| Shawnee | ||
|---|---|---|
| Shaawanwa? | ||
| Spoken in | United States | |
| Region | Oklahoma | |
| Total speakers | 200 | |
| Language family | Algic Algonquian Shawnee |
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | alg | |
| ISO 639-3 | sjw | |
|
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| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
The Shawnee language is a Central Algonquian language spoken in parts of central and northeastern Oklahoma by only around 200 Shawnee, making it very endangered. It was originally spoken in Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. It is closely related to the other Algonquian languages Mesquakie-Sauk (Sac and Fox) and Kickapoo.
Contents |
Sounds
Stress in Shawnee falls on the final syllable of a word.
Vowels
Shawnee has four short vowels, /i e a o/ (where /i/ and /e/ are phonetically [ɪ] and [ɛ]) and four long vowels, /iː eː aː oː/.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| Fricative | θ | ʃ | h | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Semivowel | w | j |
Some speakers of Shawnee pronounce /ʃ/ more like an alveolar /s/. This pronunciation is especially common among Loyal Band Shawnee speakers near Vinita, Oklahoma.
Grammar
Shawnee shares many grammatical features with other Algonquian languages. There are two third persons, proximate and obviative, and two noun classes (or genders), animate and inanimate. It is primarily agglutinating typologically, and is polysynthetic, resulting in a great deal of information being encoded on the verb. The most common word order is Verb-Subject.
External links
References
- Alford, Thomas Wildcat. 1929. The Four Gospels of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Shawnee Indian Language. Xenia, Ohio: Dr. W. A. Galloway.
- Andrews, Kenneth. 1994. Shawnee Grammar. Unpublished Dissertation, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
- Costa, David J. 2001. Shawnee Noun Plurals. Anthropological Linguistics 43: 255-287.
- Costa, David J. 2002. Preverb Usage in Shawnee Narratives. In H. C. Wolfart, ed., Papers of the 33rd Algonquian Conference, 120-161. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
- Voegelin, Carl F. 1935. Shawnee Phonemes. Language 11: 23-37.
- Voegelin, Carl F. 1936. Productive Paradigms in Shawnee. Robert H. Lowie, ed., Essays in Anthropology presented to A. L. Kroeber 391-403. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Voegelin, Carl F. 1938-40. Shawnee Stems and the Jacob P. Dunn Miami Dictionary. Indiana Historical Society Prehistory Research Series 1: 63-108, 135-167, 289-323, 345-406, 409-478 (1938-1940). Indianapolis.
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