniquitously initializing innatenesses innervations innovational innovatively innumeracies inobservance inoculations inoperculate inordinately inosculating inosculation inquisitions insalubrious insanenesses insanitation inscriptions insecticidal insecticides insectivores insecureness insecurities inseminating insemination inseminators insentiences inseparables insightfully insinuations insipidities insistencies insobrieties insolubility insolubilize insolvencies insouciances insouciantly inspectorate inspirations inspissating inspissation inspissators installation installments instantiated instantiates instauration instigations instillation instillments institutions instructions instructress instrumental instrumented insufferable insufferably insufficient insufflating insufflation insufflators insularities insurability insurgencies insurrection intactnesses integrations intellection intellective intellectual intelligence intelligible intelligibly intemperance intenerating inteneration intensifiers intensifying intentnesses interactants interactions interallelic interbedding interborough intercalated intercalates intercepters intercepting interception interceptors intercession intercessors intercessory interchained interchanged interchanger interchanges interchannel intercluster intercoastal intercompany intercompare interconnect interconvert intercoolers intercostals intercountry intercourses intercropped intercrossed intercrosses interculture intercurrent intercutting interdealers interdepends interdicting interdiction interdictive interdictors interdictory interdiffuse interestedly interfacings interfaculty interference interfertile interfluvial interfolding interfusions intergeneric interglacial intergrading intergrafted intergrowths interinvolve interiorised interiorises interiorized interiorizes interjecting interjection interjectors interjectory interknitted interlaminar interlapping interlarding interlayered interleaving interlending interleukins interlibrary interlinears interlinings interlinking interlobular interlocking interlocutor intermarried intermarries intermeddled intermeddler intermeddles intermediacy intermediary intermediate intermeshing interminable interminably intermingled intermingles intermission intermitotic intermittent intermitters intermitting intermixture intermontane internalised internalises internalized internalizes interneurons internuclear internucleon internuncial internuncios interoceanic interoceptor interorbital interpellate interplanted interplaying interpleaded interpleader interpluvial interpolated interpolates interpolator interpreters interpreting interpretive interpsychic interregnums interrelated interrelates interrobangs interrogated interrogatee interrogates interrogator interrupters interrupting interruption interruptive interruptors interschools intersecting intersection intersegment intersensory interservice intersession intersociety interspacing interspecies interspersed intersperses interstadial interstation interstellar intersterile interstimuli interstitial interstrains interstrands intertidally intertillage intertilling intertwining intertwisted intervalleys intervention interviewees interviewers interviewing intervillage intervisible intervocalic interweaving interworking interwrought intestinally intimateness intimidating intimidation intimidators intimidatory intolerances intolerantly intonational intoxicating intoxication intracardiac intracardial intracompany intracranial intramurally intranasally intransigent intransitive intrapreneur intrapsychic intraspecies intrauterine intravitally intrepidness intriguingly introduction introductory introjecting introjection intromission intromittent intromitters intromitting introspected introversion introversive introverting intuitionism intuitionist intumescence intussuscept invaginating invagination invalidating invalidation invalidators invalidities invasiveness inveiglement inventorying inventresses invertebrate investigated investigates investigator investitures inveteracies inveterately invigilating invigilation invigilators invigorating invigoration invigorators invisibility invitational invitatories invocational involutional involvements invulnerable invulnerably inwardnesses ipecacuanhas irascibility iridescences iridescently iridologists ironicalness irradiations irrationally irredeemable irredeemably irredentisms irredentists irreformable irrefragable irrefragably irregardless irregularity irrelatively irrelevances irrelevantly irremediable irremediably irrepealable irresistible irresistibly irresolutely irresolution irresolvable irrespective irresponsive irreverences irreverently irreversible irreversibly irritability irritatingly irrotational isoantigenic isobutylenes isochronally isochronisms isodiametric isoenzymatic isolationism isolationist isomorphisms isoprenaline isothermally isotonically isotopically italianating italianising italianizing itemizations itinerancies itinerations jackanapeses jackasseries jackhammered jactitations jaggednesses japonaiserie jauntinesses jejunenesses jeopardising jeopardizing jesuitically jettisonable jitterbugged jocosenesses jocularities johnsongrass journalistic journalizers journalizing journeyworks joyfulnesses joyousnesses judgmentally judicatories jurisconsult jurisdiction jurisprudent juristically juvenescence juvenilities kaleidoscope karyokineses karyokinesis karyokinetic karyological katzenjammer keratinizing keratoplasty keratotomies ketosteroids keyboardists kilocalories kindergarten kindlinesses kinesthesias kinetochores kinetoplasts kinetoscopes kinglinesses kinnikinnick kitchenettes kitchenwares kleptomaniac kleptomanias klutzinesses kneecappings knightliness knottinesses knuckleballs knucklebones knuckleheads kremlinology kwashiorkors kymographies labanotation labiodentals laboratories labradorites labyrinthian labyrinthine lachrymators lachrymosely lachrymosity laciniations lacquerwares lacquerworks lacrimations lactalbumins lactobacilli laicizations lallygagging lamellicorns lamentations lammergeiers lammergeyers lamplighters lampooneries landholdings landlessness landlordisms landlubberly landscapists langbeinites langoustines languishment languorously laparoscopes laparoscopic laparotomies largehearted laryngectomy laryngitides laryngitises laryngoscope laryngoscopy lasciviously latchstrings lateralizing laterization latinization latticeworks laudableness launderettes laureateship lavishnesses lawbreakings lawfulnesses leachability leadennesses leapfrogging leaseholders leatherbacks leatherettes leathernecks leatherwoods lecithinases lectionaries lectureships legalization legerdemains legibilities legionnaires legislations legislatives legislatures legitimacies legitimately legitimating legitimation legitimatize legitimators legitimising legitimizers legitimizing lemongrasses lentiviruses leopardesses lepidopteran leprosariums leptocephali letterboxing letterspaces leukemogenic leukocytoses leukocytosis leukoplakias leukopoieses leukopoiesis leukopoietic leukotrienes levitational levorotatory lexicalities lexicalizing lexicography lexicologies lexicologist liberalising liberalistic liberalities liberalizers liberalizing libertarians libertinages libertinisms libidinously licentiously lickspittles lifeguarding lifelessness lifelikeness lifemanships lighthearted lightweights likabilities lilliputians limbernesses limelighting limitational limnological limnologists limpidnesses linebackings linebreeding linecastings linguistical lionizations lipoproteins liposuctions liquefaction liquidambars liquidations liquidnesses listenership listlessness literalistic literalities literalizing literariness literateness lithographed lithographer lithographic lithological lithospheres lithospheric lithotripter lithotriptor litterateurs littlenesses liturgically liturgiology livabilities livelinesses liverishness livetrapping livingnesses lixiviations lobotomising lobotomizing localization locationally locksmithing lockstitched lockstitches loganberries logicalities logistically logisticians lognormality lollapalooza lollygagging lonelinesses lonesomeness longitudinal longshoreman longshoremen longshorings longsomeness loosestrifes lopsidedness loquaciously lordlinesses loudspeakers lovabilities lovelessness lovelinesses lovelornness lovesickness lovingnesses lubberliness lubrications lubriciously lucubrations luftmenschen lugubriously lukewarmness luminescence luminiferous luminosities luminousness lumpectomies luncheonette lusciousness lustrousness luteotrophic luteotrophin luteotropins lycanthropes lycanthropic lymphoblasts lymphography lymphomatous lyophilising lyophilizers lyophilizing lysogenicity lysogenising lysogenizing lysolecithin macadamizing machicolated machinations mackintoshes macrocytoses macrocytosis macrofossils macrogametes macronuclear macronucleus macropterous mademoiselle madreporians madreporites madrigalists magisteriums magistracies magistrature magnetically magnetizable magnetograph magnetometer magnetometry magnetopause magnifically magnificence magniloquent maidenliness maidservants mainstreamed maintainable maintenances majestically majoritarian malacologies malacologist maladjustive malapertness malapropisms malapropists malcontented maledictions malefactions maleficences malevolences malevolently malfeasances malformation malfunctions malignancies malleability malnourished malnutrition malocclusion malodorously malpositions malpractices maltreatment malversation mammalogists mammographic managemental manageresses managerially managerships mandarinates mandarinisms mandolinists maneuverable manfulnesses manifestants manifestoing manifoldness manipulating manipulation manipulative manipulators manipulatory mannerliness manorialisms manslaughter mantelpieces manufactured manufacturer manufactures manumissions maquiladoras marathonings marginalized marginalizes marginations margraviates maricultures markednesses marketplaces marksmanship marlinespike marlinspikes marquessates marqueteries marquisettes marriageable marshalships marshinesses marshmallows marshmallowy masculinised masculinises masculinized masculinizes masqueraders masquerading mastectomies masterliness masterminded masterpieces mastersinger masterstroke mastications masturbating masturbation masturbators masturbatory matchmakings materialised materialises materialisms materialists materialized materializer materializes materialness maternalisms mathematical mathematized mathematizes matriarchate matriarchies matriculants matriculated matriculates maturational maximization meadowsweets meagernesses mealymouthed meaningfully measurements meatpackings mecamylamine mechanically mechanicians mechanizable medievalisms medievalists mediocrities meditatively meetinghouse megaloblasts megalomaniac megalomanias megaprojects megatonnages megavitamins melancholiac melancholias melancholics melancholies melanization melanoblasts melanophores meliorations mellownesses melodramatic membranously memorability memorialised memorialises memorialists memorialized memorializes memorization mendaciously mendeleviums mendicancies meningiomata meningitides meningococci menorrhagias menstruating menstruation mensurations meprobamates mercantilism mercantilist merchandised merchandiser merchandises merchandized merchandizes merchantable mercifulness mercurations meretricious meridionally meristematic meristically meritocratic merrymakings merrythought mesalliances mesencephala meshuggeners mesmerically mesocyclones mesomorphies mesophyllous mesothelioma mesothoraces mesothoracic mesothoraxes messeigneurs messiahships metabolizing metacentrics metacercaria metafictions metagalactic metagalaxies metalanguage metallically metallophone metallurgies metallurgist metalworkers metalworking metamorphism metamorphose metaphorical metaphysical metasequoias metasomatism metastasized metastasizes metathetical metathoraces metathoracic metathoraxes metencephala meteorically meteoritical meteorologic methacrylate methanations methaqualone methenamines methicillins methodically methotrexate methoxychlor methylamines methylations methysergide meticulosity meticulously metrications metrological metrologists metronomical metropolises metropolitan metrorrhagia microamperes microanalyst microanatomy microbalance microbiology microbrewers microbrewery microbrewing microcapsule microcephaly microcircuit microclimate microcrystal microculture microelement microfibrils microfilaria microfilmers microfilming microfossils microgametes micrographed micrographic microgravity microgrooves microhabitat microinjects micromanaged micromanager micromanages micromethods micronucleus microphonics microphysics micropipette microprogram microreaders microscopies microscopist microseconds microseismic microspheres microsporous microsurgery microtechnic microtonally microtubular microtubules microvillous microwavable micturitions middleweight midlatitudes mightinesses militantness militarising militaristic militarizing millenarians millesimally milliamperes millidegrees millihenries millilambert millimicrons millionaires milliradians milliseconds milquetoasts mimeographed mindednesses mindlessness mineralising mineralizers mineralizing mineralogies mineralogist minesweepers minesweeping miniaturists miniaturized miniaturizes minicomputer minimization ministration minnesingers minstrelsies minutenesses miraculously mirthfulness misaddressed misaddresses misadjusting misadventure misalignment misalliances misallocated misallocates misanthropes misanthropic misappraisal misapprehend misassembled misassembles misattribute misbalancing misbeginning misbehaviors misbelievers misbelieving misbuttoning miscalculate miscaptioned miscarriages miscataloged miscellanies miscellanist mischanneled miscitations miscomputing misconceived misconceiver misconceives misconducted misconnected misconstrued misconstrues miscreations misdemeanant misdemeanors misdescribed misdescribes misdeveloped misdiagnosed misdiagnoses misdiagnosis misdirecting misdirection misdivisions miseducating miseducation misemphasize misemploying misenrolling misericordes misesteeming misestimated misestimates misevaluated misevaluates misfeasances misfocussing misfunctions misgoverning misguidances misinferring misinforming misinterpret misinterring misjudgments misknowledge mislabelling misleadingly mislocations mismarriages misogynistic misorienting mispackaging misperceived misperceives misplacement mispositions misprogramed mispronounce misquotation misreckoning misrecording misreference misreferring misregisters misremembers misrendering misreporting misrepresent missiologies missionaries missionizers missionizing misspellings misstatement mistranslate mistreatment mitochondria mitogenicity mnemonically mobilization mockingbirds moderateness modernnesses modification modishnesses modulability modularities moisturising moisturizers moisturizing molestations molluscicide mollycoddled mollycoddler mollycoddles molybdenites monadelphous monastically monasticisms monetization moneylenders moneymakings mongrelizing monitorships monkeyshines monochromats monochromist monocrystals monocultural monocultures monodisperse monodramatic monofilament monogamously monogrammers monogramming monographing monolinguals monologuists monomaniacal monometallic monomorphism mononuclears mononucleate monophthongs monophyletic monopodially monopolising monopolistic monopolizers monopolizing monorchidism monospecific monosyllabic monosyllable monosynaptic monoterpenes monotheistic monotonicity monotonously monsignorial monumentally moonlighters moonlighting moralization morbidnesses morosenesses morphallaxes morphallaxis morphologies morphologist morphometric mortarboards motherboards motherhouses motherliness mothproofers mothproofing motionlessly motivational motivelessly motoneuronal motorboaters motorboating motorcycling motorcyclist motorization mountaineers mountainside mountaintops mountebanked mournfullest mournfulness mousetrapped mouthbreeder movabilities movelessness moviemakings mucilaginous mucopeptides mucoproteins muddleheaded mudslingings muliebrities mulishnesses mulligatawny multibillion multichannel multicolored multicourses multielement multiengines multifaceted multifarious multiformity multilateral multilayered multileveled multilingual multimegaton multimillion multinomials multinuclear multipartite multipicture multiplexers multiplexing multiplexors multiplicand multiplicity multiproblem multiproduct multipronged multipurpose multisensory multiservice multiskilled multispecies multistemmed multistoried multitasking multitowered multitracked multivalence multivalents multivariate multiversity multivitamin multivoltine multiwarhead municipality municipalize munificences munificently musculatures museological museologists musicalising musicalities musicalizing musicianship musicologies musicologist mutabilities mutagenicity mutationally mutinousness muttonfishes mycetomatous mycobacteria mycophagists mycoplasmata myeloblastic myelopathies myofibrillar myofilaments myoinositols myrmecophile mysteriously mystifyingly mythographer mythological mythologists mythologized mythologizer mythologizes mythomaniacs myxedematous namelessness naphthalenes naprapathies narcissistic narcolepsies narcoleptics narcotically narrownesses nasalization nationalised nationalises nationalisms nationalists nationalized nationalizer nationalizes nativenesses natriuretics naturalising naturalistic naturalizing naturopathic nauseatingly nauseousness navigability navigational nazification nebulization nebulosities nebulousness necessitated necessitates neckerchiefs necrological necrologists necromancers necromancies necrophagous necrophiliac necrophilias necrophilism necropolises needlefishes needlepoints needlessness needleworker negativeness negativistic negativities neglectfully negotiations negrophobias neighborhood neighbouring nematologies nematologist neoclassical neoorthodoxy neorealistic neostigmines nephelinites nephelinitic nephelometer nephelometry nephrologies nephrologist nephropathic nephrostomes netherworlds neurasthenia neurasthenic neuroanatomy neurobiology neurochemist neurofibrils neurofibroma neurohormone neurohumoral neuroleptics neurological neurologists neuropathies neuropeptide neuropterans neuropterous neuroscience neurosensory neurosurgeon neurosurgery neurotically neuroticisms neurulations neutralising neutralistic neutralities neutralizers neutralizing neutrinoless neutrophilic nevertheless newsmagazine newspapering newspaperman newspapermen newsweeklies newswritings niacinamides nickelodeons nicotinamide nidification nightclothes nightclubbed nightclubber nightdresses nightingales nightwalkers nimblenesses nimbostratus ninnyhammers nitrobenzene nitrogenases nitromethane nitrosamines noctambulist noisemakings nomenclators nomenclature nominalistic nomographies nonabsorbent nonacademics nonactivated nonaddictive nonadiabatic nonadmission nonaesthetic nonagenarian nonalcoholic nonalignment nonambiguous nonantigenic nonarbitrary nonarchitect nonarguments nonassertive nonattenders nonautomated nonautomatic nonbacterial nonbelievers nonbiologist nonbotanists nonbreakable nonbreathing nonbreedings nonbroadcast nonbuildings noncancerous noncandidacy noncandidate noncelebrity noncertified nonchalances nonchalantly noncharacter nonchemicals nonclassical nonclassroom nonclericals noncognitive noncollector noncollinear noncolorfast noncombatant noncombative noncommittal noncommitted noncommunist noncommunity noncompliant noncomplying noncomposers noncompounds nonconcurred nonconductor nonconformed nonconformer noncongruent nonconscious nonconstants nonconsumers nonconsuming noncorporate noncorroding noncorrosive noncountries noncoverages noncriminals noncrossover noncrushable noncustodial noncustomers nondeceptive nondecisions nondeductive nondeforming nondelegates nondemanding nondependent nondepleting nondepressed nondescripts nondiabetics nondirective nondisableds nondomestics nondominants noneconomist noneditorial noneducation noneffective nonelections nonelectives nonelectrics nonemergency nonemotional nonempirical nonemployees nonenzymatic nonessential nonevidences nonexclusive nonexecutive nonexistence nonexplosive nonfattening nonfeasances nonfederated nonfeminists nonfictional nonfinancial nonflammable nonflowering nonfluencies nonfrivolous nonglamorous nongraduates nonhappening nonhazardous nonhemolytic nonhospitals nonidentical nonimitative nonimmigrant noninclusion nonincumbent noninductive noninfective noninfluence noninitiates noninsurance noninterests nonintrusive nonintuitive nonirrigated nonlandowner nonlanguages nonlibrarian nonlibraries nonlinearity nonliterates nonmalignant nonmalleable nonmercurial nonmetameric nonmicrobial nonmigratory nonmilitants nonmolecular nonmotorized nonmunicipal nonmusicians nonnarrative nonnationals nonnecessity nonnegligent nonnormative nonnucleated nonnumerical nonnutritive nonobjective nonobservant nonoperating nonoperative nonoxidizing nonparallels nonparasitic nonpartisans nonpasserine nonperformer nonpetroleum nonphosphate nonphysician nonpoisonous nonpolitical nonpolluting nonpractical nonproducing nonpsychotic nonpurposive nonrealistic nonrecurrent nonrecurring nonredundant nonregulated nonrelatives nonreligious nonrenewable nonrepayable nonresidence nonresidency nonresidents nonresistant nonresponder nonresponses nonreusables nonruminants nonscheduled nonscientist nonsecretors nonsecretory nonsectarian nonselective nonsensitive nonsentences nonsocialist nonsolutions nonspherical nonsteroidal nonstrategic nonsuccesses nonsymmetric nontechnical nontemporals nonthinkings nontreatment nonturbulent nonunanimous nonunionized nonuniversal nonutilities nonvanishing nonviolences nonviolently nonvoluntary nonyellowing noradrenalin normalizable normotensive normothermia normothermic northeastern northeasters northernmost northwestern northwesters notabilities notarization noteworthily notification nourishments novelization nucleocapsid nucleophiles nucleophilic nucleoplasms nucleotidase numerologies numerologist numerousness numinousness numismatists nuptialities nutritionist nutritiously nympholeptic nymphomaniac nymphomanias oafishnesses oarsmanships obdurateness obfuscations objectifying objectivisms objectivists objurgations oblanceolate oblatenesses obligatorily obligingness obliterating obliteration obliterative obliterators obnubilating obnubilation obscurantism obscurantist obscurations obsequiously observations obsolescence obsoleteness obstetrician obstreperous obstructions obstructives obtusenesses occasionally occidentally occultations occupational oceanography oceanologies oceanologist ochlocracies octahedrally octapeptides octogenarian octosyllabic octosyllable odiousnesses odontoblasts officeholder officialdoms officialeses officialisms officiations offishnesses offscourings oleaginously oleandomycin oleoresinous olfactometer oligarchical oligochaetes oligophagies oligophagous oligopsonies oligotrophic omnipotences omnipotently omnipresence omnisciences omnisciently omnivorously oncogenicity oncornavirus onomastician onomatopoeia onomatopoeic onychophoran oophorectomy opalescences opalescently opaquenesses openhandedly operatically operationism operationist operatorless opinionative opportunisms opportunists opposability oppositeness oppositional oppressively optimalities optimisation optimization optometrists oratorically orchestrally orchestrated orchestrater orchestrates orchestrator orchidaceous ordinariness organicities organisation organization organoleptic organologies orientalisms orientalists orientalized orientalizes orientations orienteering originations orismologies ornamentally ornatenesses ornerinesses ornithologic ornithopters orographical oropharynges oropharynxes orotundities orthocenters orthodontias orthodontics orthodontist orthogeneses orthogenesis orthogenetic orthogonally orthographic orthopaedics orthopedists orthopterans orthopterist orthopteroid orthorhombic orthotropous oscillations oscillograms oscillograph oscilloscope osmolalities osmolarities ossification ostentations ostentatious osteoblastic osteoclastic osteogeneses osteogenesis osteological osteologists osteomalacia osteopathies osteoplastic osteoporoses osteoporosis osteoporotic osteosarcoma ostracoderms otherworldly otiosenesses otoscleroses otosclerosis outachieving outbalancing outbargained outbreedings outbuildings outcavilling outcompeting outcroppings outdatedness outdelivered outdesigning outdistanced outdistances outgeneraled outglittered outgoingness outintrigued outintrigues outlandishly outmaneuvers outnumbering outorganized outorganizes outperformed outplacement outpoliticks outpopulated outpopulates outpreaching outproducing outpromising outrageously outrebounded outreproduce outrivalling outsiderness outsourcings outsparkling outspreading outsprinting outstretched outstretches outstripping outthrobbing outthrusting outwrestling ovariotomies overabstract overabundant overachieved overachiever overachieves overactivity overanalyses overanalysis overanalyzed overanalyzes overarousals overarranged overarranges overasserted overbalanced overbalances overbleached overbleaches overborrowed overbrowsing overbuilding overburdened overcapacity overcastings overcautions overcautious overcharging overchilling overclaiming overclassify overcleaning overclearing overclouding overcoaching overcompress overconcerns overconsumed overconsumes overcontrols overcorrects overcounting overcramming overcritical overcropping overcrowding overdecorate overdesigned overdevelops overdirected overdiscount overdocument overdominant overdramatic overdressing overdrinking overeducated overeducates overemphases overemphasis overemphatic overenamored overengineer overenrolled overequipped overestimate overexciting overexercise overexerting overexertion overexpanded overexplains overexplicit overexploits overexposing overexposure overextended overfamiliar overfatigued overfatigues overfavoring overfocusing overfocussed overfocusses overfulfills overgarments overgenerous overgoverned overhandling overharvests overhuntings overidealize overidentify overindulged overindulges overinflated overinflates overinformed overinsuring overissuance overlaboring overlearning overlengthen overlighting overliterary overlordship overmanaging overmannered overmastered overmatching overmaturity overmedicate overmodestly overnighters overnighting overoperated overoperates overoptimism overoptimist overorganize overornament overpackaged overpackages overpayments overpedaling overpedalled overpeopling overpersuade overplanning overplanting overplotting overpopulate overpowering overpraising overpressure overprinting overproduced overproduces overprograms overpromised overpromises overpromoted overpromotes overprotects overreachers overreaching overreacting overreaction overregulate overreliance overreported overresponds oversanguine oversaturate overserviced overservices overshadowed overshooting oversimplify overslaughed oversleeping overslipping overspenders overspending overstaffing overstepping overstirring overstocking overstrained overstressed overstresses overstrewing overstridden overstriding overstriking overstuffing oversupplied oversupplies oversweetens overswinging overtaxation overthinking overthrowing overtightens overtraining overtreating overtrimming overtrumping overutilized overutilizes overvoltages overwatering overweighing overweighted overwhelming overwintered overwithheld overwithhold ovipositions owlishnesses oxalacetates oxaloacetate oxyacetylene oxygenations ozonizations ozonospheres pachysandras pacification pacificators packinghouse paddleboards paddlefishes paedogeneses paedogenesis paedogenetic paedomorphic painlessness painstakings paintbrushes palatability palatalizing palatialness paleobiology paleobotanic paleoecology paleographer paleographic paleontology paleozoology palindromist palingeneses palingenesis palingenetic palliatively pallidnesses palpitations paltrinesses palynologies palynologist pamphleteers panchromatic pancreatitis pancreozymin pancytopenia pandemoniums pansexuality pantechnicon pantisocracy pantographic pantomimists pantothenate paperhangers paperhanging paperinesses papermakings paperweights papyrologies papyrologist paraboloidal parachutists paradigmatic paradisaical paradisiacal paradropping paraesthesia paragraphers paragraphing paralanguage paraldehydes parallelisms parallelling paralyzation paralyzingly paramagnetic paramedicals parameterize parametrized parametrizes paramilitary paranoically paranormally paraphrasers paraphrasing paraphrastic parasailings parasiticide parasitising parasitizing parasitology paratactical parathormone parathyroids paratroopers paratyphoids parenchymata parenterally parenthesize paresthesias parfocalized parfocalizes parishioners parkinsonian parkinsonism parochialism paronomasias paronomastic parsimonious partialities participants participated participates participator particularly particulates partisanship partitioners partitioning partitionist partnerships parturitions parvoviruses pasqueflower pasquinading passacaglias passageworks passionately passivations pasteurising pasteurizers pasteurizing pastoralisms pastoralists pastoralness pasturelands patchinesses paternalisms paternalists paternosters pathbreaking pathetically pathfindings pathlessness pathobiology pathogeneses pathogenesis pathogenetic pathological pathologists patriarchate patriarchies pawnbrokings peacefullest peacefulness peacekeepers peacekeeping peacemakings peakednesses pearlescence peccadilloes pectinaceous pectinations pedantically pedestalling pediatrician pedunculated pejoratively pelargoniums penalization penetrations penetrometer penitentiary pennycresses pennyweights pennywhistle pensionaries pentagonally pentahedrons pentamidines pentapeptide pentathletes pentazocines pentlandites peradventure perambulated perambulates perambulator perceptional perceptively perceptivity perceptually perchlorates percipiences percipiently percolations percussively percutaneous peregrinated peregrinates peremptorily perennations perestroikas perfectively perfectivity perfidiously perforations performances performative performatory perfusionist pericarditis perichondral perichondria perilousness periodically periodontics periodontist perionychium peripatetics peripherally periphrastic peritoneally peritrichous perjuriously permanencies permanganate permeability permissively permittivity permutations perniciously perorational perpetrating perpetration perpetrators perpetuating perpetuation perpetuators perpetuities perphenazine perplexities persecutions perseverance perseverated perseverates persistences persistently personalised personalises personalisms personalists personalized personalizes personalties personations personifiers personifying perspectival perspectives perspicacity perspiration perspiratory persuasively pertinacious pertinencies perturbation perverseness perversities perviousness pestilential petitenesses petrifaction petrodollars petrogeneses petrogenesis petrogenetic petrographer petrographic petrological petrologists pettifoggers pettifoggery pettifogging phagocytized phagocytizes phagocytosed phagocytoses phagocytosis phagocytotic phanerophyte pharmacology pharmacopeia phenanthrene pheneticists phenocrystic phenological phenomenally phenotypical phentolamine philadelphus philanderers philandering philanthropy philatelists philharmonic philhellenes philhellenic philistinism phillumenist philodendron philological philologists philosophers philosophies philosophise philosophize phlebography phlebologies phlebotomies phlebotomist phonemically phonemicists phonetically phoneticians phonogrammic phonographer phonographic phonological phonologists phonotactics phosphatases phosphatides phosphatidic phosphatidyl phosphatized phosphatizes phosphaturia phospholipid phosphoniums phosphoresce phosphorites phosphoritic phosphoruses photobiology photocathode photochemist photochromic photocompose photocopiers photocopying photocurrent photodynamic photoengrave photoexcited photoflashes photogeology photographed photographer photographic photogravure photoinduced photoionized photoionizes photokineses photokinesis photokinetic photolyzable photomapping photometries photomontage photomosaics photonuclear photooxidize photoperiods photophobias photopolymer photoproduct photoreduced photoreduces photoresists photosetters photosetting photospheres photospheric photostating photostatted photosystems phototropism photovoltaic phragmoplast phrasemakers phrasemaking phrasemonger phreatophyte phrenologies phrenologist phycocyanins phycological phycologists phycomycetes phylacteries phyletically phylloclades phyllotactic phyllotaxies phylogenetic physiatrists physicalisms physicalists physicalness physiocratic physiognomic physiography physiologies physiologist phytoalexins phytochemist phytochromes phytohormone phytophagous phytosterols pickabacking pickaninnies pickerelweed picornavirus pictographic pictorialism pictorialist pictorialize picturephone pieceworkers pigeonholers pigeonholing piggybacking pigmentation pilgrimaging pilocarpines pinealectomy piroplasmata pisciculture pitchblendes pitchforking pitiableness pitilessness pittosporums placeholders placekickers placekicking placentation placidnesses plagiarising plagiaristic plagiarizers plagiarizing plagioclases plagiotropic plainclothes planetariums planetesimal planispheres planispheric planlessness planographic plantigrades plasmalemmas plasminogens plasmodesmas plasmogamies plasmolyzing plasterboard plasterworks plasticities plasticizers plasticizing plastocyanin platemakings platitudinal platonically platyrrhines plausibility playwritings pleasantness pleasantries pleasingness pleasureless plebeianisms plebiscitary plecopterans pleinairisms pleinairists pleiotropies pleochroisms pleomorphism plerocercoid pliabilities pliantnesses plotlessness pluckinesses plushinesses plutocracies pneumaticity pneumatology pneumococcal pneumococcus pneumographs pneumothorax pocketknives podophyllins podophyllums poeticalness pogonophoran poikilotherm pointillisms pointillists pointtillist polarimeters polarimetric polariscopes polariscopic polarization polarography polemicizing policyholder polioviruses politenesses politicalize politicising politicizing pollenosises pollinations pollinosises poltergeists polyalcohols polyanthuses polycentrism polychromies polychroming polycrystals polycythemia polycythemic polydisperse polyembryony polyethylene polygamizing polyglotisms polyglottism polygraphers polygraphist polyhedroses polyhedrosis polyhistoric polymerising polymerizing polymorphism polymorphous polyneuritis polypeptides polypeptidic polypetalous polyphenolic polyphyletic polyploidies polyrhythmic polyribosome polysorbates polystichous polystyrenes polysulfides polysyllabic polysyllable polysynaptic polysyndeton polytechnics polytheistic polytonality polyurethane polyvalences pomegranates pontifically pontificated pontificates pontificator popularising popularities popularizers popularizing populational populousness porcelainize porcelaneous pornographer pornographic porousnesses porphyropsin portcullises portentously porterhouses portlinesses portmanteaus portmanteaux portraitists portraitures positionally positiveness positivistic positivities positroniums possessional possessively postabortion postaccident postbiblical postcardlike postcolleges postcolonial postconquest postcoronary postdeadline postdelivery postdiluvian postdoctoral posteditings postelection posteriority posteruptive postexercise postexposure postfeminist postfracture postgraduate posthospital posthumously posthypnotic postimperial postischemic postliterate postmedieval postmidnight postmistress postneonatal postorgasmic postponement postposition postpositive postprandial postromantic poststimulus postsurgical postsynaptic posttensions postulancies postulations postvaccinal postvagotomy postworkshop potabilities potentiality potentiating potentiation potentiators powerbrokers practicality practitioner praetorships pragmaticism pragmaticist pragmatistic praiseworthy pralltriller prankishness praseodymium praxeologies preachifying preadmission preadmitting preallotting preamplifier preannounced preannounces preapproving prearranging preassembled preassigning prebendaries prebreakfast precanceling precancelled precancerous precariously precautioned precedencies precensoring precentorial preceptorial preceptories precertified precertifies precessional preciosities preciousness precipitable precipitance precipitancy precipitants precipitated precipitates precipitator precisionist preclearance preclusively precociously precognition precognitive precomputers precomputing preconceived preconceives preconcerted precondition preconscious predeceasing predecessors predeparture predesignate predestinate predestining predetermine prediabetics predicaments predications predictively predigesting predigestion predilection predischarge prediscovery predisposing prednisolone predominance predominancy predominated predominates preeclampsia preeclamptic preelections preemergence preeminences preeminently preemptively preestablish preexistence prefabricate preferential prefinancing prefocussing preformation preformatted preformulate pregnability pregnenolone prehensility prehistorian prehistories preignitions preinaugural preinduction preinterview prejudgments prelapsarian prelibations preliterates premalignant premaritally premarketing premarriages premaxillary premeasuring premeditated premeditates premeditator premenstrual premierships premigration premodifying premoistened premonishing premonitions premunitions prenominated prenominates prenotifying prenumbering preoccupancy preoccupying preoperative preordaining preovulatory prepackaging preparations preparatives preparedness preponderant preponderate preportioned prepositions prepossessed prepossesses preposterous prepotencies preppinesses preprocessed preprocesses preprocessor preprogramed prepuberties prepubescent prepurchased prepurchases prequalified prequalifies prerecession prerecording preregisters prerehearsal prerequiring prerequisite prerogatived prerogatives presbyterate presbyterial presbyterian presbyteries prescheduled preschedules preschoolers prescreening prescription prescriptive preselecting preselection presentation presentative presentenced presentences presentiment presentments preservation preservative preshrinking presidencies presidential presignified presignifies preslaughter prespecified prespecifies pressureless pressurising pressurizers pressurizing presterilize prestressing prestructure presumptions presumptuous presupposing presweetened pretensioned pretermitted pretreatment prettinesses prevaricated prevaricates prevaricator preveniently preventative preventively previousness previsionary previsioning pridefulness priestliness priggishness primateships primitivisms primitivists primogenitor primordially princeliness principality printability printmakings prioritizing prissinesses privatdocent privatdozent privateering prizefighter prizewinners prizewinning probabilisms probabilists probationary probationers problematics proboscidean proboscidian procarbazine procathedral procedurally processional processioned proclamation proclivities proconsulate procreations proctodaeums proctologies proctologist proctorships procurations procurements prodigiously productional productively productivity profanations professional professorate professorial professoriat proficiently profiteering profiteroles profligacies profligately profoundness profundities progesterone progestogens proglottides prognathisms programmable programmatic programmings progressions progressives prohibitions projectional projectively prolegomenon proletarians proletariats proliferated proliferates prolifically prolificness prologuizing prolongation promontories promptitudes promptnesses promulgating promulgation promulgators pronephroses pronominally pronouncedly pronucleuses proofreaders proofreading propaedeutic propagandist propagandize propagations propensities propernesses propertyless prophetesses prophethoods prophylactic propitiating propitiation propitiators propitiatory propitiously proportional proportioned propositions propoxyphene propranolols proprietress prorogations prosauropods proscription proscriptive prosecutable prosecutions proselytised proselytises proselytisms proselytized proselytizer proselytizes prosobranchs prosodically prosopopoeia prospectuses prosperities prosperously prostacyclin prosthetists prostituting prostitution prostitutors prostrations protactinium protagonists protectively protectorate protectories proteinurias protensively proteoglycan protestation prothalamion prothalamium prothalluses prothonotary prothrombins protocolling protohistory protomartyrs protonations protonematal protophloems protoplanets protoplasmic prototrophic prototypical protozoology protractions protrusively protuberance proudhearted provableness proveniences proverbially providential provincially provisionals provisionary provisioners provisioning provocateurs provocations provocatives prudentially prussianised prussianises prussianized prussianizes psephologies psephologist pseudoallele pseudocyeses pseudocyesis pseudomonads pseudomorphs pseudonymity pseudonymous pseudopodial pseudopodium pseudorandom psychedelias psychedelics psychiatries psychiatrist psychoactive psychobabble psychodramas psychographs psychologies psychologise psychologism psychologist psychologize psychometric psychopathic psychosexual psychosocial psychotropic psychrometer psychrometry pteridophyte pteridosperm pterodactyls publications publicnesses pugnaciously pulchritudes pullulations pulverizable pumpernickel pumpkinseeds punchinellos punctuations punitiveness purblindness purification purificators purificatory puristically purplehearts purposefully pussyfooters pussyfooting pustulations putrefaction putrefactive putrescences puzzleheaded pyrargyrites pyridoxamine pyrocatechol pyroelectric pyrogenicity pyromaniacal pyromorphite pyrophyllite pyrotechnics pyrotechnist quacksalvers quadrangular quadraphonic quadrennials quadrenniums quadricepses quadrillions quadriphonic quadriplegia quadriplegic quadrivalent quadrumanous quaintnesses qualmishness quantifiable quantitating quantitation quantitative quantization quarantining quarterbacks quarterdecks quarterfinal quartersawed quarterstaff quaternaries quaternities quattrocento queasinesses questionable questionably questionless quicksilvers quinquennial quinquennium quintessence quintillions quirkinesses quislingisms quitclaiming quixotically quizzicality rabbinically racemization racetrackers racewalkings racketeering racquetballs radicalising radicalizing radiobiology radiocarbons radiochemist radioecology radioelement radiographed radiographic radioisotope radiolabeled radiolarians radiological radiologists radiolucency radiometries radiomimetic radionuclide radiotherapy radiothorium radiotracers raggednesses railroadings rakishnesses rambouillets rambunctious ramification rampageously rancidnesses randomnesses ranunculuses rapscallions rarefactions rataplanning ratatouilles rathskellers ratification ratiocinated ratiocinates ratiocinator rationalised rationalises rationalisms rationalists rationalized rationalizer rationalizes rationalness rattlebrains rattlesnakes ravenousness razzmatazzes reaccelerate reaccessions reaccredited reacquainted reactivating reactivation reactiveness reactivities readableness readdressing readjustable readjustment readmissions reafforested reaggregated reaggregates realignments realizations reallocating reallocation realpolitiks reanimations reannexation reappearance reappointing reapportions reappraisals reappraising rearticulate reasonlessly reassemblage reassemblies reassembling reassertions reassessment reassignment reassumption reassurances reassuringly reattachment reattempting reattributed reattributes reauthorized reauthorizes rebelliously rebroadcasts recalcitrant recalculated recalculates recalibrated recalibrates recanalizing recantations recapitalize recapitulate receivership recentnesses recentrifuge receptionist recertifying recessionals recessionary rechallenged rechallenges rechanneling rechannelled rechargeable rechartering rechristened recidivistic reciprocally reciprocated reciprocates reciprocator recirculated recirculates recklessness reclamations reclassified reclassifies recognitions recognizable recognizably recognizance recollecting recollection recolonizing recombinants recommencing recommending recommission recommitment recommittals recommitting recompensing reconceiving reconception reconcilable recondensing reconditions reconfigured reconfigures reconfirming reconnecting reconnection reconnoiters reconnoitred reconnoitres reconquering reconsecrate reconsidered reconstitute reconstructs recontacting recontouring reconversion reconverting reconveyance reconvicting reconviction reconvincing recordations recreational recriminated recriminates recrudescent recrudescing recruitments recultivated recultivates recumbencies recuperating recuperation recuperative redecorating redecoration redecorators rededicating rededication redefinition redeliveries redelivering redemptioner redeployment redepositing redescribing redetermined redetermines redevelopers redeveloping redigestions redintegrate redirections rediscounted rediscovered rediscussing redisplaying redissolving redistilling redistribute redistricted reducibility reductionism reductionist redundancies reduplicated reduplicates reeducations reembroiders reemergences reemphasized reemphasizes reemployment reenactments reencounters reenergizing reengagement reengineered reenlistment reenthroning reequipments reescalating reescalation reestimating reevaluating reevaluation reexperience reexpressing refashioning reflationary reflectances reflectional reflectively reflectivity reflectorize reformations reformatting reformulated reformulates refortifying refoundation refractively refractivity refractories refractorily refrainments refreshening refreshingly refreshments refrigerants refrigerated refrigerates refrigerator refurbishers refurbishing refurnishing regardlessly regeneracies regenerately regenerating regeneration regenerative regenerators regionalisms regionalists regionalized regionalizes registerable registration regressively regressivity regularities regularizing regurgitated regurgitates rehabilitant rehabilitate rehumanizing rehydratable rehydrations rehypnotized rehypnotizes reidentified reidentifies reifications reimbursable reimplanting reimposition reimpression reincarnated reincarnates reindictment reinfections reinflations reinhabiting reinitiating reinjections reinnervated reinnervates reinoculated reinoculates reinsertions reinspecting reinspection reinstalling reinstituted reinstitutes reinsurances reintegrated reintegrates reinterprets reinterviews reintroduced reintroduces reinventions reinvestment reinvigorate reiterations rejuvenating rejuvenation rejuvenators rekeyboarded relacquering relandscaped relandscapes relationally relationship relativistic relativities relativizing relentlessly reliableness relicensures religionists religionless relinquished relinquishes reliquefying relubricated relubricates reluctancies reluctations remaindering remediations rememberable remembrancer remembrances remigrations remilitarize reminiscence remissnesses remobilizing remoistening remonetizing remonstrance remonstrants remonstrated remonstrates remonstrator remorsefully remortgaging remotenesses remotivating remotivation removability remunerating remuneration remunerative remunerators remuneratory renaissances renaturation rencountered rendezvoused rendezvouses renegotiable renegotiated renegotiates renewability renographies renominating renomination renormalized renormalizes renouncement renovascular renunciation renunciative renunciatory reoccupation reoccurrence reoperations reorganizers reorganizing reorientated reorientates reoutfitting reoxidations repartitions repatriating repatriation repatterning repellencies repercussion repercussive repetitional repetitively rephotograph replacements replantation replastering replenishers replenishing replications repolarizing repopularize repopulating repopulation repositioned repositories repossessing repossession repossessors reprehending reprehension reprehensive representers representing repressively repressurize reprimanding repristinate reprivatized reprivatizes reproachable reprobations reprocessing reproducible reproducibly reproduction reproductive reprograming reprogrammed reprographer reprographic reprovisions republishers republishing repudiations repugnancies repurchasing reputability reputational requalifying requirements requisitions reradiations reregistered reregulating reregulation rescheduling rescindments researchable researchists resegregated resegregates resemblances resensitized resensitizes resentencing reservations reservedness resettlement resignations resignedness resiliencies resistlessly resocialized resocializes resolidified resolidifies resoluteness resoundingly respectables respectfully respectively respirations respirometer respirometry resplendence resplendency responsively responsories ressentiment restabilized restabilizes restatements restaurateur restimulated restimulates restitutions restlessness restorations restoratives restrainable restrainedly restrengthen restrictedly restrictions restrictives restructured restructures resubmission resubmitting resurrecting resurrection resuscitated resuscitates resuscitator resynthesize retaliations retardations reticulately reticulating reticulation reticulocyte retightening retinotectal retiringness retractility retransforms retranslated retranslates retrenchment retributions retroactions retrocession retrodicting retrodiction retrodictive retrofitting retroflexion retrogradely retrograding retrogressed retrogresses retrospected retroversion retroviruses reunionistic reupholsters revaccinated revaccinates revalidating revalidation revalorizing revaluations revegetating revegetation revengefully reverberated reverberates reversionary reversioners revictualing revictualled revisionisms revisionists revitalising revitalizing revivalistic reviviscence rhabdocoeles rhabdomancer rhapsodizing rhetorically rhetoricians rheumatology rhinoceroses rhinoscopies rhinoviruses rhizoctonias rhizospheres rhododendron rhodomontade rhombohedral rhombohedron rhythmically ribbonfishes ribonuclease ricochetting ridiculously rightfulness rigorousness risibilities risorgimento roadblocking roadholdings robotization robustiously robustnesses rockabillies rockhounding rodenticides rodomontades roisterously romanization romantically romanticised romanticises romanticisms romanticists romanticized romanticizes rootednesses rootlessness ropedancings rotogravures rottennesses rottenstones rotundnesses roughcasting roughhousing rowanberries rubbernecked rubbernecker rubefacients rubrications ruefulnesses ruggednesses ruminatively rumormongers rustications rustproofing ruthlessness sabermetrics saccharified saccharifies saccharinity saccharoidal sacculations sacerdotally sacramentals sacrednesses sacrilegious saddlecloths sadistically safecrackers safecracking safeguarding safekeepings sailboarding sailboatings salabilities salamandrine salesmanship salespersons salinization salinometers sallownesses salpiglosses salpiglossis saltimboccas salubriously salutariness salutational salutatorian salutatories salutiferous salvationism salvationist sanctimonies sanctionable sandblasters sandblasting sandpainting sandpapering sanguinarias sanguinarily sanguineness sanguinities sanitization sansculottes sansculottic sansevierias saponifiable saprophagous sarcomatoses sarcomatosis sarcoplasmic sardonically sardonicisms sarsaparilla satisfaction satisfactory satisfyingly sauerbratens saurischians savagenesses savorinesses saxophonists scabrousness scaffoldings scandalising scandalizing scandalously scantinesses scapegoating scapegoatism scarabaeuses scaramouches scarcenesses scaremongers scarifyingly scatological scatteration scatterbrain scattergoods scattergrams scatteringly sceneshifter scenographer scenographic schematizing schismatical schismatized schismatizes schistosomal schistosomes schizogonies schizogonous schizophrene schmaltziest schnorkeling scholarships schoolboyish schoolfellow schoolhouses schoolmaster schottisches schussboomer schwarmereis scintigraphy scintillated scintillates scintillator scissortails sclerenchyma sclerodermas sclerometers scolopendras scopolamines scorekeepers scornfulness scoutmasters scratchboard scratchiness screenwriter screwdrivers screwinesses scrimshander scrimshawing scripturally scriptwriter scrupulosity scrupulously scrutinising scrutinizers scrutinizing sculptresses sculpturally scuppernongs scurrilities scurrilously scurvinesses scuttlebutts scyphistomae scyphistomas seamlessness seamstresses searchlights secessionism secessionist secludedness secobarbital secretagogue secretariats secretionary sectarianism sectarianize sectionalism secularising secularistic secularities secularizers secularizing securenesses securitizing sedatenesses sedimentable seductresses sedulousness seemlinesses segmentation segregations seigniorages seismicities seismographs seismography seismologies seismologist seismometers seismometric selaginellas selectionist selectnesses seleniferous selenologies selenologist selflessness selfsameness semantically semanticists semeiologies semiabstract semiannually semiarboreal semicircular semiclassics semicolonial semicolonies semidarkness semideifying semidetached semidiameter semidominant semifinalist semifinished semiflexible semiliterate semilustrous semimetallic semimonastic semimystical seminiferous seminudities semiofficial semiological semiologists semioticians semioticists semipalmated semiparasite semiprecious semitrailers semitropical semiweeklies sempervivums sempiternity sempstresses senatorships senectitudes sensibleness sensitometer sensitometry sensorimotor sensualistic sensualities sensualizing sensuosities sensuousness sentinelling separability separateness separatistic septennially septentrions sepulchering sepulchrally sequaciously sequentially sequestering sequestrated sequestrates seraphically serenenesses sericultural sericultures serigraphers serigraphies seronegative seropositive seropurulent serotonergic serpentinely servanthoods serviceberry servicewoman servicewomen seventeenths severability severenesses sewabilities sexagenarian sexagesimals sexdecillion sextodecimos sextuplicate shabbinesses shacklebones shadowboxing shadowgraphs shadowgraphy shagginesses shamefacedly shamefulness shareability sharecropped sharecropper shareholders sharpshooter shatteringly shatterproof sheepberries sheepherders sheepherding sheepishness sheepshearer shellackings shellcracker shellfishery shellshocked shelterbelts shergottites shiftinesses shinplasters shipbuilders shipbuilding shipwrecking shirtdresses shirtsleeved shirtsleeves shittimwoods shoddinesses shortchanged shortchanger shortchanges shortcomings shortcutting shortsighted showmanships showstoppers showstopping shrewdnesses shrewishness shrievalties shrillnesses shuffleboard shuttlecocks sicklinesses sideslipping sidesteppers sidestepping sidetracking significance significancy silentnesses silhouetting silhouettist sillimanites silverfishes silverpoints silversmiths silviculture similarities simoniacally simpleminded simplenesses simplicially simplicities simulcasting simultaneity simultaneous sinfoniettas sinfulnesses singlenesses singlesticks singularized singularizes sinisterness sinusoidally siphonophore siphonostele skateboarder skeletonised skeletonises skeletonized skeletonizer skeletonizes skillessness skillfulness skimpinesses skinninesses skittishness skullduggery skyrocketing slanderously slanginesses slaphappiest slaughterers slaughtering slaughterous slaveholders slaveholding slavocracies sleazinesses sledgehammer sleepinesses sleepwalkers sleepwalking slenderizing sleuthhounds slickensides slightnesses slinkinesses slipperiness slipstreamed sloganeering sloppinesses slothfulness slovenliness sluggardness sluggishness slumgullions slumpflation slushinesses sluttishness smallclothes smallholders smallholding smarminesses smithsonites smoothnesses smorgasbords smudginesses smuttinesses snaggleteeth snaggletooth snappinesses snappishness snapshooters snapshotting sneakinesses snickersnees sniffinesses sniffishness sniperscopes snobbishness snollygoster snootinesses snottinesses snowboarders snowboarding snowmobilers snowmobiling snowmobilist snubbinesses sociableness sociobiology sociologeses sociological sociologists sociometries sockdolagers sockdologers soddennesses softheadedly solarization soldierships solemnifying solemnnesses solicitation solicitously solidaristic solidarities solifluction soliloquised soliloquises soliloquists soliloquized soliloquizer soliloquizes solitariness solmizations solubilising solubilities solubilizing somatologies somatomedins somatopleure somatostatin somatotropin sombernesses somersaulted somersetting somnambulant somnambulate somnambulism somnambulist somnifacient songstresses songwritings sonneteering sonographers sonographies sonorousness soothingness soothsayings sophisticate soporiferous sordidnesses soullessness soundproofed southeastern southeasters southernmost southernness southernwood southwestern southwesters spaceflights spacewalkers spacewalking spaciousness spaghettinis spanakopitas spanokopitas sparkplugged sparsenesses spasmolytics spasticities spatialities spatterdocks speakerphone speakerships spearfishing spearheading specialising specialistic specialities specializing speciational specifically speciosities speciousness spectaculars spectatorial spectrograms spectrograph spectrometer spectrometry spectroscope spectroscopy speculations speechifying speechlessly speechwriter speedballing speedboating speedinesses speedometers speleologies speleologist spellbinders spellbinding spendthrifts spermagonium spermathecae spermathecas spermatocyte spermatozoal spermatozoan spermatozoid spermatozoon spermophiles spessartines spessartites sphericities spheroidally spherometers spheroplasts sphingosines sphygmograph spiculations spiegeleisen spiffinesses spinnerettes spinsterhood spiritedness spiritlessly spiritualism spiritualist spirituality spiritualize spirochaetes spirometries spitefullest spitefulness splashboards splendidness splenomegaly spokespeople spokesperson sponginesses sponsorships spookinesses sporadically sporogeneses sporogenesis sportfishing sportfulness sportinesses sportiveness sportscaster sportswriter sporulations spotlessness spotlighting spottinesses sprachgefuhl spreadsheets sprightfully sprightliest springboards springhouses springwaters sprucenesses spunkinesses spuriousness squarenesses squarishness squirarchies squirrelling stablenesses stablishment stadtholders stagecoaches stagflations staggeringly stainability stakeholders stallholders stalwartness standardbred standardised standardises standardized standardizes standardless standpatters standpattism stapedectomy staphylinids starboarding startlements stationeries statistician statuesquely steadinesses stealthiness steamfitters steaminesses steamrollers steamrolling steatopygias steatopygous steatorrheas steelinesses steelmakings steelworkers steeplechase steeplejacks steerageways stenographer stenographic stenothermal stenotypists stepbrothers stepchildren stepdaughter stepfamilies stereographs stereography stereoisomer stereologies stereophonic stereopsides stereopticon stereoscopes stereoscopic stereotactic stereotypers stereotypies stereotyping sterlingness sternocostal sternutation sternutators stertorously stethoscopes stethoscopic stewardesses stewardships stichomythia stichomythic stickhandled stickhandler stickhandles stickinesses sticklebacks stigmasterol stigmatizing stilbestrols stimulations stinginesses stipulations stockbreeder stockbrokers stockbroking stockholders stockinesses stockinettes stockjobbers stockjobbing stockkeepers stocktakings stodginesses stomachaches stomatitides stomatitises stonecutters stonecutting stonemasonry stonewallers stonewalling stonyhearted storekeepers storminesses storyboarded storytellers storytelling stouthearted strabismuses straightaway straightbred straightedge straightened straightener straightness straitjacket straitnesses strandedness stranglehold strangulated strangulates straphangers straphanging strategizing stratigraphy stratocumuli stratosphere strawberries strawflowers streamliners streamlining streetlights streetscapes streetwalker strengthened strengthener streptococci streptolysin streptomyces streptomycin strictnesses stridulating stridulation stridulatory stridulously stringcourse stringencies stringhalted stringpieces stringybarks stripteasers strobilation stroboscopes stroboscopic stromatolite strontianite strophanthin structurally stubbornness studentships studiousness stuffinesses stupefaction stupefyingly stupendously stupidnesses sturdinesses stylizations subantarctic subarachnoid subauditions subbasements subcentrally subcommittee subcommunity subcomponent subconscious subcontinent subcontracts subculturing subcuratives subcutaneous subdebutante subdecisions subdirectors subdistricts subdividable subdivisions subdominants subeconomies subeditorial subepidermal suberization subglacially subinfeudate subintervals subirrigated subirrigates subjacencies subjectively subjectivise subjectivism subjectivist subjectivity subjectivize subjugations subjunctions subjunctives sublanguages sublibrarian sublicensing sublimations subliminally sublittorals subluxations submaxillary submergences submersibles submicrogram subminiature subministers submissively submultiples submunitions subnormality suboptimized suboptimizes suborbicular subordinated subordinates subordinator subornations subparagraph subpotencies subprincipal subprocesses subrogations subsatellite subsaturated subscription subsecretary subsentences subsequences subsequently subservience subserviency subsidiaries subsidiarily subsidiarity subsistences subsocieties subsonically subspecialty substantials substantiate substantival substantives substituents substituting substitution substitutive substructure subsumptions subtemperate subtenancies subterranean subthreshold subtlenesses subtotalling subtractions subumbrellas suburbanised suburbanises suburbanites suburbanized suburbanizes subvarieties subversively subvocalized subvocalizes succedaneous succedaneums successfully successional successively succinctness suddennesses sudoriferous sufficiently suffixations suffocations suffragettes sugarberries sugarcoating suggestively suitableness sulfadiazine sulfonamides sulfonations sulfonylurea sulfuretting sullennesses sulphurising sultrinesses summarizable summerhouses summersaults sunscreening superabounds superalterns superannuate superathlete superbitches superbnesses superbombers supercabinet supercargoes supercarrier supercenters supercharged supercharger supercharges superciliary supercilious superclasses supercluster supercoiling superconduct supercooling supercurrent superegoists superelevate supereminent superexpress supergravity supergrowths superhardens superheaters superheating superhelical superhelices superhelixes superheroine superhighway superhumanly superimposed superimposes superinduced superinduces superinfects superintends superlatives superlawyers supermarkets supermassive supernatants supernations supernatural supernatures superorganic superorgasms superovulate superpatriot superpersons superplastic superplayers superposable superpowered superpremium superprofits superquality superrealism superschools superscribed superscribes superscripts supersecrecy supersecrets supersedures supersellers supersensory supersession supersingers supersleuths superspecial superstardom superstation superstition superstratum superstrikes superstrings supersurgeon supersystems supertankers supervenient supervention supervisions superweapons supinenesses supplemental supplemented supplementer supplenesses supplicating supplication supplicatory suppositions suppositious suppressants suppressible suppressions suppurations supraliminal supraorbital supravitally supremacists suprematisms suprematists surefootedly surfboarders surfboarding surmountable surpassingly surprisingly surrealistic surrebutters surrejoinder surrendering surroundings surveillance surveillants survivalists survivorship susceptivity suspenseless suspensively suspensories suspicioning suspiciously suspirations sustentation sustentative susurrations suzerainties sveltenesses swaggeringly swainishness swallowtails swampinesses swankinesses swashbuckled swashbuckler swashbuckles sweaterdress sweatinesses sweepingness swelteringly swingletrees switchbacked switchblades switchboards swordplayers sycophancies sycophantish sycophantism syllabically syllabicated syllabicates syllabifying sylviculture symbolically symmetallism symmetrizing sympathetics sympathising sympathizers sympathizing symposiarchs synaestheses synaesthesia synaesthesis synaptically synaptosomal synaptosomes synarthroses synarthrosis synchroneity synchronical synchronised synchronises synchronisms synchronized synchronizer synchronizes synchroscope synchrotrons syncopations syncretising syncretistic syncretizing syndactylies syndactylism syndetically syndicalisms syndicalists syndications synecologies synergically synesthesias synonymities synonymizing synonymously synoptically synthesizers synthesizing systematised systematises systematisms systematists systematized systematizer systematizes systemically tabernacling tabernacular tachycardias tactlessness tagliatelles talebearings tangentially tangibleness taphonomists tarradiddles taskmistress tastefulness tautological tautomerisms tawdrinesses taxidermists teaspoonfuls teaspoonsful technetronic technicality technicalize technobabble technocratic technologies technologist technologize technophiles technophobes technophobia technophobic tectonically teenyboppers teeterboards teetotalisms teetotalists teetotallers teetotalling telecommuted telecommuter telecommutes telegramming telegraphers telegraphese telegraphies telegraphing telegraphist telemarketer telemetering telencephala teleological teleologists telephonists teleprinters teleutospore tellurometer telocentrics temperaments temperatures temporalized temporalizes tenabilities tendernesses tenderometer tendinitides tendinitises tendonitides tendonitises tenebrionids tensiometers tensiometric teratologies teratologist tercentenary tergiversate terminations terraforming terrestrials terribleness terrifically terrifyingly territorials tessellating tessellation testamentary testcrossing testimonials testosterone tetanization tetchinesses tetracycline tetradrachms tetragonally tetrahedrite tetrahedrons tetrahymenas tetrapyrrole tetrazoliums tetrodotoxin thalassaemia thalassemias thalassemics thalassocrat thalidomides thallophytes thallophytic thankfullest thankfulness thanksgiving thaumaturges thaumaturgic theatergoers theatergoing theatrically theistically thematically theobromines theocentrism theocratical theologising theologizers theologizing theophylline theoretician theorization theosophical theosophists therapeutics thereinafter thermalizing thermoclines thermocouple thermoformed thermographs thermography thermohaline thermolabile thermometers thermometric thermophiles thermophilic thermoscopes thermosphere thermostable thermostated thermostatic thermotactic thermotropic thievishness thimbleberry thimbleweeds thingamabobs thingamajigs thingumajigs thinkingness thiocyanates thioridazine thiosulfates thistledowns thitherwards thixotropies thoracically thorninesses thoroughbass thoroughbred thoroughfare thoroughness thoroughpins thoroughwort thoughtfully thousandfold thriftlessly thrombocytes thrombocytic thrombolytic thromboxanes throttleable throttlehold throughither throughother thumbtacking thunderbirds thunderbolts thunderclaps thundercloud thunderheads thunderingly thunderously thunderstone thunderstorm thymectomies thymectomize thyrotrophic thyrotrophin thyrotropins tibiofibulae tibiofibulas ticklishness ticktacktoes tigerishness timberdoodle timekeepings timelessness timelinesses timepleasers timeservings timocratical timorousness tinctorially tinsmithings tirelessness tiresomeness titaniferous titillations titleholders toastmasters tobacconists tobogganings tobogganists toddlerhoods togetherness toilsomeness tolbutamides tolerability tomfooleries tomographies tonelessness toothbrushes topdressings topicalities toploftiness topographers topographies topstitching torchbearers torrentially torridnesses tortuosities tortuousness totalisators totalitarian totalizators touchinesses tourbillions towardliness toxicologies toxicologist toxigenicity toxophilites traceability tracheitides tracheitises tracheophyte tracheostomy tracklayings trackwalkers tractability trademarking tradescantia tradespeople traditionary traducements tragediennes tragicomical trailblazers trailblazing trailbreaker trainability trainbearers traineeships traitoresses traitorously trajectories trampoliners trampolining trampolinist tranquilized tranquilizer tranquilizes tranquillest tranquillity tranquillize tranquilness transactions transaminase transceivers transcendent transcending transcribers transcribing transductant transduction transections transfecting transfection transferable transferases transference transferrers transferring transferrins transfigured transfigures transfixions transformers transforming transfusable transfusible transfusions transgressed transgresses transgressor transhipping transhumance transhumants transiencies transitional transitively transitivity transitorily translatable translations translocated translocates translucence translucency transmigrate transmission transmissive transmittals transmitters transmitting transmogrify transmontane transmutable transnatural transoceanic transpacific transparence transparency transpicuous transpierced transpierces transplanted transplanter transponders transpontine transportees transporters transporting transposable transsexuals transshaping transshipped transudation transuranics transuranium transvaluate transvaluing transversals transversely transvestism transvestite trapezohedra trapshooters trapshooting trashinesses traumatising traumatizing treatability tredecillion trellisworks tremendously trenchancies trendinesses trendsetters trendsetting trepanations trephination trepidations trestleworks triangularly triangulated triangulates tribespeople tribological tribologists tribulations tribuneships trichinizing trichlorfons trichlorphon trichologies trichologist trichomonads trichopteran trichotomies trichotomous trichromatic trickinesses trickishness trierarchies trifluralins trifoliolate trifurcating trifurcation triglyceride triglyphical trigonometry trilingually trimethoprim trimetrogons triphosphate triphthongal tripinnately triplicating triplication triplicities tristfulness trisyllables triturations triumphalism triumphalist triumphantly triumvirates trivialising trivialities trivializing trochanteral trochanteric trochophores trolleybuses trophallaxes trophallaxis trophoblasts trophozoites tropicalized tropicalizes tropological tropomyosins tropospheres tropospheric trothplights troublemaker troubleshoot truckmasters truculencies truncheoning trustability trustbusters trusteeships trustfulness trustinesses trustingness truthfulness trypanosomes trypsinogens tryptophanes tuberculated tuberculoses tuberculosis tuberosities tubocurarine tumefactions tumultuously tunabilities turbellarian turbidimeter turbidimetry turbidnesses turbocharged turbocharger turbulencies turgescences turgidnesses turpentining turtlenecked tweedinesses twelvemonths tympaniteses typefounders typefounding typesettings typewritings typicalities typification typographers typographies typographing tyrannically tyrannicides tyrannosaurs tyrothricins ubiquitously uglification ultimateness ultracareful ultracompact ultradistant ultraheating ultraleftism ultraleftist ultraliberal ultramarines ultramontane ultraprecise ultraradical ultrarealism ultrarealist ultrarefined ultraserious ultravacuums ultraviolent ultraviolets umbilication umbrageously unacceptable unacceptably unacclimated unaccredited unaccustomed unacquainted unadvertised unaffectedly unaffiliated unaffordable unaggressive unalleviated unambivalent unanalyzable unanswerable unanswerably unapologetic unappealable unappeasable unappeasably unappetizing unassailable unassailably unassociated unattainable unattenuated unattractive unattributed unauthorized unavailingly unbarricaded unbecomingly unbelievable unbelievably unbiasedness unblinkingly unblushingly unbreachable unbreathable unbridgeable uncalculated uncalibrated uncapturable uncelebrated uncensorious unchallenged unchangeable unchangeably unchangingly unchaperoned uncharitable uncharitably unchasteness unchastities unchivalrous unchristened unchronicled uncinariases uncinariasis uncirculated unclassified uncluttering uncoalescing uncoercively uncommercial uncommonness uncompelling uncomplacent uncompounded unconformity unconfounded unconjugated unconsidered unconstraint uncontracted uncontrolled unconvincing uncorrelated uncourageous uncovenanted uncritically unctuousness uncultivable uncultivated undecillions undeciphered undecomposed undefoliated undemocratic undependable underachieve underbellies underbidders underbidding underbrushes underbudding undercharged undercharges underclasses underclothes undercoating undercooling undercounted undercurrent undercutting underdrawers underexposed underexposes underfeeding underfunding undergarment undergirding undergrounds undergrowths underinsured underlapping underlayment underletting underlyingly underpayment underpinning underplaying underpowered underpricing underreacted underreports underrunning underscoring underselling undersheriff undershirted understaffed understating understeered understories understudied understudies undersurface undertakings undertenants underthrusts underutilize undervaluing underweights underwhelmed underwriters underwriting underwritten undesignated undesirables undetectable undetermined undigestible undiminished undiplomatic undischarged undiscovered undisputable undistracted undocumented undramatized unduplicated uneasinesses unecological uneconomical unembittered unemployable unemployment unencumbered unevennesses uneventfully unexpectedly unexpressive unexpurgated unfairnesses unfaithfully unfamiliarly unfastidious unfathomable unfertilized unflaggingly unflamboyant unflattering unforgivable unformulated unfortunates unfrequented unfriendlier unfruitfully ungainliness ungenerosity ungenerously ungentrified ungerminated unglamorized ungovernable ungracefully ungraciously ungratefully unhandsomely unharnessing unhealthiest unhesitating unhistorical unholinesses unhydrolyzed unhyphenated unhysterical unicamerally unidentified unifications unifoliolate uniformities unilaterally unillusioned unimaginable unimaginably unimportance unimpressive uninfluenced uninoculated uninstructed unintegrated uninterested unionisation unionization uniquenesses unironically unirradiated unisexuality unitarianism unitizations universalism universalist universality universalize universities unjustnesses unkennelling unkindliness unkindnesses unlawfulness unlikelihood unlikeliness unlikenesses unlistenable unloveliness unmanageable unmanageably unmanneredly unmarketable unmeasurable unmechanized unmercifully unmistakable unmistakably unmodernized unmoralities unmyelinated unnegotiable unnewsworthy unnilhexiums unnilpentium unnilquadium unnoticeable unnourishing unobservable unobstructed unobtainable unofficially unornamented unorthodoxly unoxygenated unparalleled unpardonable unpatentable unperceptive unpersuasive unpleasantly unpopularity unprejudiced unpretending unprincipled unprivileged unproductive unprofitable unprofitably unprogrammed unpronounced unpropitious unprosperous unpublicized unpunctuated unquenchable unquestioned unrealizable unreasonable unreasonably unrecognized unreconciled unrecyclable unredeemable unreflective unregenerate unregistered unreinforced unrelievedly unremarkable unremarkably unremembered unremorseful unrepeatable unreservedly unresolvable unresponsive unrestrained unrestraints unrestricted unreturnable unreviewable unrhetorical unripenesses unrulinesses unsanctioned unsatisfying unscientific unscramblers unscrambling unscriptural unscrupulous unsearchable unsearchably unseasonable unseasonably unseemliness unsegregated unsensitized unsettlement unsettlingly unsightliest unskillfully unsocialized unstableness unsteadiness unsterilized unstintingly unstoppering unstratified unstructured unsubsidized unsuccessful unsupervised unsurprising unsuspecting unsuspicious unsystematic untenability unthinkingly untidinesses untimeliness untouchables untowardness untranslated untruthfully unvaccinated unvanquished unventilated unverbalized unverifiable unwarinesses unwashedness unwaveringly unwieldiness unwontedness unworthiness unyieldingly upholsterers upholsteries upholstering uppercutting uppishnesses uppitinesses uppitynesses uproariously uprootedness upwardnesses urbanisation urbanization urbanologies urbanologist urediospores urethritides urethritises urethroscope uricotelisms urinogenital urochordates urolithiases urolithiasis usablenesses usefulnesses usufructuary usuriousness utilitarians utilizations uxoriousness vacantnesses vacationists vacationland vaccinations vacillations vacuolations vagabondages vagabondisms vaginismuses vainglorious valedictions valetudinary valorization valpolicella valuableness valvulitides valvulitises vanguardisms vanguardists vanquishable vaporishness vaporization vaporousness variableness varicosities variegations vasculatures vasculitides vasectomized vasectomizes vasoactivity vasodilation vasodilators vasopressins vasopressors vaticinating vaticination vaticinators vaudevillian vegetational vegetatively velarization velocimeters venerability venesections vengefulness venialnesses venipuncture venographies venomousness ventilations ventromedial veratridines veridicality verification vermiculated vermiculites vernacularly verticalness verticillate vesicularity vesiculating vesiculation vespertilian vesuvianites veterinarian veterinaries vexillologic vibraharpist vibraphonist viceroyships vichyssoises vicissitudes victoriously videographer vigilantisms vigintillion vigorousness vilification villainesses villainously vinaigrettes vinblastines vincristines vindications vindictively vinedressers vineyardists vinicultures vinification violableness violoncellos virginalists virtualities virtuosities virtuousness viruliferous viscoelastic viscometries viscosimeter viscountcies visibilities visitatorial vitalization viticultural viticultures vitrectomies vituperating vituperation vituperative vituperators vituperatory vivification viviparities viviparously vivisections vocabularies vocalization vocationally vociferating vociferation vociferators vociferously voicefulness voidableness volatileness volatilising volatilities volatilizing volcanically volcanologic volubilities voluminosity voluminously voluntarisms voluntarists voluntaryism voluntaryist volunteering volunteerism voluptuaries voluptuously votivenesses vulcanisates vulcanizates wainscotings wainscotting walkingstick wallpapering wallydraigle wantonnesses warehouseman warehousemen warmongering wastebaskets wastefulness watchdogging watchfulness watchmakings watercoolers watercourses watercresses waterflooded waterfowlers waterfowling waterinesses waterishness waterlogging watermanship watermarking waterproofed waterproofer waterskiings weaklinesses wearifulness weatherboard weathercasts weathercocks weatherglass weatherizing weatherproof weightlessly weightlifter weisenheimer welterweight westernising westernizing wharfmasters wheelbarrows wheelwrights wheezinesses whencesoever wherethrough wherewithals whiffletrees whigmaleerie whimsicality whippletrees whippoorwill whipstitched whipstitches whisperingly whitethroats whitewashers whitewashing wholehearted whoremasters whoremongers whortleberry wickednesses widowerhoods wienerwursts wifelinesses wildernesses wildfowlings windbreakers windjammings windlestraws windsurfings winglessness wintergreens wintrinesses wisecrackers wisecracking wisenheimers witchgrasses witenagemote witenagemots withdrawable withoutdoors withstanding wobblinesses woefulnesses wollastonite womanishness wondrousness wontednesses woodcarvings woodchoppers woodcuttings woodenheaded woodennesses woodshedding woodworkings woolgatherer woollinesses wordlessness wordsmithery workableness workaholisms workingwoman workingwomen worklessness workmanships workstations worshipfully worthinesses wrathfulness wretchedness wristwatches wrongfulness wunderkinder xanthophylls xerographies xerophytisms xiphisternum xylographers xylographies xylophonists yeastinesses yellowhammer yellowthroat yesternights youngberries youthfulness zillionaires zoantharians zoogeography zoologically zooplankters zooplanktons zoosporangia zootechnical zooxanthella zwitterionic zygapophyses zygapophysis zygomorphies
