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shoulder

 
American Heritage Dictionary:

shoul·der

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(shōl'dər) pronunciation
n.
    1. The joint connecting the arm with the torso.
    2. The part of the human body between the neck and upper arm.
    1. The joint of a vertebrate animal that connects the forelimb to the trunk.
    2. The part of an animal near this joint.
    3. The part of a bird's wing between the wrist and the trunk.
  3. The area of the back from one shoulder to the other. Often used in the plural.
  4. A cut of meat including the joint of the foreleg and adjacent parts.
  5. The portion of a garment that covers the shoulder.
  6. An angled or sloping part, as:
    1. The angle between the face and flank of a bastion in a fortification.
    2. The area between the body and neck of a bottle or vase.
  7. The area of an item or object that serves as an abutment or surrounds a projection, as:
    1. The end surface of a board from which a tenon projects.
    2. Printing. The flat surface on the body of type that extends beyond the letter or character.
  8. The edge or border running on either side of a roadway.

v., -dered, -der·ing, -ders.

v.tr.
  1. To carry or place (a burden, for example) on the shoulders.
  2. To take on; assume: shouldered the blame for his friends.
  3. To push or apply force to, with or as if with the shoulder.
  4. To make (one's way) by or as if by shoving obstacles with one's shoulders.
v.intr.
  1. To push with the shoulders.
  2. To make one's way by or as if by shoving obstacles with one's shoulders.
idioms:

put (one's) shoulder to the wheel

  1. To apply oneself vigorously; make a concentrated effort.
shoulder to shoulder
  1. In close proximity; side by side.
  2. In close cooperation.
straight from the shoulder
  1. Delivered directly from the shoulder. Used of a punch.
  2. Honestly; candidly.

[Middle English shulder, from Old English sculdor.]


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Oxford Companion to the Body:

shoulder

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Like the hip, this is an example of the ‘ball and socket’ (or multiaxial) type of joint, with the head of the long bone of the upper arm (humerus) articulating with a hollow in the shoulder blade (scapula). The collar bone (clavicle) also plays a role in maintaining the stability of the shoulder joint, as it acts like a strut, holding the joint and the upper arm away from the chest and thus allowing the upper limb to swing freely. Because it is relatively thin and in a vulnerable position, the clavicle is broken more often than any other bone. The clavicle and scapula together form the shoulder (pectoral) girdle. Movement occurs in three planes: forwards (extension) and backwards (flexion) ; outwards (abduction) and inwards (adduction) ; twist in (internal rotation) and twist out (outward rotation). Combinations of these movements also give rise to ‘circumduction’, as at the hip. The shoulder has a greater degree of mobility than the hip, but is less stable, and therefore is more likely to be dislocated by injury. This is partly due to the fact that the shoulder ‘socket’ (glenoid fossa) is much shallower than the socket of the hip (acetabulum). In addition, the capsule is less strong than in the hip and the muscles acting at the shoulder, are less powerful. This vulnerability is the trade-off for the greater mobility of the shoulder joint, which is essential for even simple activities such as combing the hair. Inflammation of the tendons of the muscles surrounding the shoulder joint (rotator cuff muscles) can give rise to pain on lifting the arm (frozen shoulder).

X-ray of adult shoulder. Reproduced, with permission, from Cunningham's textbook of anatomy, (12th edn), OUP.
X-ray of adult shoulder. Reproduced, with permission, from Cunningham's textbook of anatomy, (12th edn), OUP.

— William R. Ferrell

See also joints; skeleton.

Roget's Thesaurus:

shoulder

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verb

    To take upon oneself: assume, incur, tackle, take on, take over, undertake. See accept/reject.

Antonyms by Answers.com:

shoulder

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v

Definition: be responsible for
Antonyms: deny, refuse

Oxford Dictionary of the US Military:

shoulder

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v. put (something heavy) over one's shoulder or shoulders to carry: we shouldered our crippling backpacks and set off slowly up the hill.

shoulder arms hold a rifle against the side of the body, barrel upward.

See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction:

shoulder

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1. A projection or break made on a piece of shaped wood, metal, or stone, where its width or thickness is suddenly changed. Also called ear, elbow.
2. The surface bordering a road, esp. where a vehicle can be parked in emergency.
3. The angle of a bastion included between the face and the flank of a fortification. Also called shoulder angle.

Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine:

shoulder

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Part of the body where the arm joins onto the trunk. The shoulder is a very complex structure because it has five joints see acromioclavicular joint, coracoclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joint, and sternoclavicular joint.

US Defense Department Military Dictionary:

shouldering

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(DOD) Maneuvering a vessel in contact with an opposing vessel to cause the opposing vessel to turn away. Shouldering is undertaken with the intent of minimizing damage to the opposing vessel.

Word Tutor:

shoulder

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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: The part of the human body to which an arm is attached. Also: To bear a burden, take on responsibility.

pronunciation Put your shoulder to the wheel. — Aesop (620-560 BC), Greek writer.

LearnThatWord.com is a free vocabulary and spelling program where you only pay for results!

Sign Language Videos:

shoulder

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sign description: One hand taps the shoulder.



The Dream Encyclopedia:

Shoulders

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A dream in which one's shoulders are prominent may mean the dreamer feels that he or she is shouldering too much responsibility and is overburdened by circumstances in his or her life.

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Aviation:

shoulder

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An area adjacent to the edge of a pavement so prepared as to provide a transition between the pavement and the adjacent surface (ICAO).

Taxiway shoulders.


Taxiway shoulders.


Picture 2 of shoulder


Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:

shoulder

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The region around the large joint between the humerus and the scapula. The shoulder is a shallow ball-and-socket joint, similar to the hip joint.

  • s. blade — scapula.
  • s. flexion — a fetal postural cause of dystokia; flexion of the shoulder joint results in the affected forelimb, it may be bilateral, is lying back beside the sternum; the shoulder joint prevents entry of the fetus into the pelvic canal.
  • s. joint — scapulohumeral joint.
  • s. luxation — uncommon in most species. Occurs most frequently in dogs and cats associated with trauma.
  • slipped s. — see suprascapular paralysis.
  • s. tick — see ixodes scapularis.
Mosby's Dental Dictionary:

shoulder

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n

1. the junction of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus where the arm attaches to the trunk of the body. 2. in extracoronal cavity preparation of the ledge formed by the meeting of the gingival and axial walls at a right angle.

Random House Word Menu:

categories related to 'shoulder'

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Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier
For a list of words related to shoulder, see:
Bradford's Crossword Solver's Dictionary:

shoulder

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  See crossword solutions for the clue Shoulder.
Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Shoulder

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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
This article is about the part of the human body. For the road segment, see Shoulder (road). For the band, see Shoulder (band).
Shoulder
Shoulderjoint.PNG
Diagram of the human shoulder joint
Gray327.png
Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.
Latin articulatio humeri
Gray's subject #81 313

The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The major joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to. In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa.[1] The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.[2]

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff. The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.[3]

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling. The compromise between mobility and stability results in a large number of shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.

Contents

Human anatomy

Joints

There are three joints of the shoulder: The glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, and the sternoclavicular joints.

Glenohumeral joint

The glenohumeral joint is the main joint of the shoulder and the generic term "shoulder joint" usually refers to it. It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid fossa of the scapula). The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid fossa, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the fossa and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to dislocate than most other joints in the body. Approximately its 4 to 1 disproportion between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity.

Anatomical studies of the shoulder by Leonardo da Vinci c.1510

The capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments.

There is also a ligament called semicirculare humeri which is a transversal band between the posterior sides of the tuberculum minus and majus of the humerus. This band is one of the most important strengthening ligaments of the joint capsule. The shoulder is a vital joint and critical for movement.

Sternoclavicular joint

The sternoclavicular occurs at the medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium or top most portion of the sternum. The clavicle is triangular and rounded and the manubrium is convex; the two bones articulate. The joint consists of a tight capsule and complete intra-articular disc which ensures stability of the joint. The costoclavicular ligament is the main limitation to movement, therefore, the main stabilizer of the joint. A fibrocartilaginous disc present at the joint increases the range of movement. Sternoclavicular dislocation is rare,[4] however it can be caused by direct trauma.

Movements

The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable range of motion, making it one of the most mobile joints in the human body. The shoulder can abduct, adduct (such as during the shoulder fly), rotate, be raised in front of and behind the torso and move through a full 360° in the sagittal plane. This tremendous range of motion also makes the shoulder extremely unstable, far more prone to dislocation and injury than other joints [5]

The following describes the terms used for different movements of the shoulder:[6]

Name Description Muscles
Scapular retraction [7] (aka scapular adduction) The scapula is moved posteriorly and medially along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint posteriorly. Retracting both scapulae gives a sensation of "squeezing the shoulder blades together." rhomboideus major, minor, and trapezius
Scapular protraction[7] (aka scapular abduction) The opposite motion of scapular retraction. The scapula is moved anteriorly and laterally along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint anteriorly. If both scapulae are protracted, the scapulae are separated and the pectoralis major muscles are squeezed together. serratus anterior (prime mover), pectoralis minor and major
Scapular elevation [8] The scapula is raised in a shrugging motion. levator scapulae, the upper fibers of the trapezius
Scapular depression [8] The scapula is lowered from elevation. The scapulae may be depressed so that the angle formed by the neck and shoulders is obtuse, giving the appearance of "slumped" shoulders. pectoralis minor, lower fibers of the trapezius, subclavius, latissimus dorsi
Arm abduction [9] Arm abduction occurs when the arms are held at the sides, parallel to the length of the torso, and are then raised in the plane of the torso. This movement may be broken down into two parts: True abduction of the arm, which takes the humerus from parallel to the spine to perpendicular; and upward rotation of the scapula, which raises the humerus above the shoulders until it points straight upwards. True abduction: supraspinatus (first 15 degrees), deltoid; Upward rotation: trapezius, serratus anterior
Arm adduction [10] Arm adduction is the opposite motion of arm abduction. It can be broken down into two parts: downward rotation of the scapula and true adduction of the arm. Downward rotation: pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, latissimus dorsi (same as scapular depression, with pec major replacing lower fibers of trapezius); True Adduction: same as downward rotation with addition of teres major and the lowest fibers of the deltoid
Arm flexion [11] The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points forward (anteriorly). pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, anterior fibers of deltoid.
Arm extension [11] The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points backwards (posteriorly) latissimus dorsi and teres major, long head of triceps, posterior fibers of the deltoid
Medial rotation of the arm [12] Medial rotation of the arm is most easily observed when the elbow is held at a 90-degree angle and the fingers are extended so they are parallel to the ground. Medial rotation occurs when the arm is rotated at the shoulder so that the fingers change from pointing straight forward to pointing across the body. subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, anterior fibers of deltoid
Lateral rotation of the arm[12] The opposite of medial rotation of the arm. infraspinatus and teres minor, posterior fibers of deltoid
Arm circumduction[13] Movement of the shoulder in a circular motion so that if the elbow and fingers are fully extended the subject draws a circle in the air lateral to the body. In circumduction, the arm is not lifted above parallel to the ground so that "circle" that is drawn is flattened on top. pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, supraspinatus, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and minor, infraspinatus, long head of triceps

Muscles

Major muscles

The muscles that are responsible for movement in the shoulder attach to the scapula, humerus, and clavicle. The muscles that surround the shoulder form the shoulder cap and underarm.

Name Attachment Function
serratus anterior Originates on the surface of the upper eight ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. It fixes the scapula into the thoracic wall and aids in rotation and abduction of the shoulders.
subclavius Located inferior to the clavicle, originating on the first rib and inserting (penetrating) on the subclavian groove of the clavicle. It depresses the lateral clavicle and also acts to stabilize the clavicle.
pectoralis minor Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilage and inserts into the medial border and upper surface of the coracoid process of the scapula. This muscle aids in respiration, medially rotates the scapula, protracts the scapula, and also draws the scapula inferiorly.
sternocleidomastoid Attaches to the sternum (sterno-), the clavicle (cleido-), and the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. Most of its actions flex and rotate the head. In regards to the shoulder, however, it also aids in respiration by elevating the sternoclavicular joint when the head is fixed.
levator scapulae Arises from the transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae and inserts into the medial border of the scapula. It is capable of rotating the scapula downward and elevating the scapula.
rhomboid major and rhomboid minor (work together) They arise from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae T1 to T5 as well as from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical. They insert on the medial border of the scapula, from about the level of the scapular spine to the scapula's inferior angle. They are responsible for downward rotation of the scapula with the levator scapulae, as well as adduction of the scapula.
trapezius Arises from the occipital bone, the ligamentum nuchae, the spinous process of the seventh cervical, and the spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae, and from the corresponding portion of the supraspinal ligament. It inserts on the lateral clavicle, the acromion process, and into the spine of the scapula. Different portions of the fibers perform different actions on the scapula: depression, upward rotation, elevation, and adductions.
deltoid, anterior fibers Arises from the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle. The anterior fibres are involved in shoulder abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. The anterior deltoid is weak in strict transverse flexion but assists the pectoralis major during shoulder transverse flexion / shoulder flexion (elbow slightly inferior to shoulders).
deltoid, middle fibers Arises from the lateral margin and upper surface of the acromion. The middle fibres are involved in shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, are involved in shoulder flexion when the shoulder is internally rotated, and are involved in shoulder transverse abduction (shoulder externally rotated) -- but are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated).
deltoid, posterior fibers Arises from the lower lip of the posterior border of the spine of the scapula, as far back as the triangular surface at its medial end. The posterior fibres are strongly involved in transverse extension particularly since the latissimus dorsi muscle is very weak in strict transverse extension. The posterior deltoid is also the primary shoulder hyperextensor.

Rotator cuff

Main article: Rotator cuff

The rotator cuff is an anatomical term given to the group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. It is composed of the tendons and muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis) that hold the head of the humerus (ball) in the glenoid fossa (socket).

Two filmy sac-like structures called bursae permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion.

Medical problems

Main article: Shoulder problems

Shoulder problems including pain, are one of the more common reasons for physician visits for musculoskeletal symptoms. The shoulder is the most movable joint in the body. However, it is an unstable joint because of the range of motion allowed. This instability increases the likelihood of joint injury, often leading to a degenerative process in which tissues break down and no longer function well.

Major injuries to the shoulder include rotator cuff tear and bone fractures of one or more of the bones of the shoulder.

Shoulder fractures include:

Evolutionary variation

Tetrapod forelimb are characterised by a high degree of mobility in the shoulder-thorax connection. Lacking of a solid skeletal connection between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, the forelimb's attachment to the trunk is instead mainly controlled by serratus lateralis and levator scapulae. Depending on locomotor style, a bone connect the shoulder girdle to the trunk in some animals; the coracoid bone in reptiles and birds, and the clavicle in primates and bats; but cursorial mammals lack this bone. In primates, the shoulder shows characteristics the differs from other mammals, including a well developed clavicle, a dorsally shifted scapula with prominent acromion and spine, and a humerus featuring a straight shaft and a spherical head. [14]

Additional images
The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula  
Instrumented shoulder endoprosthesis, with a 9-channel telemetry transmitter to measure six load components in vivo. (cut model)  

See also

References

  1. ^ Shoulder+joint at eMedicine Dictionary[dead link]
  2. ^ Shoulder at eMedicine Dictionary[dead link]
  3. ^ "labrum tear Johns Hopkins Orthopaedic Surgery". www.hopkinsortho.org. http://www.hopkinsortho.org/labrum_tear.html. Retrieved 2010-05-16. 
  4. ^ Cadogan, Mike (February 2010). "Sternoclavicular Joint Dislocations". Life in the Fast Lane. http://lifeinthefastlane.com/2010/02/sternoclavicular-joint-dislocation/. Retrieved June 2011. 
  5. ^ Scientific Keys Volume I, The Key Muscles of Hatha Yoga, Ray Long MD FRCSC, Third Edition, pg. 174
  6. ^ "Movements of the Upper Limb — Introduction". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_01.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  7. ^ a b "Scapular Protraction and Retraction". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_02.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  8. ^ a b "Scapular Elevation and Depression". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_03.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  9. ^ "Arm Abduction". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_05.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  10. ^ "Arm Adduction". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_06.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  11. ^ a b "Arm Flexion and Extension". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_07.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  12. ^ a b "Arm Medial and Lateral Rotation". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_08.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  13. ^ "Arm Circumduction". University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/M1/anatomy/html/modules/upper_limb_module/upper_limb_09.html. Retrieved December 2010. 
  14. ^ Preuschoft, Holger; Hohn, Bianca; Scherf, Heike; Schmidt, Manuela; Krause, Cornelia; Witzel, Ulrich (April 2010). "Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder". Int J Primatol. 31 (2): 301–320. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1. PMID 2860095. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shoulders
Look up shoulder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Head
Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple
Skeleton2.jpg
Neck
Trunk
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Shoulder · Axilla · Arm

Elbow · Forearm

Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little)
Lower limb/
(see also leg)

Hip · Buttocks · Thigh

Knee · Calf · Crus

Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole
Shoulder
Elbow
Forearm
Joints of hand
Other

M: JNT

anat(h/c, u, t, l)/phys

proc, drug(M01C, M4)
Shoulder
Arm
(compartments)
Axillary sheath · Axillary fascia · Brachial fascia · intermuscular septa (Lateral, Medial)
Other
Forearm
Other
Hand
Lateral volar
Medial volar
Intermediate
lumbrical · interossei (dorsal, palmar)

M: MUS, DF+DRCT

anat (h/n, u, t/d, a/p, l)/phys/devp/hist

noco(m, s, c)/cong(d)/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug (M1A/3)

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Translations:

Shoulder

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - skulder, bov, rabat, vejkant
v. tr. - påtage sig, tage på skuldrene, tage på nakken
v. intr. - trænges

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    rage langt op over
  • look over one's shoulders    kigge sig over skulderen
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    lægge alle kræfter i
  • shoulder blade    skulderblad
  • shoulder pad    skulderpude
  • shoulder strap    skulderstrop
  • shoulder the blame for    påtage sig skylden for
  • shoulder to shoulder    skulder ved skulder, last og brast

Nederlands (Dutch)
schouder, berm, vluchtheuvel, (een last) dragen

Français (French)
n. - (Anat) épaule, replat, (Cout) épaule, bas-côté, (Culin) épaule
v. tr. - mettre sur l'épaule, (fig) se charger de, endosser (une responsabilité), se frayer un chemin
v. intr. - mettre sur l'épaule, se charger de, endosser

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    (lit) dépasser qn d'une bonne tête, (fig) laisser qn loin derrière
  • look over one's shoulders    (lit, fig) regarder derrière soi
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    s'atteler à la tâche
  • shoulder blade    omoplate
  • shoulder pad    épaulette
  • shoulder strap    bretelles, bandoulière
  • shoulder the blame for    endosser la charge de
  • shoulder to shoulder    côte-à-côte

Deutsch (German)
n. - Schulter, Schulterpartie, Bug, Seitenstreifen
v. - drängen, schultern

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    haushoch überlegen
  • look over one's shoulders    jmdm. über die Schulter blicken
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    sich ins Geschirr legen
  • shoulder blade    Schulterblatt
  • shoulder pad    Schulterpolster
  • shoulder strap    Träger, Schulterklappe, Tragriemen
  • shoulder the blame for    die Verantwortung übernehmen
  • shoulder to shoulder    Schulter an Schulter

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - ώμος, σπάλα, κράσπεδο ασφαλτοστρωμένου δρόμου, (πληθ.) πλάτες, ώμοι
v. - επωμίζομαι, φορτώνομαι, ζαλώνομαι, σπρώχνω με τον ώμο

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    (καθομ.) ένα κεφάλι ψηλότερος από, κατά πολύ καλύτερος του
  • look over one's shoulders    είμαι πάνω από το κεφάλι κάποιου
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    βάζω τα δυνατά μου
  • shoulder blade    ωμοπλάτη
  • shoulder pad    βάτα ώμου
  • shoulder strap    τιράντα, επωμίδα, (στρατ.) αορτήρας, τελαμώνας
  • shoulder the blame for    παίρνω επάνω μου την ευθύνη
  • shoulder to shoulder    πλάι-πλάι

Italiano (Italian)
ciglio, spalla

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    di gran lunga superiore a
  • look over one's shoulders    guardarsi alle spalle
  • rub shoulders with    mettersi insieme con
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    darci dentro
  • shoulder blade    scapola
  • shoulder pad    spallina
  • shoulder strap    bretelle
  • shoulder to shoulder    fianco a fianco

Português (Portuguese)
n. - ombro (m), banqueta (f), faixa (f) vedada ao trânsito
v. - empurrar, carregar às costas, assumir responsabilidade

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    muito superior
  • look over one's shoulders    olhar por cima dos ombros
  • rub shoulders with    associar-se a alguém
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    trabalhar com afinco
  • shoulder blade    escápula (f)
  • shoulder pad    ombreira (f)
  • shoulder strap    alça (f) de vestido
  • shoulder the blame for    aceitar a culpa por
  • shoulder to shoulder    ombro a ombro

Русский (Russian)
плечо, плечевой сустав, лопатка, вешалка, межсезонье, что-л напоминающее по форме плечо, межсезонный, взваливать на плечо, брать на себя, толкать плечом, иметь форму плеча

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    "на голову выше"
  • look over one's shoulders    оглядываться, бояться, остерегаться
  • rub shoulders with    общаться, находиться рядом, бок о бок
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    энергично взяться за дело
  • shoulder blade    лопатка
  • shoulder pad    накладное плечо
  • shoulder strap    погон, бретелька, лямка, плечевой ремень
  • shoulder to shoulder    плечо к плечу

Español (Spanish)
n. - arcén, banqueta, desnivel, estibación, hombro, espaldilla, paletilla
v. tr. - echarse sobre las espaldas, cargar o ponerse al hombro, llevar a hombros, cargar con, asumir, tomar sobre sí
v. intr. - dar empujones con el hombro, abrirse paso empujando con el hombro

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    llevarle la cabeza a uno, sacarle la cabeza a uno
  • look over one's shoulders    mirar hacia atrás
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    arrimar el hombro
  • shoulder blade    espaldilla, escápula, omóplato, paleta, paletilla
  • shoulder pad    hombrera
  • shoulder strap    tirante, correa, bandolera
  • shoulder the blame for    asumir la responsabilidad de
  • shoulder to shoulder    hombro a hombro

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - skuldra, axel, bog (kreatur), vägkant
v. - lägga på axeln, axla, knuffa med axeln, ta på sig

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
肩, 侧翼, 肩部, 肩负, 担任, 负担, 用肩推挤

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    远远超出
  • look over one's shoulders    回头看, 小心提防
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    努力工作, 全力以赴, 助一臂之力
  • shoulder blade    肩胛骨
  • shoulder pad    垫肩
  • shoulder strap    肩章, 保护肩部的衬垫
  • shoulder the blame for    承担指责
  • shoulder to shoulder    肩并肩地, 齐心协力地

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 肩, 側翼, 肩部
v. tr. - 肩負, 擔任, 負擔
v. intr. - 用肩推擠

idioms:

  • head and shoulders above    遠遠超出
  • look over one's shoulders    回頭看, 小心提防
  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    努力工作, 全力以赴, 助一臂之力
  • shoulder blade    肩胛骨
  • shoulder pad    墊肩
  • shoulder strap    肩章, 保護肩部的襯墊
  • shoulder the blame for    承擔指責
  • shoulder to shoulder    肩並肩地, 齊心協力地

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 어깨, 산마루, 어깨총의 자세
v. tr. - 짊어지다, (책임 따위를) 떠맡다, ~을 어깨로 밀다
v. intr. - 어깨로 밀다, (어깨로 밀듯) 밀치다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 肩, 上背部, 双肩, 肩肉, 路肩, 肩に当たる部分
v. - 担ぐ, 負う, 肩で押す

idioms:

  • set one's shoulder to the wheel    目的に向かってせっせと働く
  • shoulder blade    肩甲骨
  • shoulder pad    肩台
  • shoulder strap    肩紐, つりひも, 肩章
  • shoulder the blame for    責めを負う
  • shoulder to shoulder    協力して, 肩と肩を触れ合って, 密集して, 互いに協力して

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) منكب, كتف (فعل) يتنكن "يحمل على منكبه ", يتحمل عبء كذا أو تبعته‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮כתף, שכם, כתף-הר, כתף-בקבוק, שולי-הכביש‬
v. tr. - ‮כיתף, טען על הכתף, דחף בכתפו, נטל על עצמו‬
v. intr. - ‮פילס דרך בכתפו‬

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American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
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American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms. The American Heritage® Dictionary of Idioms by Christine Ammer. Copyright © 1997 by The Christine Ammer 1992 Trust. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
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McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Copyright © 2003 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.  Read more
US Defense Department Military Dictionary. US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Words, 2003.  Read more
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Saunders Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
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 Rhymes. Oxford University Press. © 2006, 2007 All rights reserved.  Read more
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