skylark

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Skylark
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Alaudidae
Genus:	Alauda
Species:	A. arvensis
Binomial name
Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758

The Skylark (Alauda arvensis) is a small passerine bird species. This lark breeds across most of Europe and Asia and in the mountains of north Africa. It is mainly resident in the west of its range, but eastern populations are more migratory, moving further south in winter. Even in the milder west of its range, many birds move to lowlands and the coast in winter. Asian birds appear as vagrants in Alaska; this bird has also been introduced in Hawaii and western North America.

Description

Skylark

The Skylark is 16 to 18 cm long. It is a bird of open farmland and heath, known throughout its range for the song of the male, which is delivered in hovering flight from heights of 50 to 100 m, when the singing bird may appear as just a dot in the sky from the ground. The song generally lasts 2 to 3 minutes, but it tends to last longer later in the season. The male has broader wings than the female. This adaptation for more efficient hovering flight may have evolved because of female Skylarks' preference for males that sing and hover for longer periods and so demonstrate that they are likely to have good overall fitness.

Like most other larks, the Skylark is a rather dull-looking species on the ground, being mainly brown above and paler below. It has a short blunt crest on the head, which can be raised and lowered. In flight it shows a short tail and short broad wings. The tail and the rear edge of the wings are edged with white, which are visible when the bird is flying away, but not if it is heading towards the observer. The Skylark has sturdy legs and spends much time on the ground foraging for seeds, supplemented with insects in the breeding season.

The Skylark makes a grass nest on the ground, hidden amongst vegetation. It is sometimes found nesting in bracken, using it for cover. Generally the nests are very difficult to find. 3 to 6 eggs are laid in June. A second or third brood may be started later in the year. The eggs are yellow/white with brownish/purple spots mainly at the large end.

The effects of agriculture

A skylark in the Lake District, England, with two beetles caught in its beak

In the UK, Skylark numbers have declined over the last 30 years, as determined by the Common Bird Census started in the early 1960s by The British Trust for Ornithology. There are now only 10% of the numbers that were present 30 years ago. The RSPB have shown that this massive decline is mainly due to changes in farming practices and only partly due to pesticides. In the past cereals were planted in the spring, grown through the summer and harvested in the early autumn. Cereals are now planted in the autumn, grown through the winter and are harvested in the early summer. The winter grown fields are much too dense in summer for the Skylark to be able to walk and run between the wheat stems to find its food.

Farmers are now encouraged and paid to maintain biodiversity and they can get a few points (toward DEFRAs Entry Level Stewardship financial rewards) for improving the habitat for Skylarks.

The RSPB's research, over a 6 year period, of winter-planted wheat fields has shown that suitable nesting areas for Skylarks can be made by turning the seeding machine off (or lifting the drill) for a 5 to 10 metres stretch as the tractor goes over the ground to briefly stop the seeds being sown. This is repeated in several areas within the same field to make about 2 skylark plots per hectare. Subsequent spraying and fertilizing can be continuous over the entire field. DEFRA suggests that Skylark plots should not be nearer than 24 m to the perimeter of the field, should not be near to telegraph poles, and should not be enclosed by trees.

When the crop grows, the Skylark plots (areas without crop seeds) become areas of low vegetation where Skylarks can easily hunt insects, and can build their well camouflaged ground nests. These areas of low vegetation are just right for Skylarks, but the wheat in the rest of the field becomes too closely packed and too tall for the bird to seek food. At the RSPB's research farm in Cambridgeshire Skylark numbers have increased threefold (from 10 pairs to 30 pairs) over 6 years. Fields where Skylarks were seen the year before (or near by) would be obvious good sites for Skylark plots. Farmers have reported that skylark plots are easy to make and the RSPB hope that this simple effective technique can be copied nationwide.

In culture

When the word "lark" is used without specification, it usually refers to this species (OED). A collective noun for Skylarks is an "exaltation". Although the OED describes this usage as "fanciful", it traces it back to a quotation from John Lydgate dating from about 1430. The verb "skylark", originally used by sailors, means "play tricks or practical jokes; indulge in horseplay, frolic". The verb and noun "lark", with similar meaning, may be related to "skylark" or to the dialect word "laik" (New Shorter OED).

According to Armorial Gold Heraldry Symbolism, in heraldry the lark symbolises merriment, hope, happiness, good fortune, and creativity.

The Skylark has featured in many songs, poems and other works of literature and art.

• William Shakespeare twice refers to the lark singing "at heaven's gate": Sonnet 29, and Cymbeline, Act II, scene 3, line 20.
• The Skylark's song traditionally symbolises daybreak, as in Romeo and Juliet, Act III, Scene 5, when Juliet says:

Wilt thou be gone? it is not yet near day:

It was the nightingale, and not the lark,

That pierced the fearful hollow of thine ear...

• Percy Bysshe Shelley's well-known poem To a Skylark begins:

Hail to thee, blithe spirit!

Bird thou never wert!

• The song Alouette is a song about the plucking of a Skylark. Alouette is the French word for Skylark.
• Ciocârlia (The Skylark) is a well-known Romanian folk tune, performed by prominent artists such as Grigoraş Dinicu, George Enescu and Gheorghe Zamfir. It was also used as a tune for a Romanian number station.
• The poem The Lark Ascending of 112 lines by George Meredith inspired the orchestral music also called The Lark Ascending by Ralph Vaughan Williams.
• The poem "In Flanders Fields" written by Canadian physician and Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae on the battle fields of France during the First World War, sites:

"The larks, still bravely singing, fly"

contrasting the beauty of the bird's song with the battle bellow.

• E. E. "Doc" Smith's fictional Skylark series centers around a series of spacecraft able to, among other things, hover and change speed and direction rapidly.
• Hoagy Carmichael wrote the famous tune "Skylark" in 1942. The lyrics are by Johnny Mercer.
• Garnet Silk sang a song titled "Skylarking".
• The Canadian Football League has a team called the Montreal Alouettes who currently (2009) sit first in the league.
• In the movie Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (film) the lark is referenced in the song Green Finch and Linnet Bird
• In The Prophet (book), Lebanese poet Kahlil Gibran wrote:

"O, people of Orphalese,

you may muffle the drums,

and you may loosen the strings of the lyre,

but who shall command the skylark not to sing?"

References

• Donald, Paul F. (2004). The Skylark. Poyser, London. ISBN 0-7136-6568-8. 

Further reading

Identification

• Lidster, James (2007) Identification: Skylark and Woodlark Birdwatch

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Skylark

• Oiseaux images
• Skylark on BBC website - includes a photograph of a skylark plot
• A nature feature "The Lark Ascending" broadcast June 2006 on BBC radio 4 - website includes photograph of a skylark plot
• Sustainable Arable Farming for an Improved Environment (SAFFIE) website
• pdf download about skylark conservation on SAFFIE website - includes a photograph of a skylark plot
• Skylark plots, the skylark, and the RSPB's Volunteer & Farmer Alliance on RSPB website
• Skylark ecology on RSPB website
• Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta
• UKBAP site description