skin

Skin Self-Exam SSE A step-by-step "how-to" instruction.

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skin

cutaway of human skin A. melanocyte B. muscle C. sebaceous gland D. hair shaft E. epidermis F. dermis G. subcutaneous tissue H. fat I. artery J. sweat gland K. hair follicle L. Pacinian corpuscle (Carlyn Iverson)

1. The membranous tissue forming the external covering or integument of an animal and consisting in vertebrates of the epidermis and dermis.
2. An animal pelt, especially the comparatively pliable pelt of a small or young animal: a tent made of goat skins.
3. A usually thin, closely adhering outer layer: the skin of a peach; a sausage skin; the skin of an aircraft.
4. A container for liquids that is made of animal skin.
5. Music. A drumhead.
6. Informal. One's life or physical survival: They lied to save their skins.

1. To remove skin from: skinned and gutted the rabbit.
2. To bruise, cut, or injure the skin or surface of: She skinned her knee.
3. To remove (an outer covering); peel off: skin off the thin bark.
4. To cover with or as if with skin: skin the framework of a canoe.
5. Slang. To fleece; swindle.

1. To become covered with or as if with skin: In January the pond skins over with ice.
2. To pass with little room to spare: We barely skinned by.

by the skin of (one's) teeth

1. By the smallest margin.

1. To irritate or stimulate; provoke.
2. To preoccupy someone; become an obsession.

1. Beneath the surface; fundamentally: enemies who are really brothers under the skin.

[Middle English, from Old Norse skinn.]

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A section through the skin. The tough, dead cells of the outer epidermal surface (corneal layer) … (credit: © Merriam-Webster Inc.)

Surface covering of the body that protects it and receives external sensory stimuli, consisting of an epidermis over a thicker dermis. The epidermis contains cells involved in immune defenses, sensory receptors, pigment cells, and keratin-producing cells. The last harden and migrate to the surface to form a dead, relatively dry outer layer of horny tissue that constantly sloughs away. The dermis contains sensory nerves and blood vessels within connective tissue. Collagen and elastin fibres give skin its tough, elastic quality. Cells scattered through it produce its components and take part in immune and other skin responses. A fat layer under the dermis provides nutritional storage, cushioning, and insulation. Skin disorders range from dermatitis and acne to skin cancer. Changes in skin colour (e.g., jaundice) or texture may be clues to systemic disorders. See also dermatology; hair; integument; nail; perspiration; sebaceous gland; sweat gland.

For more information on skin, visit Britannica.com.

Creating a new appearance on a graphical interface (GUI). See skin.

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v. To remove the skin of food before or after cooking. Skinning is done for a variety of reasons including appearance, taste and diet. Foods that are often skinned include poultry, fish and game.

noun

1. The tissue forming the external covering of the body: epidermis, integument. See surface/depth.
2. A thin outer covering of an object: lamina, membrane, sheath, sheathing. See surface/depth.
3. The outer covering of a fruit: peel, rind. See surface/depth.

verb

1. To remove the skin of: decorticate, pare, peel, scale¹, strip¹. See put on/take off.
2. To furnish with a covering of a different material: clad, cover, face, sheathe, side. See surface/depth.
3. To exploit (another) by charging too much for something: fleece, overcharge. Slang clip¹, gouge, nick, rip off, scalp, soak. Idioms: make someone pay through the nose, take someone for a ride, take someone to the cleaners. See honest/dishonest.

Idioms beginning with skin:
skin deep
skin of one's teeth
skin off one's nose
skin alive
skin and bones

See also beauty is only skin deep; by the skin of one's teeth; get under someone's skin; jump out of one's skin; make one's flesh creep (skin crawl); more than one way to skin a cat; no skin off one's nose; save one's bacon (skin); soaked to the skin; thick skin.

Definition: outer covering, especially of animate
Antonyms: body, core, interior, middle

v

Definition: remove outer covering
Antonyms: cover

A non-load-bearing exterior wall; often composed of prefabricated panels; also see curtain wall.

The external tissue that covers the body. As the body's largest organ (it makes up about one twenty-fifth of an adult's weight), the skin serves as a waterproof covering that helps keep out pathogens and protects against temperature extremes and sunlight. The skin also contains special nerve endings that respond to touch, pressure, heat, and cold. The skin has an outer layer, or epidermis, and a layer immediately below, called the dermis.

The outer covering and largest organ of the body. It serves as a protective barrier against microorganisms, helps shield delicate tissues underneath from mechanical and other injuries, insulates against heat and cold, and helps eliminate body wastes. It guards against ultraviolet radiation by producing a protective pigment and it helps produce vitamin D. Its sense receptors detect pain, cold, heat, touch and pressure.
The skin consists of an outer cellular, avascular epidermis, and an inner fibrous corium (dermis, true skin) resting upon a hypodermis of fat and panniculus muscle.
See also cutaneous, epidermal, epidermis.

Basic structure of the skin. By permission from McCurnin D, Poffenbarger EM, Small Animal Physical Diagnosis and Clinical Procedures, Saunders, 1991

• s. appendages — see hair, claw, hoof, horn, chestnut (1), ergot2, dewclaw, comb, wattle, spur (3), pad, footpad, beak, feather (1), cere, scale, fin, antler, bristle (1), wool, mohair, cashmere, angora.
• s.-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT) — see skin-associated lymphoid tissue.
• autoimmune s. disease — see autoimmune, pemphigus, lupus erythematosus.
• s. biopsy — removal of a small section of skin for histopathological examination. See also keyes punch.
• s. cancer — include squamous cell carcinoma, papilloma and fibropapilloma, intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma (keratoacanthoma), basal cell tumors and tumors of the adnexa, perianal gland and hair follicles.
• congenital absence of s. — see epitheliogenesis imperfecta.
• s. depigmentation — see hypopigmentation.
• s. emphysema — see subcutaneous emphysema.
• s. fold thickness — a measure of obesity in humans but not a valid indicator in dogs or cats as the skin lifts off the subcutaneous tissue.
• s. fungal infection — see dermatomycosis, dermatophytosis.
• s. gangrene — death of tissue and usually involves dermis, epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, e.g. severe saddle galls, heat burns, chemical burns, Claviceps purpurea poisoning. The affected area is cold and bluish in color. This changes to black and the area begins to lift at the edges and to dry out.
• s. inflammation — see dermatitis.
• s. leukosis — occurs in marek's disease. Called also cutaneous lymphosarcoma.
• s.-maggot fly — see cordylobia anthropophaga.
• s. memory — see mnemodermia.
• s. receptor — cutaneous sensory endorgans.
• s. resiliency test — see skin tenting test (below).
• s. tag — see fibrovascular papilloma.
• s. tension lines — see tension line.
• s. tenting test — a fold of skin is picked up and then quickly let go. The amount that it will stretch is an indication of its extensibility. The speed with which it returns to a normal position is determined by the degree of hydration of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and the amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissue, e.g. in an animal that is 10 to 12% dehydrated the skin fold will not disappear until 20 to 45 seconds have elapsed.

  Tenting of the skin in a dehydrated cow. By permission from Blowey RW, Weaver AD, Diseases and Disorders of Cattle, Mosby, 1997

• s. test — application or intradermal injection of a substance to the skin to test the body's reaction to it. Such a test detects an animal's sensitivity to such allergens as dust and pollen, or to preparations of microorganisms believed to be the cause of a disorder.
— There are several types of skin tests, including the patch test, the scratch test, and the intradermal test.
• s. wool — scoured wool from a fellmonger.

For other uses, see Skin (disambiguation).

For the article about skin in humans, see human skin.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)

This article needs reorganization to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. There is good information here, but it is poorly organized; editors are encouraged to be bold and make changes to the overall structure to improve this article. (October 2009)

Layers of mammal skin: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, showing a hair follicle, sweat gland & sebaceous gland.

A close up picture of a rhinoceros skin.

The skin is a soft outer covering of an animal, in particular a vertebrate. Other animal coverings such the arthropod exoskeleton or the seashell has different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous literally means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis, skin). In mammals, the skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.^[1] Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, birds.^[2] All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals which appear to be hairless. Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays a key role in protecting (the body) against pathogens^[3] and excessive water loss.^[4] Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented.

Hair with sufficient density is called fur. The fur mainly serves to augment the insulation the skin provides, but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick, and can be processed to create leather. Reptiles and fish have hard protective scales on their skin for protection, and birds have hard feathers, all made of tough β-keratins. Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier to passage of chemicals and is often subject to osmosis. A frog sitting in an anesthetic solution could quickly go to sleep.

Contents 1 Functions 2 Animal skin products 3 Mammalian skin layers 3.1 Epidermis 3.1.1 Components 3.1.2 Layers 3.1.3 Sublayers 3.2 Dermis 3.2.1 Papillary region 3.2.2 Reticular region 3.3 Hypodermis 4 In fish and amphibians 5 In birds and reptiles 6 See also 7 References

Functions

Skin performs the following functions:

1. Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defense; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.^[3][4]
2. Sensation: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see somatosensory system and haptics.
3. Heat regulation: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heatloss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. Erector pili muscles are significant in animals.
4. Control of evaporation: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss.^[4]
5. Storage and synthesis: acts as a storage center for lipids and water
6. Absorption: Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide can diffuse into the epidermis in small amounts, some animals using their skin for their sole respiration organ (contrary to popular belief, however, humans do not absorb oxygen through the skin).^[5]
7. Water resistance: The skin acts as a water resistant barrier so essential nutrients aren't washed out of the body.

Animal skin products

The term skin refers to the covering of a small animal, such as a sheep, goat (goatskin), pig, snake (snakeskin) etc or the young of a large animal.

The term hides or rawhide refers to the covering of a large adult animal such as a cow, buffalo, horse etc.

Skins and hides from different animals are used for clothing, bags and other consumer products, usually in the form of leather, but also furs.

Skin can also be cooked to make pork rind or cracklin. The skin on roasted chicken and turkey is another coveted delicacy.

Mammalian skin layers

Mammalian skin is composed of three primary layers:

• the epidermis, which provides waterproofing and serves as a barrier to infection;
• the dermis, which serves as a location for the appendages of skin; and
• the hypodermis (subcutaneous adipose layer).

Epidermis

Epidermis, "epi" coming from the Greek meaning "over" or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina.

The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are Merkel cells, keratinocytes, with melanocytes and Langerhans cells also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata (beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, basale. Cells are formed through mitosis at the basale layer. The daughter cells (see cell division) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein keratin is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (desquamation). This process is called keratinization and takes place within about 27 days. This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and pathogens out, making skin a natural barrier to infection.

[also see:  image rotating (1.1 mb) ]
Optical Coherence Tomography tomogram of fingertip, depicting stratum corneum (~500 µm thick) with stratum disjunctum on top and stratum lucidum (connection to stratum spinosum) in the middle. At the bottom superficial parts of the dermis. Sweatducts are clearly visible.

Components

The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkels cells. The epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Layers

Epidermis is divided into several layers where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks. The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells.

Sublayers

Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sublayers or strata:

• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum germinativum (also called "stratum basale")

Mnemonics that are good for remembering the layers of the skin (using "stratum basale" instead of "stratum germinativum"):

• "Cher Likes Getting Skin Botoxed" (from superficial to deep)
• "Before Signing, Get Legal Counsel" (from deep to superficial)

Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. Arterial shunt vessels may bypass the network in ears, the nose and fingertips.

Dermis
The distribution of the bloodvessels in the skin of the sole of the foot. (Corium - TA alternate term for dermis - is labeled at upper right.)
A diagrammatic sectional view of the skin (click on image to magnify). (Dermis labeled at center right.)
Gray's	subject #234 1065
MeSH	Dermis
Dorlands/Elsevier	Skin

Dermis

The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptor/nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of the epidermis.

The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.

Papillary region

The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae, that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.

Reticular region

The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.

Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels.

Hypodermis

The hypodermis is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (the hypodermis contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.

Microorganisms like Staphylococcus epidermidis colonize the skin surface. The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing in the deeper areas of the hair follicle, gut and urogenital openings.

In fish and amphibians

The epidermis of fish and of most amphibians consists entirely of live cells, with only minimal quantities of keratin in the cells of the superficial layer. It is generally permeable, and, in the case of many amphibians, may actually be a major respiratory organ. The dermis of bony fish typically contains relatively little of the connective tissue found in tetrapods. Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony scales. Apart from some particularly large dermal bones that form parts of the skull, these scales are lost in tetrapods, although many reptiles do have scales of a different kind, as do pangolins. Cartilaginous fish have numerous tooth-like denticles embedded in their skin, in place of true scales.

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are both unique to mammals, but other types of skin gland are found in other vertebrates. Fish typically have a numerous individual mucus-secreting skin cells that aid in insulation and protection, but may also have poison glands, photophores, or cells that produce a more watery, serous fluid. In amphibians, the mucus cells are gathered together to form sac-like glands. Most living amphibians also possess granular glands in the skin, that secrete irritating or toxic compounds.^[6]

Although melanin is found in the skin of many species, in reptiles, amphibians, and fish, the epidermis is often relatively colourless. Instead, the colour of the skin is largely due to chromatophores in the dermis, which, in addition to melanin, may contain guanine or carotenoid pigments. Many species, such as chameleons and flounders may be able to change the colour of their skin by adjusting the relative size of their chromatophores.^[6]

In birds and reptiles

Main article: Reptile scales

The epidermis of birds and reptiles is closer to that of mammals, with a layer of dead keratin-filled cells at the surface, to help reduce water loss. A similar pattern is also seen in some of the more terrestrial amphibians, such as toads. However, in all of these animals there is no clear differentiation of the epidermis into distinct layers, as occurs in humans, with the change in cell type being relatively gradual. The mammalian epidermis always possesses at least a stratum germinativum and stratum corneum, but the other intermediate layers found in humans are not always distinguishable. Hair is a distinctive feature of mammalian skin, while feathers are (at least among living species) similarly unique to birds.^[6]

Birds and reptiles have relatively few skin glands, although there may be a few structures for specific purposes, such as pheromone-secreting cells in some reptiles, or the uropygial gland of most birds.^[6]

See also

Look up skin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Acid mantle
• Callus - thick area of skin
• Cutaneous structure development
• Hair - including hair follicles in skin
• Intertriginous
• Moult
• Meissner's corpuscle
• Pacinian corpuscle
• Rawhide
• Superficial fascia

References

1. ^ "Skin care" (analysis), Health-Cares.net, 2007, webpage: HCcare.
2. ^ Alibardi L. (2003). Adaptation to the land: The skin of reptiles in comparison to that of amphibians and endotherm amniotes. J Exp Zoolog B Mol Dev Evol. 298(1):12-41. PMID 12949767
3. ^ ^{a b} Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM. (2008).The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol. 17(12):1063-72. PMID 19043850
4. ^ ^{a b c} Madison KC. (2003). Barrier function of the skin: "la raison d'être" of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 121(2):231-41. PMID 12880413
5. ^ Connor, Steven: The book of skin, Cornell University Press, 2003, pg. 176
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 129–145. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. 

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - hud, skind, skræl, beklædning
v. tr. - flå, tage skindet af, pille, skrabe
v. intr. - danne hud
adj. - hud-

idioms:

• all skin and bone    ikke andet end skind og ben
• by the skin of one's teeth    med nød og næppe
• get under a person's skin    irritere nogen, gøre nogen interesseret i en
• make one's skin crawl    give gåsehud
• no skin off my nose    det er mig ligemeget
• save one's (own) skin    redde skindet
• skin alive    flå levende
• skin deep    overfladisk
• skin diving    sportsdykning, dykning med frømandsudstyr
• skin graft    hudtransplantation
• skin test    hudprøve
• with a whole skin    helskindet

Nederlands (Dutch)
huid, vel, schil, vlies, schillen, villen, afstropen, schaven iemand irriteren zich te pletter schrikken

Français (French)
n. - peau, (Culin) peau, pelure, revêtement (d'un avion), (US) paluche, pince (fam), papier à cigarette
v. tr. - (Culin) dépecer, s'écorcher, (US) plumer (fam), (US) scalper
v. intr. - se recouvrir de peau, se cicatriser, se dépêcher
adj. - de la peau

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    de justesse, l'échapper belle
• get under a person's skin    taper sur les nerfs de qn
• keep a whole skin    être indemne, être sain et sauf, sans une écorchure
• make one's skin crawl    donner la chair de poule à qn
• no skin off my nose    (je) m'en balance!
• save one's own skin    sauver sa peau
• skin alive    écorcher (qn) vif
• skin and bone    qui n'a que la peau et les os
• skin deep    superficiel
• skin diving    plongée sous-marine
• skin graft    greffe de la peau
• skin test    cuti-réaction
• skin up    s'écorcher
• sleep in a whole skin    bien dormir

Deutsch (German)
n. - Haut, Fell, Schlauch, Schale, Pelle
v. - häuten, schälen, aufschürfen
adj. - geschält, gehäutet

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    mit knapper Not
• get under a person's skin    jmdm. auf die Nerven gehen
• keep a whole skin    mit heiler Haut davonkommen
• make one's skin crawl    eine Gänsehaut bekommen lassen
• no skin off my nose    das braucht mich nicht zu kratzen
• save one's own skin    seine eigene Haut retten
• skin alive    jmdn. lebendig braten
• skin and bone    Haut und Knochen
• skin deep    oberflächlich
• skin diving    Tauchen
• skin graft    Hauttransplantation
• skin test    Hauttest
• skin up    eine Haschischzigarette machen
• sleep in a whole skin    fliehen (mit Verletzungen)

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - δέρμα, επιδερμίδα, πέτσα, πετσί, τουλούμι, φλούδα, εξωτερική επιφάνεια, περίβλημα, καϊμάκι, μεμβράνη (πολυγράφου), πόσθη, (αργκό) προφυλακτικό, λάστιχο (αυτοκινήτου), τσιγκούνης
v. - αποφλοιώνω, γδέρνω, καταληστεύω, χαρατσώνω

idioms:

• all skin and bone    πετσί και κόκαλο
• by the skin of one's teeth    μόλις και μετά βίας
• get under a person's skin    κερδίζω τη συμπάθεια, γίνομαι ενοχλητικός
• make one's skin crawl    προξενώ ρίγη φρίκης
• no skin off my nose    κάτι εντελώς αδιάφορο
• save one's (own) skin    σώζω το τομάρι μου
• skin alive    γδέρνω ζωντανό
• skin deep    επιφανειακός, επιδερμικός, επιπόλαιος, ρηχός, ξώπετσος
• skin diving    κατάδυση χωρίς αναπνευστική συσκευή
• skin graft    (ιατρ.) μεταμόσχευση δέρματος, δερματικό μόσχευμα
• skin test    δοκιμασία αλλεργικής αντίδρασης
• with a whole skin    σώος και αβλαβής

Italiano (Italian)
scorticare, spellare, sbucciare, pelare, scalfire, pelle, buccia, pellicola

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    per un pelo
• get under a person's skin    irritare
• jump out of one's skin    morire dallo spavento
• no skin off my nose    non è affar mio
• save one's (own) skin    scamparla
• skin alive    scorticar vivo
• skin deep    superficiale
• skin diving    nuoto subacqueo libero
• skin graft    trapianto cutaneo
• skin test    esame cutaneo
• with a whole skin    intatto

Português (Portuguese)
n. - pele (f), odre (m), tünica (f), corsta (f), pergaminho (m)
v. - cicatrizar, esfolar, enganar

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    por uma margem (f) mínima
• get under a person's skin    interessar ou preocupar ou irritar alguém
• jump out of one's skin    ficar muito surpreso
• no skin off my nose    algo indiferente
• save one's (own) skin    salvar sua própria pele
• skin alive    esfolar, repreender severamente
• skin deep    superficial, ilusório
• skin diving    pesca (f) submarina
• skin graft    enxerto (m) de pele
• skin test    teste (m) alérgico
• with a whole skin    sair de uma situação sem se machucar

Русский (Russian)
кожа, жизнь, "шкура", мех животного, пергамент, бурдюк, кожура, оболочка, верхний или наружный слой, обшивка судна, сдирать шкуру, очищать от кожуры, ободрать кожу, покрывать тонким слоем, кожей, зарубцовываться, линять (о животных), стягивать тесную одежду, обворовать, ободрать как липку, взбираться, давать нагоняй

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    едва (еле-еле, чудом) спастись
• get under a person's skin    раздражать кого-л., действовать кому-л. на нервы, сидеть у кого-л. в печенках
• jump out of one's skin    быть вне себя
• no skin off my nose    меня это ни с какого боку не касается
• save one's (own) skin    спасать свою шкуру
• skin alive    живьем сдирать кожу, живого места не оставить, спустить шкуру, нанести сокрушительный удар
• skin deep    поверхностный, неглубокий, скоропроходящий
• skin diving    подводное плавание без специального костюма с аквалангом
• skin graft    делать пересадку кожи
• skin test    кожная проба
• with a whole skin    уцелеть, спасти свою шкуру

Español (Spanish)
n. - piel, cutis, tez, cáscara, cascarilla, película, membrana
v. tr. - desollar, despellejar, pelar, estafar, mondar, cubrir, despojar
v. intr. - cubrirse, despojarse, cicatrizarse, mudar la piel
adj. - de piel, de la piel, cutáneo

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    por un pelo, al último momento
• get under a person's skin    irritar a una persona
• keep a whole skin    escapar estando herido
• make one's skin crawl    poner los pelos de punta
• no skin off my nose    me da lo mismo, no me va ni me viene
• save one's own skin    salvar el pellejo, salvar su propio pellejo
• skin alive    desollar vivo
• skin and bone    que no tiene más que la piel y los puros huesos, estar en los huesos
• skin deep    superficial
• skin diving    buceo, submarinismo
• skin graft    injerto de piel
• skin test    cutirreacción, dermorreacción
• skin up    liar un porro, armar un cigarrillo de marihuana
• sleep in a whole skin    escapar estando herido

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - hud, skinn, skal, hinna, vinsäck
v. - flå, dra av huden på, skrapa av, skinna, klå, spöa

中文（简体）(Chinese (Simplified))
皮肤, 皮, 剥...的皮, 在...上植皮, 去...的壳, 擦破...上的皮肤, 植皮, 结成皮, 愈合, 脱皮, 皮的, 皮肤的, 有关皮肤的, 裸露的, 裸体的, 色情的

idioms:

• all skin and bone    极瘦
• by the skin of one's teeth    好不容易, 侥幸
• get under a person's skin    激怒某人
• make one's skin crawl    使汗毛直竖, 起鸡皮疙瘩
• no skin off my nose    跟某人毫不相干
• save one's (own) skin    保护自己, 使自己免遭杀害
• skin alive    活剥皮, 严斥
• skin deep    肤浅的, 皮毛的, 轻微的, 表面的
• skin diving    赤身潜水
• skin graft    补皮术, 表皮移植
• skin test    皮肤反应测验
• with a whole skin    未受伤地, 安然无恙地

中文（繁體）(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 皮膚, 皮
v. tr. - 剝...的皮, 在...上植皮, 去...的殼, 擦破...上的皮膚
v. intr. - 植皮, 結成皮, 癒合, 脫皮
adj. - 皮的, 皮膚的, 有關皮膚的, 裸露的, 裸體的, 色情的

idioms:

• all skin and bone    極瘦
• by the skin of one's teeth    好不容易, 僥倖
• get under a person's skin    激怒某人
• make one's skin crawl    使汗毛直豎, 起雞皮疙瘩
• no skin off my nose    跟某人毫不相干
• save one's (own) skin    保護自己, 使自己免遭殺害
• skin alive    活剝皮, 嚴斥
• skin deep    膚淺的, 皮毛的, 輕微的, 表面的
• skin diving    赤身潛水
• skin graft    補皮術, 表皮移植
• skin test    皮膚反應測驗
• with a whole skin    未受傷地, 安然無恙地

한국어 (Korean)
n. - (사람의) 피부, 구두쇠, (과일 따위의) 껍질
v. tr. - 껍질을 벗기다, 엄하게 꾸짖다, (가죽 따위로) 덮다
v. intr. - (상처 따위에) 딱지가 생기다, 빠져 나오다, 기어오르다
adj. - 피부의, 나체의, (잡지 등이) 누드를 다루는

idioms:

• by the skin of one's teeth    겨우, 간신히 도망치다
• get under a person's skin    ~를 성나게 하다, 애타게 하다, 흥미를 갖게 하다
• make one's skin crawl    남을 오싹하게 하다
• with a whole skin    무사히

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - 皮膚, 肌, 皮, 毛皮, 皮袋, 薄い膜, 上皮, 殻, 外側を覆う薄い板, 外被, 表皮
v. - 皮をはぐ, 皮をむく, 皮膚をすりむく, からだましとる

idioms:

• all skin and bone    全身骨と皮ばかりの
• by the skin of one's teeth    かろうじて
• gold-beater's skin    ゴールドビーターズスキン
• make one's skin crawl    ぞっとする
• no skin off my nose    痛くもかゆくもない, 無関係
• skin alive    生皮をはぐ, こっぴどくしかる, さんざんやっ付ける
• skin deep    わずかな
• skin diving    スキンダイビング
• skin graft    皮膚移植, 植皮用の皮膚片
• skin someone alive    生皮をはぐ, 苦しめる
• skin test    皮膚試験

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) جلد أو بشرة, ألمحتال (فعل) يستحث, يقشر يسيطر عليه‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮עור, קליפה, קרום, נאד, חמת, משטח חיצוני, מסגרת‬
v. tr. - ‮פשט עור, שרט, רימה, עשק, הציגו ככלי ריק‬
v. intr. - ‮הגליד, העלה קרום‬
adj. - ‮פורנוגרפי‬

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