Seymour Papert

Seymour Papert
Seymour Papert in 2006
Born	(1928-02-29) February 29, 1928 (age 84) Pretoria, South Africa
Residence	United States of America
Nationality	American
Fields	Cognitive science Education Mathematics Computer science
Institutions	MIT
Alma mater	University of the Witwatersrand Cambridge University University of Geneva
Doctoral students	Claudia Urrea Marina Bers David Cavallo Idit Harel Caperton Ricki Goldman Carl Hewitt Fred Martin Mitchel Resnick David Williamson Shaffer Gerald Jay Sussman Uri Wilensky Terry Winograd
Known for	Artificial intelligence Logo programming language OLPC

Seymour Papert (born February 29, 1928 in Pretoria, South Africa) is an MIT mathematician, computer scientist, and educator. He is one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, as well as an inventor of the Logo programming language.

Early years and education

Papert attended the University of the Witwatersrand, receiving a B.A. in 1949 and a PhD in mathematics in 1952. He then went on to receive another PhD, also in mathematics, at Cambridge University in 1959.^[1] He was a leading figure in the revolutionary socialist circle around Socialist Review while living in London in the 1950s.^[2]

Career

Papert worked as a researcher in a variety of places, including St. John's College, Cambridge, the Henri Poincare Institute at the University of Paris, the University of Geneva and the National Physical Laboratory in London before becoming a research associate at MIT in 1963.^[1] He held this position until 1967, when he became professor of applied math and director of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, until 1981; he also served as Cecil & Ida Green professor of education at MIT from 1974-1981.^[1]

Research and theories

Papert worked on learning theories, and is known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general and in schools as learning organizations in particular.

Constructionism

At MIT, Papert went on to create the Epistemology and Learning Research Group at the MIT Architecture Machine Group which later became the MIT Media Lab.^[3] Here, he was the developer of an original and highly influential theory on learning called constructionism, built upon the work of Jean Piaget in Constructivism learning theories. Papert worked with Jean Piaget at the University of Geneva from 1958 to 1963^[4] and is widely considered the most brilliant and successful of Piaget's proteges; Piaget once said that "no one understands my ideas as well as Papert." Papert has rethought how schools should work based on these theories of learning.

Logo

Papert used Piaget's work in his development of the Logo programming language whilst at MIT. He created Logo as a tool to improve the way that children think and solve the problems. A small robot called the "Logo Turtle" was developed and children used it to solve problems. A main purpose of the Logo Foundation research group is to strengthen the ability to learn knowledge. Papert insists a simple language or program that children can learn—like Logo—can also have advanced functionality for expert users.

Other work

As part of his work with technology, Papert has been a proponent of the Knowledge Machine. He is also currently one of the principals for the One Laptop Per Child initiative to manufacture and distribute The Children's Machine in developing nations.

Papert has also collaborated with Lego on their Logo-programmable Lego Mindstorms robotics kits.

Influence and awards

Papert's work has been highly influential to other researchers in the fields of education and computer science. He influenced the work of Uri Wilensky in the design of NetLogo and collaborated with him on the study of knowledge restructurations, as well as the work of Andrea diSessa and the development of dynaturtles. In 1981, Papert along with several others in the Logo group at MIT, started Logo Computer Systems Inc., of which he was Board Chair for over 20 years. Working with LCSI, Papert designed a number of award-winning programs, including LogoWriter^[5] and Lego/Logo (marketed as Lego Mindstorms). He also influenced the research of Idit Harel Caperton, coauthoring articles and the book Constructionism and chairing the advisory board of the company MaMaMedia. He also influenced Alan Kay and the Dynabook concept, and worked with Kay on various projects.

Papert won a Guggenheim fellowship in 1980, a Marconi International fellowship in 1981,^[6] the Software Publishers Association Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994, and the Smithsonian Award from Computerworld in 1997.^[7] Papert has been called by Marvin Minsky "the greatest living mathematics educator."^[8]

Personal life

Papert's third wife was Sherry Turkle, and together they wrote the influential paper "Epistemological Pluralism and the Revaluation of the Concrete." ^[9]

Papert is married to Suzanne Massie Papert, who is a Russian scholar and author of Pavlovsk, Life of a Russian Palace and Land of the Firebird.^[10]

Accident in Hanoi

While attending the 17th ICMI Study conference in Hanoi, Papert (78) was struck by a motorcycle while crossing a road near his hotel on Tuesday December 5, 2006. He underwent brain surgery at the French Hospital of Hanoi on Wednesday December 6 to remove the blood clot that had formed. By the evening of Tuesday December 12, he was in stable but critical condition. Experts fearing a deterioration if a MEDEVAC could not be flown as quickly as possible to either Paris or Boston, the only two Hospital locations with the necessary expertise for the much needed specialist neuro-intensive care. There was at the time no mission compliant, long range Ambulance ICU Jet anywhere available including, except for one of four Swiss Air Ambulance Challenger Jets, based half way around the globe at the REGA HQ, Zurich International Airport in Switzerland. ^[11]

On December 16th, 2006 he was transferred by the highly specialized, ICU equipped, Swiss Air Ambulance Bombardier Challenger Jet http://www.rega.ch/, reportedly made possible and organized in a bold and daring action by the Swiss banker, Pascal Najadi, who was able to convince the REGA Flight Operations over the phone from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, (perhaps because he was an active patron of the REGA Swiss Air Ambulance) to swiftly approve the decision to fly without any payment guarantees and assemble at highest possible speed within 48 hours the necessary flight plan, specialized doctors, logistics and Vietnam airspace (Northern Sector) entry clearances for the Jet to take off from Zurich HQ, via Lahore to Hanoi, then to proceed with the critical patient in full ICU care of specialized Swiss Doctors and immediate family on board , via Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Edmonton to Boston, Massachusetts, where the plane was met by US Customs (thanks to the help of Senator John Kerry). Then Prof. Papert was transferred straight from the tarmac to the Mass General Hospital at the neuro-intensive care unit, attended by Dr. William Curry, Dr. Lee Schwam and Dr. Matsuza for immediate and critical specialist care.

The highly experienced Swiss flight crew of the Swiss Ambulance Challenger Jet had to pay special attention to ultra soft landings at fuel stops and special climb step procedures, not to harm the patients critical condition during the long haul transfer flight. The doctors concluded that the patient was extremly stable during the flight thanks to the cerful handling of the flight operation. The only other capable hospital in the world equipped for such critical specialized neuro-intensive care like the one needed in Prof. Papert's case, was the American Hospital in Paris, but Boston was chosen due to the proximity to his home in Maine.

On January 23, 2007 he was then transferred to a hospital in his home state of Maine. In March 2007, he suffered an attack of septicemia, which required treatment in the hospital until May. Another problem occurred in April, when he had to have a heart valve replaced due to the septicemia. As of 2008^[update], he has fully recovered from the septicemia and heart operation, and can think clearly, walk "almost unaided", and communicate. However, he still has "some complicated speech problems", and is still undergoing extensive rehabilitation, although he is at home.^[12]

His rehabilitation team is using some of the very principles of experiential, hands-on learning which he pioneered to aid him in recovery. ^[13]

Selected bibliography

Books

• Counter-free automata, 1971, ISBN 0-262-13076-9
• Perceptrons, (with Marvin Minsky), MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988), ISBN 0-262-63111-3
• Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas, 1980, ISBN 0-465-04674-6
• Papert, S. & Harel, I. (eds). (1991) Constructionism: research reports and essays 1985 - 1990 by the Epistemology and Learning Research Group, the Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood, NJ.
• The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, 1992, ISBN 0-465-01063-6
• The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap, 1996, ISBN 1-56352-335-3

See also

• Papert's principle
• Constructivism (learning theory)
  • Constructionism (learning theory)

References

External links

Biographical

• Seymour Papert short biography at MIT
• Professor Seymour Papert: Papert.org home page; includes a list of works by Papert
• Planet Papert articles by and about Papert
• Seymour Papert at the Open Directory Project
• 25 years EIAH’’, colloque EIAH 2003 [1]

Work:

• Logo Foundation
• LEGO Mindstorms
• Logo Computer Systems Inc. firm cofounded by Papert

Interviews:

• Interview from 11 July 2004, on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation network
• Video Interview with Seymour Papert from the Association for Computing Machinery
• Conférence vidéo, ‘’colloque EIAH 2003 [2]