Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email
Answers.com

sinusitis

 
Medical Encyclopedia: Sinusitis
Home > Library > Health > Medical Encyclopedia

Definition

Sinusitis refers to an inflammation of the sinuses, airspaces within the bones of the face. Sinusitis is most often due to an infection within these spaces.

Description

The sinuses are paired air pockets located within the bones of the face. They are:

  • the frontal sinuses; located above the eyes, in the center region of each eyebrow
  • the maxillary sinuses; located within the cheekbones, just to either side of the nose
  • the ethmoid sinuses; located between the eyes, just behind the bridge of the nose
  • the sphenoid sinuses; located just behind the ethmoid sinuses, and behind the eyes

The sinuses are connected with the nose. They are lined with the same kind of skin found elsewhere within the respiratory tract. This skin has tiny little hairs projecting from it, called cilia. The cilia beat constantly, to help move the mucus produced in the sinuses into the respiratory tract. The beating cilia sweeping the mucus along the respiratory tract helps to clear the respiratory tract of any debris, or any organisms which may be present. When the lining of the sinuses is at all swollen, the swelling interferes with the normal flow of mucus. Trapped mucus can then fill the sinuses, causing an uncomfortable sensation of pressure and providing an excellent environment for the growth of infection-causing bacteria.

— Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD


Search unanswered questions...

Enter a question here...
Search: All sources Community Q&A Reference topics

Dictionary: si·nus·i·tis   (sī'nə-sī'tĭs) pronunciation
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Dictionary

n.
Inflammation of the sinuses or a sinus, especially in the nasal region.


Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Inflammation of the sinuses. Acute sinusitis, usually due to infections such as the common cold, causes localized pain and tenderness, nasal obstruction and discharge, and malaise. Nose drops or inhalations containing drugs that contract blood vessels help drain the sinuses. Antibiotics may be used for bacterial infections. Chronic sinusitis, with frequent colds, pus, obstructed breathing, loss of sense of smell, and sometimes headache, may follow repeated or untreated acute attacks, particularly with impaired breathing or drainage. If antibiotic therapy or repeated lavage (rinsing out) does not help, surgery to open passages for drainage may be needed.

For more information on sinusitis, visit Britannica.com.

Dental Dictionary: sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Health > Dental Dictionary

n

Inflammation of the sinus.

Children's Health Encyclopedia: Sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Health > Children's Health Encyclopedia

Definition

Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses, which are airspaces within the bones of the face. Sinusitis is most often due to an infection within these spaces.

Description

The sinuses are paired air pockets located within the bones of the face. There are:

  • the frontal sinuses, located above the eyes, in the center region of each eyebrow
  • the maxillary sinuses, located within the cheekbones, just to either side of the nose
  • the ethmoid sinuses, located between the eyes, just behind the bridge of the nose
  • the sphenoid sinuses, located just behind the ethmoid sinuses, and behind the eyes.

The sinuses are connected with the nose. They are lined with the same kind of skin found elsewhere within the respiratory tract. This skin has tiny little hairs projecting from it called cilia. The cilia beat constantly to help move the mucus produced in the sinuses into the respiratory tract. The beating cilia sweeping the mucus along the respiratory tract helps to clear the respiratory tract of any debris or of any organisms that may be present. When the lining of the sinuses is at all swollen, the swelling interferes with the normal flow of mucus. Trapped mucus can then fill the sinuses, causing an uncomfortable sensation of pressure and providing an excellent environment for the growth of infection-causing bacteria.

Demographics

It is estimated that about 37 million Americans are affected by sinusitis each year. Having a cold increases the chance of getting sinusitis. Immune system disorders also increase this likelihood. Children with asthma are also considered more likely to be affected by sinusitis.

Causes and Symptoms

Sinusitis is usually due to an infection, although swelling from allergies can mimic the symptoms of pressure, pain, and congestion, and allergies can set the stage for a bacterial infection. Bacteria are the most common cause of sinus infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes about 33 percent of all cases, while Haemophilus influenzae causes about 25 percent of all cases. Sinusitis in children may be caused by Moraxella catarrhalis (20%). In people with weakened immune systems (including patients with diabetes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or AIDS, and patients who are taking medications that lower their immune resistance, such as cancer and transplant patients), sinusitis may be caused by fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida, or Mucorales.

Acute sinusitis usually follows some type of upper respiratory tract infection or cold. Instead of ending, the cold seems to linger on, with constant or even worsening congestion. Drainage from the nose often changes from a clear color to a thicker, yellowish-green. The individual may develop a fever. Headache and pain over the affected sinuses may occur, as well as a feeling of pressure that may worsen when the patient bends over. There may be pain in the jaw or teeth. Some children, in particular, get upset stomachs from the infected drainage going down the back of their throats and being swallowed. Some patients develop a cough.

Chronic sinusitis occurs when the problem has existed for at least three months. There is rarely a fever with chronic sinusitis. Sinus pain and pressure are frequent, as is nasal congestion. Because of the swelling in the sinuses, they may not be able to drain out the nose. Drainage, therefore, drips constantly down the back of the throat, resulting in a continuously sore throat and bad breath.

When to Call the Doctor

If the child is displaying the signs of sinusitis for more than a few days, the doctor should be contacted. If a cold seems to be getting better and then gets worse again, it may have developed into sinusitis. Likewise, colds that linger beyond a week may indicate sinusitis, and the doctor should be called.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is sometimes tricky, because the symptoms so often resemble those of an uncomplicated cold. However, sinusitis should be strongly suspected when a cold lingers beyond about a week's time.

Medical practitioners have differing levels of trust in certain basic examinations commonly conducted in the office. For example, tapping over the sinuses may cause pain in patients with sinusitis, but it may not. A procedure called "sinus transillumination" may or may not also be helpful. Using a flashlight pressed up against the skin of the cheek, the practitioner will look in the patient's open mouth. When the sinuses are full of air (under normal conditions), the light will project through the sinus and will be visible on the roof of the mouth as a lit-up, reddened area. When the sinuses are full of mucus, the light will be stopped. While this simple test can be helpful, it is certainly not a perfect way to diagnose or rule out the diagnosis of sinusitis.

X-ray pictures and CT scans of the sinuses are helpful for both acute and chronic sinusitis. People with chronic sinusitis should also be checked for allergies, and they may need a procedure called nasal endoscopy where a very slender lighted fiber optic tube is placed in the nose in order for the doctor to see if any kind of anatomic obstruction is causing the illness. For example, the septum (the cartilage which separates the two nasal cavities from each other) may be slightly displaced (a deviated septum). This condition can result in chronic obstruction, setting the person up for the development of an infection.

Treatment

Antibiotic medications are used to treat acute sinusitis. Suitable antibiotics include sulfa drugs, amoxicillin, and a variety of cephalosporins. These medications are usually given for about two weeks but may be given for even longer periods. Decongestants or the short-term use of decongestant nose sprays can be useful. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) can decrease the pain and headache associated with sinusitis. Also, running a humidifier can prevent mucus within the nasal passages from drying out uncomfortably and can help soothe any accompanying sore throat or cough.

Chronic sinusitis is often treated initially with antibiotics. Steroid nasal sprays may be used to decrease swelling in the nasal passages. If an anatomic reason is found for chronic sinusitis, it may need to be corrected with surgery. If a surgical procedure is necessary, samples are usually taken at the same time to allow identification of any organisms present which may be causing infection.

Fungal sinusitis requires surgery to clean out the sinuses. Then, a relatively long course of a very strong antifungal medication called amphotericin B is given through a needle in the vein (intravenously).

Alternative Treatment

Some practitioners believe that chronic sinusitis is associated with food allergies. These doctors would suggest an elimination/challenge diet to identify and eliminate allergenic foods. While linking chronic sinusitis to food is widely considered controversial, many practitioners link the problem to aero-allergies. Irrigating the sinuses with a salt-water solution is thus recommended for sinusitis and allergies, in order to clear the nasal passages of mucus. Another solution for nasal lavage (washing) uses powdered goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). Other herbal treatments, taken internally, include a mixture made of eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis), goldenseal, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and horseradish, or, when infection is present, a mixture made of echinacea (Echinacea spp.), wild indigo, and poke root (Phytolacca decandra-Americana).

Homeopathic practitioners find a number of remedies useful for treating sinusitis. Among those they recommend are: Arsenicum album, Kalium bichromium, Nux vomica, Mercurius iodatus, and Silica.

Acupuncture has been used to treat sinusitis, as have a variety of dietary supplements, including vitamins A, C, and E, and the mineral zinc. Contrast hydrotherapy (hot and cold compresses, alternating three minutes hot, 30 seconds cold, repeated three times always ending with cold) applied directly over the sinuses can relieve pressure and enhance healing. A direct inhalation of essential oils (two drops of oil to two cups of water) using thyme, rosemary, and lavender can help open the sinuses and kill bacteria that cause infection.

Prognosis

Prognosis for sinus infections is usually excellent, although some individuals may find that they are particularly prone to contracting such infections after a cold. Fungal sinusitis, however, has a relatively high death rate.

Prevention

Prevention involves the usual standards of good hygiene to cut down on the number of colds an individual catches. Avoiding exposure to cigarette smoke, identifying and treating allergies, and avoiding deep dives in swimming pools may help prevent sinus infections. During the winter, it is a good idea to use a humidifier. Humidifiers should be adequately and frequently cleaned with bleach or comparable cleanser to avoid mold which can be aerosolized and then exacerbate existing allergies. Dry nasal passages may crack, allowing bacteria to enter. When allergies are diagnosed, a number of nasal sprays are available to assist in preventing inflammation within the nasal passageways, thus allowing the normal flow of mucus.

Parental Concerns

Sinusitis can usually be treated successfully with antibiotics. It can, however, be very dangerous or even fatal if left untreated it becomes progressively worse such that the infection spreads.

See also Allergic rhinitis.

Resources

Books

Bruce, Debra Fulghum, et al. The Sinus Cure: 7 Steps to Relieve Sinusitis and Other Ear, Nose, and Throat Conditions. Westminster, MD: Ballantine Books, 2001.

Chronic Sinusitis: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet Sources. San Diego, CA: Icon Group International, 2004.

Hirsch, Alan R. What Your Doctor May Not Tell You about Sinusitis: Relieve Your Symptoms and Identify the Source of Your Pain. Boston, MA: Warner Books, 2004.

Kavuru, Mani S., et al. Diagnosis and Management of Rhinitis and Sinusitis, 2nd ed. Cleveland, OH: Professional Communications, 2001.

Kenned, David W., et al. Living with Chronic Sinusitis: A Patient's Guide to Sinusitis, Nasal Allergies, Polyps, and Their Treatment Options. Long Island City, NY: Hatherleigh Co., 2004.

Plasse, Harvey, et al. Sinusitis Relief. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002.

Periodicals

Glaser, Gabrielle. "How to Spot a Sinus Infection." Parents Magazine 75 (March 2000): 89–93.

Organizations

American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 611 East Wells Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. Web site: www.aaaai.org.

American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Inc. One Prince Street, Alexandria, VA 22314–3357. Web site: www.entnet.org.

Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. 50 N. Brockway, Suite 3.3, Palatine, IL 60067. Web site: www.jcaai.org.

Web Sites

"Sinusitis." National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, April 2002. Available online at www.niad.nih.gov/factsheets/sinusitis.htm (accessed November 15, 2004).

[Article by: Helen Davidson Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD]


Sports Science and Medicine: sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Health > Sports Science and Medicine

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to bacterial infection. In order to avoid prolonging the illness, athletes with sinusitis should not take part in hard physical activity until the illness is resolved. Swimmers susceptible to sinusitis may be advised to wear nose-clips during training and competition in water.

Veterinary Dictionary: sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Animal Life > Veterinary Dictionary

Inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses, often occurring during an upper respiratory infection, by extension from the nasal cavity. Sinusitis also may be a complication of tooth infection, allergy or certain infectious diseases. It is commonest in horses and cats, in cattle it is usually a complication of dehorning, and in dogs it often results from intranasal foreign bodies. In its chronic form it is characterized by a continuous or intermittent discharge of pus through the nostril on the affected side or through a sinus to the exterior. The face may be swollen and painful. See also sinus.

  • infectious s. of turkeys — caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum and characterized by swelling of the infraorbital sinuses which are filled with thick pus. Some cases also have airsacculitis and conjunctivitis.
Wikipedia: Sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Wikipedia
 This article is in need of attention from an expert on the subject. WikiProject Medicine or the Medicine Portal may be able to help recruit one. (October 2008)
Question book-new.svg
 This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)
Sinusitis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 J01., J32.
ICD-9 461, 473
DiseasesDB 12136
eMedicine emerg/536
MeSH D012852

Sinusitis is a condition consisting of infection or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, which may or may not be as a result of infection, from bacterial, fungal, viral, allergic or autoimmune issues. Newer classifications of sinusitis refer to it as rhinosinusitis, taking into account the thought that inflammation of the sinuses cannot occur without some inflammation of the nose as well (rhinitis)[citation needed].

Contents

Classification

By location

There are several paired paranasal sinuses, including the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. The ethmoid sinuses can also be further broken down into anterior and posterior, the division of which is defined as the basal lamella of the middle turbinate. In addition to the acuity of disease, discussed below, sinusitis can be classified by the sinus cavity which it affects:

Recent theories of sinusitis indicate that it often occurs as part of a spectrum of diseases that affect the respiratory tract (i.e., the "one airway" theory) and is often linked to asthma.[1][2] All forms of sinusitis may either result in, or be a part of, a generalized inflammation of the airway so other airway symptoms such as cough may be associated with it.

Left-sided maxillar sinusitis (Absence of the air transparency of left maxillar sinus)

By duration

Sinusitis can be acute (going on less than four weeks), subacute (4–8 weeks) or chronic (going on for 8 weeks or more).[3] All three types of sinusitis have similar symptoms, and are thus often difficult to distinguish. Acute sinusitis is very common. Roughly ninety percent of adults have had sinusitis at some point in their life.[4]

Acute sinusitis

Acute sinusitis is usually precipitated by an earlier upper respiratory tract infection, generally of viral origin. If the infection is of bacterial origin, the most common three causative agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis[5] respectively. Haemophilus influenzae in the past was the most common bacterial agent to cause sinus infections. However since the introduction of Hib vaccine there has been a dramatic decrease in H.Influenza type B infections and usually the non-typable strains of H.influenza are seen now in the clinical setting. Other bacterial pathogens include other Staphylococcus aureus and other streptococci species, anaerobic bacteria and, less commonly, gram negative bacteria. Viral sinusitis typically lasts for 7 to 10 days,[5] whereas bacterial sinusitis is more persistent. Approximately 0.5% to 2% of viral sinusitis extends into bacterial sinusitis. One hypothesis postulates that the bacterial infection begins with nose blowing.[6]

Acute episodes of sinusitis can also result from fungal invasion. These infections are most often seen in patients with diabetes or other immune deficiencies (such as AIDS or transplant patients on anti-rejection medications) and can be life threatening. In type I diabetes, ketoacidosis causes sinusitis by Mucormycosis.[7]

Chemical irritation can also trigger sinusitis. Commonly from cigarettes and chlorine fumes.[citation needed] Rarely, it may be caused by a tooth infection.[5]

Chronic sinusitis

Chronic sinusitis is a complicated spectrum of diseases that share chronic inflammation of the sinuses in common. It is divided into cases with polyps and cases without, and the former is sometimes called chronic hyperplastic sinusitis. The causes are poorly understood[5] and may include allergy, environmental factors such as dust or pollution, bacterial infection, or fungus (either allergic, infective, or reactive). Non allergic factors such as vasomotor rhinitis can also cause chronic sinus problems. Abnormally narrow sinus passages (such as a deviated septum), which can impede drainage from the sinus cavities could also be a factor. A combination of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are observed, including Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Typically antibiotics provide only a temporary benefit, although mechanisms involving hyperresponsiveness to bacteria have been proposed for sinusitis with polyps.

Symptoms may include any combination of the following: nasal congestion; facial pain; headache; night-time coughing; an increase in previously minor or controlled asthma symptoms; general malaise; thick green or yellow discharge; feeling of facial 'fullness' or 'tightness' which may worsen on bending over; aching teeth, and/or halitosis. Each of these symptoms has multiple other causes. Unless complications occur, fever is not a feature of chronic sinusitis. Often chronic sinusitis can lead to Anosmia, a reduction in the ability to smell or detect odors.[citation needed] In a small number of cases, acute or chronic maxillary sinusitis is associated with a dental infection. Vertigo, lightheadedness, and blurred vision are not typical in chronic sinusitis and other causes should be sought.

Attempts have been made to provide a more consistent nomenclature 6 for subtypes of chronic sinusitis. Many patients have demonstrated the presence of eosinophils in the mucous lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. As such the name Eosinophilic Mucin RhinoSinusitis (EMRS) has come into being. Cases of EMRS may be related to an allergic response, but allergy is often not documentable, resulting in further subcategorization of allergic and non-allergic EMRS.

A more recent, and still debated, development in chronic sinusitis is the role that fungus may play. Fungus can be found in the nasal cavities and sinuses of most patients with sinusitis, but can also be found in healthy people as well. It remains unclear if fungus is a definite factor in the development of chronic sinusitis and if it is, what the difference may be between those who develop the disease and those who do not. Trials of antifungal treatments have had mixed results.[5]

Symptoms

Sinus headache

Headache/facial pain or pressure of a dull, constant, or aching sort over the affected sinuses can be seen with either acute or chronic stages of sinusitis. This pain is typically localized to the involved sinus and may worsen when the affected person bends over or when in the supine position.

Acute and chronic sinusitis may be accompanied by thick purulent nasal discharge (usually green in colour and with or without blood) and localized headache (toothache) are present and it is these symptoms that can differentiate sinus related (or rhinogenic) headache from other headache phenomena such as tension headache and migraine headache.

Migraine misdiagnosis

Recent studies suggest that up to 90% of "sinus headaches" are actually migraines.[8][9] The confusion occurs in part because migraine involves activation of the trigeminal nerves which innervate both the sinus region but also the meninges which surround the brain. As a result, direct determination of the site of pain origination can be confused on a cortical level. Additionally, nasal congestion is a not uncommon result of migraine headaches, due to the autonomic nervous stimulation that can also result in tearing (lacrimation) and a runny nose (rhinorrhea). A study found that patients with "sinus headache" respond to triptan migraine medications, and state dissatisfaction with their treatment when they are treated with decongestants or antibiotics.[10]

Predisposing factors

Factors which may predispose to developing sinusitis include: allergies; structural problems such as a deviated septum, small sinus ostia or a concha bullosa; smoking; nasal polyps; carrying the cystic fibrosis gene (research is still tentative); prior bouts of sinusitis as each instance may result in increased inflammation of the nasal or sinus mucosa and potentially further narrow the openings.[citation needed]

Role of biofilms

Biofilms are complex aggregates of extracellular matrix and inter-dependent microorganisms from multiple species, many of which may be difficult or impossible to isolate using standard clinical laboratory techniques. Bacteria found in biofilms may show increased antibiotic resistance when compared to free-living bacteria of the same species. It has been hypothesized that biofilm-type infections may account for many cases of antibiotic-refractory chronic sinusitis.[11][12][13] A recent study found that biofilms were present on the mucosa of 3/4 of patients undergoing surgery for chronic sinusitis.[14]

Diagnosis

Acute sinusitis

Usually sinusitis is diagnosed by a physician.

Bacterial and viral acute sinusitis are difficult to distinguish however, disease duration fewer than 7 days is considered as a viral whereas more than 7 days are considered as a bacterial sinusitis (usually 30% to 50% are bacterial sinusitis). Nosocomial acute sinusitis is confirmed with the help of CT scan of the sinuses.

Chronic sinusitis

For sinusitis lasting more than eight weeks,[15] criteria are lacking. A CT scan is recommended, but insufficient to confirm diagnosis. Nasal endoscopy, a CT scan, and clinical symptoms are used together.[5] A tissue sample for histology and cultures can also be used. Allergic fungal sinusitis are seen in a person with asthma and nasal polyps. Multiple biopsy is informative to confirm the diagnosis.[16]

Nasal endoscopy involves inserting a flexible fiber-optic tube with a light and camera at its tip into the nose to examine the nasal passages and sinuses. This is generally a completely painless (although uncomfortable) procedure which takes between five to ten minutes to complete.

Treatment

Acute sinusitis

Conservative measures

Over the counter (OTC) medication such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen can relieve some of the symptoms associated with sinusitis, such as headaches, pressure, fatigue and pain.[citation needed]

Antibiotics

The vast majority of cases of sinusitis are due to viral etiology and thus resolve without antibiotics.[5] However, if the symptoms are prolonged amoxicillin is a reasonable first choice[5] with amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) being indicated for patients who fail amoxicillin alone. Fluoroquinolones, and some of the newer macrolide antibiotics such as clarithromycin, and doxycycline, are used in patients who are allergic to penicillins.[17] Still, 60 to 90% of people do not experience resolution of symptoms with antibiotics.[18] However, antibiotics are usually ineffective and overall may be no more effective than placebos.[19] Antibiotics may not improve the long-term clinical outcome for sinusitis.[20] When used a short-course (3–7 days) of antibiotics seems to be sufficient for patients who present without severe disease or any complicating factors.[21]

Corticosteroids

Nasal corticosteroids have not been found to be better than placebo either alone or in combination with antibiotics.[18]

Chronic sinusitis

Conservative measures

Nasal irrigation may help with symptoms of chronic sinusitis.[22][23][24]

Medical approaches

Based on the recent theories on the role that fungus may play in the development of chronic sinusitis. Trials of antifungal treatments however have had mixed results.[5]

Surgical treatment

For chronic or recurring sinusitis, referral to an otolaryngologist may be indicated for more specialist assessment and treatment, which may include nasal surgery. However, for most patients the surgical approach is not superior to appropriate medical treatment. Surgery should only be considered for those patients who do not experience sufficient relief from optimal medication.[25][26]

A relatively recent advance in the treatment of sinusitis is a type of surgery called functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), whereby normal clearance from the sinuses is restored by removing the anatomical and pathological obstructive variations that predispose to sinusitis. This replaces prior open techniques requiring facial or oral incisions and refocuses the technique to the natural openings of the sinuses instead of promoting drainage by gravity, the idea upon which the Caldwell-Luc surgery was based.[27]

Another recently developed treatment is balloon sinuplasty. This method, similar to balloon angioplasty used to "unclog" arteries of the heart, utilizes balloons in an attempt to expand the openings of the sinuses in a less invasive manner. Its final role in the treatment of sinus disease is still under debate but appears promising.[citation needed]

A number of surgical approaches can be used to access the sinuses and these have generally shifted from external/extranasal approaches to intranasal endoscopic ones. The benefit of the Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery FESS is its ability to allow for a more targeted approach to the affected sinuses, reducing tissue disruption, and minimizing post-operative complications.[28]

For persistent symptoms and disease in patients who have failed medical and the functional endoscopic approach, older techniques can be used to address the maxillary sinus such as the Caldwell-Luc radical antrostomy (e.g. incision in the upper gum, opening in the anterior wall of the antrum, removal of the entire diseased maxillary sinus mucosa and drainage is allowed into inferior or middle meatus by creating a large window in the lateral nasal wall.)[29]

References

  1. ^ Grossman J (1997). "One airway, one disease". Chest 111 (2 Suppl): 11S–16S. doi:10.1378/chest.111.2_Supplement.11S. PMID 9042022. 
  2. ^ Cruz AA (2005). "The 'united airways' require an holistic approach to management". Allergy 60 (7): 871–874. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00858.x. PMID 15932375. 
  3. ^ http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/
  4. ^ Pearlman, AN.; Conley, DB. (Jun 2008). "Review of current guidelines related to the diagnosis and treatment of rhinosinusitis.". Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 16 (3): 226–30. doi:10.1097/MOO.0b013e3282fdcc9a. PMID 18475076. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Leung, R.S.; Katial, R. (2008). "The Diagnosis and Management of Acute and Chronic Sinusitis". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 35 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2007.09.002. http://cimed.ucr.ac.cr/archivos/Articulos%20Interes/2008/marzo/Diagnostico%20y%20Manejo%20de%20la%20Sinusitis%20Aguda.pdf. 
  6. ^ Gwaltney, Jr., J. M. (2000). "Nose Blowing Propels Nasal Fluid into the Paranasal Sinuses". Clinical Infectious Diseases 30: 387. doi:10.1086/313661
  7. ^ http://www.austinent.com/info/wiki/sinusitis.php
  8. ^ Schreiber C, Hutchinson S, Webster C, Ames M, Richardson M, Powers C (2004). "Prevalence of migraine in patients with a history of self-reported or physician-diagnosed "sinus" headache". Arch. Intern. Med. 164 (16): 1769–72. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.16.1769. PMID 15364670. 
  9. ^ Mehle ME, Schreiber CP (2005). "Sinus headache, migraine, and the otolaryngologist". Otolaryngology—head and neck surgery: official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 133 (4): 489–96. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.05.659. PMID 16213917. 
  10. ^ Ishkanian, G (January 2007). "Efficacy of sumatriptan tablets in migraineurs self-described or physician-diagnosed as having sinus headache: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Clin Ther 29 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.01.012. PMID 17379050. 
  11. ^ Palmer JN (2005). "Bacterial biofilms: do they play a role in chronic sinusitis?". Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 38 (6): 1193–201, viii. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2005.07.004. PMID 16326178. 
  12. ^ Ramadan H, Sanclement J, Thomas J (2005). "Chronic rhinosinusitis and biofilms". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 132 (3): 414–7. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2004.11.011. PMID 15746854. 
  13. ^ Bendouah Z, Barbeau J, Hamad W, Desrosiers M (2006). "Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with an unfavorable evolution after surgery for chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 134 (6): 991–6. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.03.001. PMID 16730544. 
  14. ^ Sanclement J, Webster P, Thomas J, Ramadan H (2005). "Bacterial biofilms in surgical specimens of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis". Laryngoscope 115 (4): 578–82. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000161346.30752.18 (inactive 2009-11-03). PMID 15805862. 
  15. ^ http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/allergy/rhino-sinusitis/
  16. ^ Harrison's Manual of Medicine 16/e
  17. ^ Karageorgopoulos DE, Giannopoulou KP, Grammatikos AP, Dimopoulos G, Falagas ME. Fluoroquinolones compared with beta-lactam antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008; 178(7):845-54.PMID:18362380
  18. ^ a b Ian G. Williamson et al. (2007). "Antibiotics and Topical Nasal Steroid for Treatment of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis". JAMA 298 (21): 2487–2496. doi:10.1001/jama.298.21.2487. PMID 18056902. 
  19. ^ van Buchem, F. L. (8 March 1997). "Primary-care-based randomised placebo-controlled trial of antibiotic treatment in acute maxillary sinusitis". The Lancet 349 (9053): 683–687. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07585-X. 
  20. ^ van Buchem, F. L.; Knottnerus, J. A., Schrijnemaekers, V. J. J., Peeters, M. F. (8 March 1997). "Primary-care-based randomised placebo-controlled trial of antibiotic treatment in acute maxillary sinusitis". The Lancet 349 (9053): 683–687. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07585-X. 
  21. ^ Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE, Grammatikos AP, Matthaiou DK. Effectiveness and safety of short vs. long duration of antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 67(2):161-71.PMID 19154447
  22. ^ Rabago D, Zgierska A, Mundt M, Barrett B, Bobula J, Maberry R (2002). "Efficacy of daily hypertonic saline nasal irrigation among patients with sinusitis: a randomized controlled trial". J Fam Pract 51 (12): 1049–55. PMID 12540331. 
  23. ^ Rabago D, Pasic T, Zgierska A, Mundt M, Barrett B, Maberry R (2005). "The efficacy of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation for chronic sinonasal symptoms". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 133 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.03.002. PMID 16025044. 
  24. ^ Tomooka L, Murphy C, Davidson T (2000). "Clinical study and literature review of nasal irrigation". Laryngoscope 110 (7): 1189–93. doi:10.1097/00005537-200007000-00023. PMID 10892694. 
  25. ^ Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J (2007). "European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2007". Rhinol Suppl. 16 (20): 67. doi:10.1017/S0959774306000060. PMID 17844873. 
  26. ^ Tichenor, Wellington S. (2007-04-22). "FAQ - Sinusitis - WS Tichenor M.D.". http://www.sinuses.com/faq.htm#surgery. Retrieved 2007-10-28. 
  27. ^ http://www.fasthealth.com/dictionary/c/Caldwell-Luc_operation.php
  28. ^ Stammberger H. Endoscopic endonasal surgery - Concepts in treatment of recurring rhinosinusitis. Part I. Anatomic and pathophysiologic considerations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;94:143.
  29. ^ Bailey and Love

External links

v • d • e
Inflammation
Acute
Chronic
Processes
Specific types
v • d • e
Common cold
Viruses
Symptoms
Complications
Antiviral drugs
Pleconaril (experimental)

This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)

Translations: Sinusitis
Top
Home > Library > Literature & Language > Translations

Dansk (Danish)
n. - bihulebetændelse, sinusitis

Nederlands (Dutch)
bijholteontsteking

Français (French)
n. - sinusite

Deutsch (German)
n. - Nebenhöhlenentzündung

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (παθολ.) ιγμορίτιδα

Italiano (Italian)
sinusite

Português (Portuguese)
n. - sinusite (f)

Русский (Russian)
синусит

Español (Spanish)
n. - sinusitis

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - sinuit, sinusit, bihåleinflammation

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
窦炎

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 竇炎

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 정맥동염, 부비강염, 축농증

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 静脈洞炎, 副鼻腔炎

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) ألتهاب ألجيب‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮דלקת הגת, סינוסיטיס‬

If you are unable to view some languages clearly, click here.

To select your translation preferences click here.


 
 

 

Copyrights:

Medical Encyclopedia. © 2006 through a partnership of Answers Corporation. All rights reserved.  Read more
Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 2006 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Dental Dictionary. Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Children's Health Encyclopedia. © 2006 through a partnership of Answers Corporation. All rights reserved.  Read more
Sports Science and Medicine. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.  Read more
Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Sinusitis".  Read more
Translations. Copyright © 2007, WizCom Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved.  Read more