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• Born: August 1923
• Birthplace: Vishneva, Poland
• Best Known As: The 8th prime minister of Israel

Name at birth: Shimon Persky

Elected Israel's ninth president in 2007, Shimon Peres was three times prime minister of Israel: briefly in 1977, from 1984-86, and again from 1995-96. Before reaching that post he was already a grand old figure of Israeli politics: he emigrated to Palestine from Poland in 1934, and was put in charge of Israel's navy after the Israeli War of Independence. He served in the Defense Ministry and was elected in 1959 to the Knesset. In 1968 Peres helped found the Labor Party, and spent the next two decades jockeying with Yitzhak Rabin over control of the party and the government. When Rabin resigned in 1977, Peres served as acting prime minister. He was part of a National Unity Government after elections in 1984, serving as prime minister until 1986, when he handed the reins to Yitzhak Shamir. As prime minister, Peres moved toward peace with Palestine and withdrew Israeli troops from Lebanon. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Peres participated in secret peace negotiations in Norway, and as a result shared the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize with Rabin and Yasser Arafat. After Rabin's assassination in 1995, Peres again became prime minister, but lost in the 1996 elections to Benjamin Netanyahu and in 1997 declined to seek the leadership of the party. In November of 2005, Peres announced that he would quit the Labor party to join the sitting prime minister, Ariel Sharon, in a new centrist party known as Kadima. Peres has served in nearly all the top civilian posts in Israel and, after a string of election failures, was elected to the presidency in June of 2007, at the age of 83.

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(b. Wolozyn, Poland, 16 Aug. 1923) Israeli; Prime Minister 1977, 1984 – 6, 1995 – 6 Shimon Preski emigrated to Palestine in 1934, joined the nascent Israeli army in 1948, and headed the embryonic Israeli navy in the same year. He directed the Ministry of Defence until elected to the Knesset in 1959 as a member of the leftist Mapai party. After Golda Meir's fall, Peres became Defence Minister in Yitzhak Rabin's Labour government 1974 – 7 and Prime Minister on Rabin's resignation in 1977. Defeated in the general elections of the same year, Peres led Labour to electoral defeat in 1981 and to the inconclusive outcome of the 1984 elections. Under an agreement between Labour and Likud for their leaders to exchange offices after two years, Peres became Prime Minister in the National Unity government from 1984, with Shamir as his Deputy Prime Minister. Although the popular withdrawal from Lebanon by the Israeli Defence Forces was completed in 1985, except for the border area "security zone", the Palestinian uprising, which began in 1987, and the 1988 peace plan of US Secretary of State Schultz revealed deep divisions between Peres and Premier Shamir. These were to lead to the break-up of the second Likud-Labour government in 1990 over the peace plan of US Secretary of State Baker. After losing the leadership of Labour to Rabin, Peres became Foreign Minister in Rabin's Labour government after the elections of 1992 and was the architect of a historic peace agreement with the PLO in 1993. Following Rabin's assassination in November 1995, Prime Minister Peres defended its implementation against the opposition of Israeli right-wingers and Islamist Palestinians. Peres was narrowly defeated by Netanyahu in the new-style premiership election of May 1996 and consequently failed to form a Labour government for a fifth and final time.

Shimon Peres (born 1923) served as Israel's prime minister from 1984 through 1986 and again in 1995, following the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role in negotiations with the Palestinians, along with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat.

Shimon Peres was born to Yitzhak and Sara Persky in 1923 in Volozhin, Poland. In 1931 Yitzhak Persky emigrated to Palestine, with his family following two years later. In Palestine, the family changed their name legally to Peres. Peres began his studies at Tel-Aviv's Balfour School and continued at the Ben-Shemen agricultural school and youth village. Joining the clandestine Jewish self-defense organization the Haganah in 1941, Peres helped found Kibbutz Alumot in the lower Galilee where he met his future wife, Sonya Gelman. They married in 1945 and had three children.

Peres became actively involved in politics as a young member of Mapai, the dominant labor party. He served as secretary-general of Hanoar Haoved, the Histradrut labor federation's youth movement, and was a delegate in 1946 to the 22nd World Zionist Congress. He was also a position commander of Hagganah, and dedicated to fulfilling the organizations goals. It was during this period that Peres first came to the attention of David Ben-Gurion, leader of the campaign for Jewish statehood in Palestine. A strong relationship developed in which Peres earned the trust of the future first prime minister and, in return, showed steadfast loyalty in the many struggles of that period.

Under Ben-Gurion's patronage Peres came to assume increasingly more responsible positions after Israel became an independent nation in 1948. In the war for independence (1948-1949) he was assigned to the newly-formed ministry of defense and remained there until 1959. During that decade Peres served as chief of the naval department in 1948, was sent to the United States in 1950 on an arms-procurement mission (as well as to complete his education), and in the years 1952-1959 filled the top administrative post of director-general of the ministry.

Peres is remembered for having played a key role in Israeli national security. First, he was instrumental in establishing the indigenous Israeli defense industries. Second, at a time when Israel found itself isolated diplomatically in the face of mounting Arab threats and militarization, Peres encouraged collaboration with France. His secret contacts in Paris resulted in a flow of sophisticated weapons and military technologies from France, enabling Israel to conduct the successful Sinai campaign in 1956.

Peres simultaneously rose in the Mapai Party's ranks as one of the "young guard, " which included such other distinguished figures as Moshe Dayan, Abba Eban, and Yigal Allon. But while respected for his managerial skills, Peres also earned the enmity of party stalwarts who regarded him as more of a technocrat. Peres was often allowed to exercise authority beyond his job description that earned him both the criticism and envy of other ministers. He earned a reputation as a shrewd effective negotiator, who often succeeded by bypassing diplomatic channels and establishing his own relationships. Nevertheless, he earned a high place on the party's list of candidates and was first elected to the Knesset (Israel's parliament) in 1959. He then served as deputy defense minister. Leaving Mapai, he helped form the breakaway Rafi Party and was returned to the Knesset in 1965. Three years later he helped negotiate a formal reconciliation with Mapai, resulting in the Labour/Alignment. Returned to the Knesset in 1969, Peres served as minister of immigrant absorption and minister-without-portfolio until August 1970, when he was given the post of minister for transport and communication. In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War (1973) Peres briefly served as minister of information as part of a cabinet reshuffle.

When Golda Meir stepped aside as leader of the Alignment in 1974, a fiercely-contested succession struggle found Peres losing to Yitzhak Rabin by a narrow margin, 298 votes to 254. The Knesset endorsed the Rabin government in June, with Peres as minister of defense. Despite a strained personal and working relationship, Peres was actively involved in the separation of forces agreements with Syria and Egypt during the "shuttle diplomacy" of U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. He also administered the West Bank territories and restored the Israel Defense Forces to a peak of efficiency after the 1973 fighting.

The 1977 national elections witnessed a major reversal in Israeli politics, with the opposition Likud Party swept into office and Labour now out of power for the first time in 29 years. Peres, replacing Rabin as party chief, demonstrated admirable dedication in rebuilding the Alignment's political fortunes. A tireless campaigner, widely-read, and an experienced parliamentarian, Peres was a sharp critic of Begin government policies. He was especially critical of the aims and conduct of Operation "Peace for Galilee, " the invasion of Lebanon launched in June 1982.

In the 1984 elections the Israeli electorate failed to issue a clear mandate to either of the two major blocs: Likud or the Alignment. In the resultant deadlock it became necessary to seek some form of collaboration. These efforts led to formation of the National Unity Government. It was agreed that Peres would serve as prime minister for the first two years of the four-year term, after which he shifted position, serving as foreign minister and vice premier under Yitzhak Shamir.

During his term as prime minister Peres concentrated on a number of immediate priorities which centered on disengagement from Lebanon, checking the rampant inflation and restoring economic growth, streamlining the work of the prime minister's office and of the unwieldy 25-member cabinet, and deepening the 1979 peace treaty with Egypt while seeking resolution of the Arab-Israel conflict through his "Jordanian option." He also strengthened ties with the United States while improving the Israeli image and international position. During this time Peres became known for his efforts to work out a peaceful solution to the Palestinian problem on the West Bank.

In 1992 Peres lost party leadership to Rabin, but was appointed foreign minister in the new Labor cabinet. As foreign minister, he used his considerable negotiating skills to bring about the prospect of peace between the Israelis and Palestinians. Often criticized for his desire to grant the Palestinians more autonomy, Peres' maintained that negotiation was the only way to settle the centuries-long conflict. In 1994 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Peres, Rabin, and Yassar Arafat in recognition of their role in forging the Palestinian autonomy agreements.

On November 4, 1995, this promise of peace was dealt a devastating blow when Rabin was assassinated by a right wing Israeli student. Peres assumed the role of prime minister, vowing to continue the peace negotiations. In February 1996 he called for new elections, hoping that they would renew his mandate for peace. It appeared that he would win the election, when a Palestinian suicide bomber killed 24 Israelis. The mood of the public changed and Likud's candidate, Benjamin Netanyahu, became the new prime minister.

In May 1997 Peres, afraid that he would lose his reelection bid to be Labor party leader, proposed creating the new post of Party President. He then served an ultimatum that if the party would not throw support for the post, he would not run for it. The party postponed any discussion and thereby informed Peres that his days as Labor party leader were numbered. He retired from his position.

Further Reading

Additional information on Peres can be found in Matti Golan, Shimon Peres: A Biography (1982) and in Peres' own book David's Sling (1982). See also Bernard Reich, Israel: Land of Tradition and Conflict (1985). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary (1990); the Electronic Telegraph (February 26, 1996, March 6, 1996, February 20, 1996, February 12, 1996, November 22, 1995, November 6, 1995).

For more information on Shimon Peres, visit Britannica.com.

(shē'mōn pâr'ĕs) , 1923–, Israeli politician, b. Vishniva, Poland (now in Belarus) as Shimon Perski. He and his parents emigrated to Palestine in 1934; his grandparents were killed in the Holocaust. Before the birth of the Israeli nation (1949) he served as manpower chief of the Haganah, the fledgling Jewish military. He subsequently was Israel's head of naval services and became director-general of the defense ministry in 1952.

Peres was first elected to the Knesset, Israel's parliament, in 1959. Instrumental in the formation of the Labor party (1968), Peres was minister of defense from 1974 to 1977, when he was elected party chairman. After losing two bids (1977 and 1981) for the prime ministership, he alternated (1984–86) in the office with Likud party leader Yitzhak Shamir in a national unity government and was widely praised for helping to remove Israeli troops from Lebanon and for slashing runaway inflation. He was later foreign minister (1986) and, after again losing to Shamir (1988), finance minister in unity governments led by the prime minister.

In 1992, Yitzhak Rabin, who had just ousted Peres as Labor party leader, became prime minister and appointed Peres foreign minister. Peres negotiated the historic Oslo peace accords (1993) with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), for which he was awarded, with Rabin and PLO leader Yasir Arafat, the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize. In Nov., 1995, Rabin was assassinated, and Peres succeeded him as prime minister and defense minister. In the May, 1996, elections he narrowly lost the prime ministership to the Likud candidate Benjamin Netanyahu.

After the 1999 election of Ehud Barak as prime minister, Peres was named minister of regional cooperation. In 2000 he was defeated in a Knesset election for the largely ceremonial position of president of Israel. Following Barak's defeat (2001) by Ariel Sharon, Peres became foreign minister in a government of national unity (2001–2) and later vice prime minister in a Likud-and-Labor-dominated coalition government (2005). Meanwhile, he again became party leader in 2003, but lost the post in late 2005 to union leader Amir Peretz. Subsequently, Peres lent his support to Sharon's formation (2005) of the centrist Kadima party. Under Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, Sharon's successor, Peres served (2006–7) as vice prime minister and minister for the development of the Negev and Galilee. In 2007 he was elected president of Israel, a largely ceremonial post.

1923 -

Israeli politician, military leader, and cabinet member; prime minister, 1984 - 1986, 1995 - 1996.

Born Shimon Perski in Belorussia in 1923, Peres migrated to Palestine in 1934. In 1947, he joined the Haganah, which was then led by David Ben-Gurion, who became Peres's political mentor. He spent several years in Kibbutz Geva and Kibbutz Alumot. In 1948 Ben-Gurion appointed Peres, then twenty-five, to head Israel's navy. Peres subsequently studied politics and economics in the United States. In 1952 he was appointed deputy director-general of the Israeli Defense Ministry and served as director-general until 1959. As a leading Defense Ministry official, he participated in secret armament negotiations with the French prior to the Sinai campaign of 1956.

Peres advocated military aid (in addition to other aid and exchange programs) for the new states of Africa to help Israel develop influence there. In 1959 he was elected for the first time to the Knesset, and he and his ally Moshe Dayan argued for a change in government policy that shifted government emphasis from pioneering to enhancing state efficiency. From 1959 to 1965 Peres served as deputy defense minister. During this period he helped to develop a "special relationship" with France; he was also responsible for Israel's nuclear program.

Although being a protégé of David Ben-Gurion was advantageous in Peres's early career, it was disadvantageous later when Ben-Gurion's political capital within MAPAI decreased. In 1965 Peres left the Defense Ministry to help Ben-Gurion establish Rafi, a new party, and in 1967 he helped to negotiate a reconciliation between Rafi, MAPAI, and Ahdut ha-Avodah that resulted in the creation of the new Israeli Labor Party.

In 1969 Peres was appointed minister of immigrant absorption; from 1970 to 1974 he served as transport minister in the government of Golda Meir. During 1974 he was minister of information. Although he was one of the contenders to succeed Meir when she resigned in 1974, he lost the Labor leadership race to Yitzhak Rabin. The competition between Peres and Rabin for leadership of the Labor Party would continue until Rabin's assassination in 1995. In 1974 Peres was named defense minister, an office he held until the 1977 election, and he served briefly as acting prime minister in 1977 after Rabin's resignation. After gaining command of the Labor Party in 1977, he led it twice to defeats by Menachem Begin and the Likud Party (1977, 1981). According to many, his losses were due to the public's skepticism about his rapid change from defense hawk to dove in relation to dealing with the Palestinians.

In 1984 both major parties failed to win a majority of seats in the Knesset and a national unity government involving both the Labor and the Likud parties was formed. Shimon Peres served as prime minister and Yitzhak Shamir as foreign minister until 1986, whereupon they switched roles for the remainder of the term of the Knesset.

In the Knesset elections of 1992 the Labor Party recaptured power and Peres became foreign minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Rabin. As foreign minister he negotiated the later stages of the Oslo Agreement and convinced Rabin to support it. In recognition of his efforts to achieve peace in the region Peres shared a Nobel Peace Prize with Rabin and Yasir Arafat of the Palestine Liberation Organization in October 1994.

Following Rabin's assassination in November 1995 Peres became prime minister for seven months until the elections of May 1996, when he again lost to the Likud, headed by Benyamin Netanyahu. A year later Peres resigned as chair of the Labor Party, and in June 1997 Ehud Barak, former chief of staff and member of the Knesset, was elected to chair the Labor Party.

Barak was elected prime minister in 1999, and Peres served as his minister of regional cooperation from July 1999 to March 2001. After the March 2001 election in which Barak lost to the Likud's Ariel Sharon, Peres was appointed minister of foreign affairs and deputy prime minister in the national unity government led by Sharon. In October 2002 Peres and other members of the Labor Party resigned from the Sharon government.

Bibliography

Golan, Matti. The Road to Peace: A Biography of Shimon Peres. New York: Warner Books, 1989.

Golan, Matti. Shimon Peres: A Biography. New York: St. Martin's, 1982.

Peres, Shimon. David's Sling, reprint edition. New York: Random House, 1995.

Peres, Shimon, and Landau, David. Battling for Peace: AMemoir. New York: Random House, 1995.

Peres, Shimon, and Littell, Robert. For the Future of Israel. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism toOur Time. New York: Knopf, 1981.

— GREGORY S. MAHLER