SNi

S_Ni or Substitution Nucleophilic internal stands for a specific but not often encountered nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction mechanism.

A typical representative organic reaction displaying this mechanism is the chlorination of alcohols with thionyl chloride, or the decomposition of alkyl chloroformates, the main feature is retention of stereochemical configuration.

Thionyl chloride first reacts with the alcohol to form an alkyl chloro sulfite, actually forming an intimate ion pair. The second step is the concerted loss of a sulfur dioxide molecule and its replacement by the chloride, which was attached to the sulfite group. The difference between SN1 and SNi is actually that the ion pair is not completely dissociated, and therefore no real carbocation is formed, which else would lead to a racemisation.

This reaction type is linked to many forms of Neighbouring group participation, for instance the reaction of the sulfur or nitrogen lone pair in sulfur mustard or nitrogen mustard to form the cationic intermediate.

This reaction mechanism is supported by the observation that addition of pyridine to the reaction leads to inversion. The reasoning behind this finding is that pyridine reacts with the intermediate sulfite replacing chlorine. The dislodged chloride has to resort to nucleophilic attack from the rear as in a regular nucleophilic substitution.

In the complete picture for this reaction the sulfite reacts with a chlorine ion in a standard S_N2 reaction with inversion of configuration. When the solvent is also a nucleophile such as dioxane two successive S_N2 reactions take place and the stereochemistry is again retention. With standard SN1 reaction conditions the reaction outcome is retention via a competing SNi mechanism and not racemization and with pyridine added the result is again inversion.

See also

• Nucleophilic acyl substitution

References

• Jerry March. Advanced Organic Chemistry. John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-85472-7.