A great many peoples were opponents of the Romans over the 1,200 years on their history. The earliest one was the Etruscan city-state of Veii, which was a neighbour (it was only 10 miles away) and which fought on and off wars from 752 BC. to 396B.C.,when the Romans destroyed it. From the late 7th century B.C. to the early 5th century B.C. the main opponents were other neighbours, the Sabines and the other Latin city-states (united in the Latin league).The Etrucan city-states on Tarquinii, Veii and Clusium attacked Tome in 509 B.C. and 508 B.C. The Romans had to fight defensive wars against the Volsci from 495 B.C. to 341 B.C. and the Aequi from 484 B.C. to 388 B.C. The coastal city-states of Tarquinii and Vulsci fought Rome between 358 B.C. and 351 B.C.

The Romans and the Samnites, who lived to the south of Rome, fought three wars (the Three Samnite Wars, 343-341 B.C., 326 -304 B.C. and 298-290 B.C. During the second of these wars all of the inland Etruscan cities, except for Aretium (Cortona, Perusia, Clusium and Volsinii) also fought Rome in 311 B.C. and 308 B.C. There were more hostilities by these Etruscan ities in the interwar period, in 302 B.C. and 299 B.C. At the beginning of the third war, the mentioned inland Etruscan cities, including Aretium, and the Senones, one of the tribes of northern Italy were allied of the Samnites, but they were defeated in 297 B.C., and 295 B.C. After the war, in 284 B.C. the Senone defeated the Romans but were defeated in 283 B.C. in 283 B.C. the Senones and the mentioned Etruscan cities, , fought a battle against the Romans.

The next challenge was Pyrrhus, the king of the Greek kingdom of Epirus, who brought a large army to southern Italy. The Romans as and Pyrrhus fought the Pyrrhic War ((280-275 BC). Next came the Three Punic Wars (264-241 B.C., 218-201 B.C., and 149-146 B.C.) between Rome and Carthage, which led to Rome dominating the western Mediterranean. In the first interwar period there was also conflict with the Illyrians (First Illyrian War, 229-228 B.C) and with the Insubres (225 B.C., 222 B.C.) and the Boii (224 B.C., 194 B.C., and 193 BC.). The latter two were two tribes of the Gauls of northern Italy. The Romans also fought four wars against the Greek Kingdom of Macedon ((214 -205 B.C., 200-196 B.C., 172-168 .BC., and 150 to 148 B.C.), one was against the Greek Seleucid Empire (192 to 188 B.C.), one against the Greek Achaean League (188 B.C.) and three against Mithridates VI, the king of Pontus (88-84 BC., 83-81 BC., and 75-63 B.C.). They defeated attacks by the Arverni and the Allobroges (two Gallic tribes) in southern France (122-120 B.C.). In Spain they faced rebellions by the Celtiberians(Celtiberian War 181- 179 B.C. and Numantine War, 154-152 B.C), the Lusitanian (Lusitanian War155-139 B.C.) and fought against the Cantabri, and the Astures (in the Cantabrian Wars, 29-19 B.C.), they fought a war against Jugurtha, an usurper king in Numidia ( the Jugurthine War, 112-106 B.C.). The Romans also faced invasions by the Cimri and Teutones(The Cimbrian War, 113-101 B.C.) In his conquest of Gaul (Gallic Wars, 58-50 B.C.), Julius Caesar fought the Arverni, Ambianes, Atrebates, Aduatuci. Bituriges Caletes, Eburones, Helvetii, Menapii, Morini, Nervii, Sotiates, Suessiones, Veliocasses, Veneti. Viromandui, which were Gaul peoples, the Suebi, which were Germanics, the Aquitanian and the Catuvellauni of Britain.

All of the above was during the period of the Roman Republic. During the period of rule by emperors, Augustus fought the Cantabri, and Astures in Hispania (Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC.), the Noricans (in parts of Austria and southern Germany), the Illyrians and the Pannonians (in western Hungary and eastern Austria) in the Illyrian Revolt (6-9 A.D.) and the Chatti, Sicambri, Marsi and Marcomanni in Germany and the Frisi in the Netherlands. In 27 B.C. the Nubians (who lived in northern Sudan) attacked Roman Egypt. A coalition of Germanic peoples (the (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci and Sicambri) ruoted three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (Germany) in 9. The Romans also fought wars against to Persian empires (the Parthian and he Sasanian empires) for several centuries. Claudius' generals fought the Catuvellauni, Durotriges and Dumnonii in the invasion of southern Britain in . Thre Romans also fought the Silures, Ordovices and Dobunni in Wales. The Iceni of eastern England, led by Boudicca rebelled in 60. Vespasian sent the general Agricola to invade the north of England, where he defeated the Brigantesand fought the Picts when he invaded Scotland (77-83). Domitian fought the Dacians (Dacian War. 86-88) in Romania. They were defeated by Trajan (Dacian Wars, 101-102 and 105-106), who also defeated Persians. Marcus Aurelius had to fend off invasions by the Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges, Naristi, Chatti, Chauci, Lombards, Hermunduri, Sueves, Buri, Cotini, Vandals , Roxolani, Bastarnae, Costoboci (in the Marcomannic Wars, 166-180). One of Septimius Severus's generals fought the Garamantes in Tripolitania and the empror fought the Picts in Scotland. In the third century the Roman Empire was attacked by the Heruli, Goths, Gepids and Peuciniin the east and by the Franks and the Alemanni in the west. In the fifth century there were attacks by the Alemanni, again, in the west, the Angles Saxons, Jutes and Frisians in Britain and by the Huns, both in the east and the west. Finally, there were the invasionsof the western part of the Roman Empire by the Vandals, Sueves and Alans. The Alemanni and the Burgundians also seized territories. The Franks and the Visigoths, who had been allies of Rome, also became opponents of the Romans and seized territories. The Lombards invaded Italy in 568.

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