Social Credit (often called Socred for short) is an economic ideology and a social movement which started in the
early 1920s. Social Credit was originally an economic theory developed by Scottish engineer
Major C. H. Douglas. The name Social Credit came from his desire to make the
betterment of society (Social) the goal of the monetary system (Credit).
The Canadian social credit movement was by far the most notable, but
the ideas also gained some lesser success in other countries. One such country was New
Zealand, where the Social Credit Party gained several seats in
the national parliament, with 21% of the total votes at one election. In Britain, the Kibbo
Kift, a small breakaway from the Boy Scout movement, transformed itself into the Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit, a political uniform-wearing paramilitary mass-movement, that marched, demonstrated and agitated in the
1930s for the introduction of a Social Credit system.
Theory
C. H. Douglas proposed that because rate of flow of income received in any period of
production was less than the prices generated in the same period there arose a deficiency in purchasing power in that period. He
demonstrated this ostensible flaw with his A+B theorem, which states that if A is the payments made to all the
consumers in the economy (through wages, salaries and dividends) and B is the payments made by producers that are not paid
to consumers (such as the overhead costs of buildings and equipment as they wear
out) then the price charged for all goods must be at least A+B , but as only "A" payments are received as income
then incomes received were less than prices generated in the same period of production.
For such a system to sustain itself Douglas asserted that some or all of the following must happen:
- People go into debt by buying on credit
- Governments borrow and increase the national debt
- Businesses borrow from banks to finance expansion, in a way that creates new money
- Businesses sell below cost, and eventually go bankrupt
- A state wins a trade war, putting foreigners in debt to us for our surplus of
exports
- A state has a real war, "exporting" goods such as tanks and bombs
to the enemy without ever expecting to be paid for them, financing this by government borrowing
If these things don't happen "businesses are forced to lay off workers, unemployment rises, the economy stagnates, taxes go
unpaid, governments cut back services, and we have widespread poverty, when physically all of us could be living in
plenty."
Douglas believed that Social Credit could fix this problem by ensuring that there was always enough money (credits)
issued to buy all the goods that could be produced. His solution is outlined in three core demands:
- For a "National Credit Office" to calculate on a statistical basis the amount of credit that should be circulating in the
economy;
- For a price adjustment mechanism that reflects the real cost of production (aggregate consumption in the same period of
time);
- For a "National Dividend" to give a basic guaranteed income to all regardless of whether or not they have a job.
The engineer argued that this last demand makes sense now that automation and labor-saving devices have reduced the number of
workers we need to produce our goods, and the hours they would have to work.
Douglas' ideas enjoyed great popularity during the Great Depression, although not
enough to realize his plan.
Some prominent groups and individuals, most notably the poet Ezra Pound and the leaders of
the Australian League of Rights, have subscribed to Social Credit as an
economic theory, believing that it demonstrated the guilt of "Jewish bankers," who supposedly control the world's
economy[citation needed]. Social Credit lays the blame
for many economic woes at the feet of private banks, most especially those that practice
fractional-reserve banking. Douglas turned to anti-Semitism by the end of the
Second World War.[1] Anti-Semitism was not wide-spread
among the theory's supporters, although Solon Earl Low, leader of the Social Credit Party
of Canada from 1944 to 1961 was a noted anti-Semite.
Later versions of Social Credit theory
Robert A. Heinlein described a Social Credit economy in his first novel,
For Us, the Living (published in 2003, but apparently written ca. 1939). (Beyond This Horizon
describes a similar system, but in less detail.) The society in the book uses a method to prevent inflation: the government makes
a deal with business owners. Instead of increasing prices, they cut prices, and the government (or the Bank of the United States)
pays them the difference after seeing their sales receipts. Like the guaranteed income or heritage checks, this money comes out
of the inkwell. In the future, the government no longer uses taxation to fund itself. The characters point out that present
"fractional reserve" law allows banks to create money (by loaning out many times more money than they have on hand), while in
Heinlein's future society only the US government can create US currency.
Robert Anton Wilson proposed another form of Social Credit. His plan aimed to end
wage slavery, and began by offering a reward to any worker who designed him-or-herself out
of a job. The guaranteed income (or, in the Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy, a lesser reward to all other workers who "lose" their jobs
to innovation) would prevent starvation. This income would consist of "trade aids" which would lose numerical value with the
passage of time. This official reduction in value would encourage spending and (although Wilson does not state this explicitly)
limit price inflation. Elsewhere, Wilson attributed this strategy to Silvio Gesell, who
also suggested the government encourage small communities to experiment with alternative economic models. If one of these
enclaves seemed especially successful, the country could copy their model in place of Gesell's own plan.
Arguments
Many if not all critics of Social Credit have argued that it would cause inflation.
Heinlein's presentation contains a modified A+B theorem, stressing the argument that all savings remove money from
circulation. Wilson does not seem to mention this justification for the plan, stressing instead that the plan (in his view) would
end poverty, taxation and wage slavery.
Groups influenced by Social Credit
Australia
Canada
Federal political parties:
Provincial political parties:
Organizations:
New Zealand
Solomon Islands
United Kingdom
Social Credit in fiction and poetry
See also
- This entry is related to, but not included in the Political ideologies series or one of
its sub-series. Other related articles can be found at the Politics Portal.
Distributism
References
Further reading
This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see full disclaimer)
