peat moss

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Sphagnum
a clump of Sphagnum, peat moss
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Bryophyta
Class:	Sphagnopsida
Subclass:	Sphagnidae
Order:	Sphagnales
Family:	Sphagnaceae
Genus:	Sphagnum L.
Species
Sphagnum affine Sphagnum angustifolium Sphagnum girgensohnii Sphagnum magellanicum Sphagnum novo-caledoniae Sphagnum russowii for more species see text.

Sphagnum is a genus of between 151-350 species of mosses commonly called peat moss, due to its prevalence in peat bogs and mires. A distinction is made between sphagnum moss, the live moss growing on top of a peat bog on one hand, and sphagnum peat moss (North American usage) or sphagnum peat (British usage) on the other, the latter being the decaying matter underneath.^[1] Bogs are dependent on precipitation as their main source of nutrients, thus making them a favourable habitat for sphagnum as it can retain water and air quite well. Members of this genus can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; some species can hold up to 20 times their dry weight in water, which is why peat moss is commonly sold as a soil amendment. The empty cells help retain water in drier conditions. In wetter conditions, the spaces contain air and help the moss float for photosynthetic purposes. Sphagnum and the peat formed from it do not decay readily because of the phenolic compounds embedded in the moss's cell walls. An additional reason is that the bogs in which Sphagnum grows are submerged, deoxygenated, and favor slower anaerobic decay rather than aerobic microbial action. Peat moss can also acidify its surroundings by taking up cations such as calcium and magnesium and releasing hydrogen ions.

Common sundew in a Sphagnum moss cushion

Individual peat moss plants consist of a main stem, with tightly arranged clusters of branch fascicles usually consisting of two or three spreading branches and two to four hanging branches. The top of the plant, or capitulum, has compact clusters of young branches. Along the stem are scattered leaves of various shape, named stem leaves; the shape varies according to species. The leaves consist of two kinds of cell; small, green, living cells (chlorophyllose cells), and large, clear, structural, dead cells (hyaline cells). The latter have the large water-holding capacity.

Spores are released from specialized black, shiny capsules located at the tips of thin stalks. Sphagnum species also reproduce by fragmentation.

Peat moss can be distinguished from other moss species by its unique branch clusters. The plant and stem color, the shape of the branch and stem leaves, and the shape of the green cells are all characteristics used to identify peat moss to species.

Geographic distribution

Peat mosses occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere where different species dominate the top layer of peat bogs and moist tundra areas. The northernmost populations of peat moss lie in the archipelago of Svalbard, Arctic Norway at 81° N.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the largest peat moss areas are in New Zealand, Tasmania, southernmost Chile and Argentina, but contain comparatively few species. Many species are reported from mountainous, subtropical Brazil, but uncertainty exists regarding the specific status of many of them.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

Peat moss soil amendment, made of decayed, compacted Sphagnum moss

Decayed, compacted Sphagnum moss has the name of peat or peat moss. This is used as a soil additive which increases the soil's capacity to hold water and nutrients by increasing capillary forces and cation exchange capacity (CEC). This is often necessary when dealing with very sandy soil, or plants that need an increased moisture content to flourish. One such group of plants are the carnivorous plants, often found in wetlands (bogs for example). Dried Sphagnum moss is also used in northern Arctic regions as an insulating material. Peat moss is also a critical element for growing mushrooms; mycelium grows in compost with a layer of peat moss on top, through which the mushrooms come out, a process called pinning.

Anaerobic acidic Sphagnum bogs are known to preserve mammalian bodies extremely well for millennia. Examples of these preserved specimens are Tollund Man, Haraldskær Woman, Clonycavan Man and Lindow Man. Such Sphagnum bogs can also preserve human hair and clothing, one of the most noteworthy examples being Egtved Girl, Denmark. Because of the acidity of peat, however, bones are dissolved rather than preserved. These bogs have also been used to preserve food. Bog butters have been found in Scottish and Irish peat bogs.^[2] Containing butter or lard, bog butters have been found that are up to 2000 years old.^[3]

Sphagnum moss has also been used for centuries as a dressing for wounds, including during both World Wars. It is absorptive and extremely acidic, inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi. However, see Health dangers below.

Sphagnum moss is used as an environmentally-friendly alternative to chlorine in swimming pool sanitation.^[4] The moss inhibits the growth of microbes and reduces or eliminates the need for chlorine in swimming pools.^[5]

Peat moss is used to dispose of the clarified liquid output (effluent) from septic tanks in areas that lack the proper soil to support an ordinary disposal means or for soils that were ruined by previous improper maintenance of existing systems.

In New Zealand, both the species Sphagnum cristatum and Sphagnum subnitens are harvested by hand and exported worldwide for use as hanging basket liners, as a growing medium for young orchids, and mixed in with other potting mixes to enhance their moisture retaining value.

It is also used at horse stables as a bedding in horse stalls. It is not a very common bedding, but some farm owners choose peat moss to compost with horse manure.

It can also be used as a substrate for tarantulas as it is easy to burrow into and contains no insecticides which could kill the spider.

It should be noted that there is a difference in naming conventions for similar things related to sphagnum moss. The terms that people use when referring to moss peat, peat moss, and bog moss can be taken out of context and be used when reference is actually being made about a plant that is still growing, as opposed to the decayed and compressed plant material. These terms are commonly used for both forms of the same plant material, resulting in confusion as to what the speaker is actually talking about.

Conservation of Peat Bogs

Mer Bleue Conservation Area, a large protected Sphagnum bog near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Large-scale peat harvesting is not sustainable^{[citation needed]}. It takes thousands of years to form the peat "bricks" that are harvested in just a week. In particular, the extraction of large quantities of moss is a threat to raised bogs. Coir has been touted as a sustainable alternative to peat moss in growing media.^[6]

During the 17th century in Holland, peat bogs were drained to feed a burgeoning peat mining industry. The system of dikes and waterways existing today in Holland were once a peat bog.^[7]

More than 90% of the bogs in England have been damaged or destroyed.^[8][9] A handful of bogs have been preserved through government buyouts of peat-mining interests.^[10]

Conservation in New Zealand

In New Zealand, care is taken during the harvesting of sphagnum moss (not to be confused with moss peat) to ensure that there is enough moss remaining to allow regrowth. This is commonly done using a 3 year cycle.^{[citation needed]} If a good percentage of moss is not left for regrowth, the time that it takes for the swamp to revert to its original state can be up to a decade or more if serious damage has occurred.

This "farming" as done in New Zealand is based on a sustainable management program approved by New Zealand's Department of Conservation. This plan ensures the regeneration of the moss, while protecting the wildlife and the environment. Most harvesting in New Zealand swamps is done only using pitchforks without the use of heavy machinery. During transportation, helicopters are commonly employed to transfer the newly harvested moss from the swamp to the nearest road. This is an important component of the transportation process, as it prevents damage to other components of the ecosystem during the initial transportation phase. The removal of sphagnum moss in a managed environment does not cause a swamp to dry out. In fact the swamp environment is improved such that the regrown moss is normally better quality than the previously harvested moss that was removed.

The greatest threat to the existence of sphagnum moss swamps is the intentional draining for encroaching farmland.

Health dangers

Sphagnum moss can potentially harbour the chronic fungal disease, sporotrichosis. Sporothrix schenckii spores enter the skin via abrasions, scratches, and small puncture wounds as a result of unprotected contact exposure to Sphagnum moss.

Species

List of Sphagnum species

Footnotes

References

Eddy, A. (1988). A Handbook of Malesian Mosses. Volume 1. Sphagnales to Dicranales. UK: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 202 pp. ISBN 0565010387. 

Wikispecies has information related to: Sphagnum

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sphagnaceae

External links

• Growing Sphagnum on CultureSheet dot org
• [1] Sphagnum Moss vs Sphagnum Peat Moss; Virginia Co-Op Extension