squirrel

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(skwûr'əl, skwŭr'-) pronunciation
n.
  1. Any of various arboreal rodents of the genus Sciurus and related genera of the family Sciuridae, having a long flexible bushy tail and including the fox squirrel, gray squirrel, and red squirrel. Also called tree squirrel.
  2. Any of various other rodents of the family Sciuridae, as the ground squirrel or the flying squirrel.
  3. The fur of one of these rodents.
tr.v., -reled, or -relled, -rel·ing, or -rel·ling, -rels, or -rels.
To hide or store: squirreled away her money.

[Middle English squirel, from Anglo-Norman esquirel, from Vulgar Latin *scūriolus, diminutive of *scūrius, alteration of Latin sciūrus, from Greek skiouros : skiā, shadow + ourā, tail.]



Any of about 260 species in 50 genera (family Sciuridae) of mostly diurnal rodents found almost worldwide. Many species are arboreal; some are terrestrial. All species have strong hind legs and a hairy tail. They vary widely in colour and form and range in total length from the 4-in. (10-cm) African pygmy squirrel to the giant squirrels of Asia, about 35 in. (90 cm) long. Tree dwellers live in a tree hollow or nest, and most are active year-round. Ground dwellers live in burrows, and many become dormant in winter (hibernate) or summer (estivate). Most species are primarily vegetarian and are fond of seeds and nuts; some eat insects or supplement their diet with animal protein. chipmunk; flying squirrel; ground squirrel; marmot; prairie dog.

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verb

    To store up (supplies or money), usually well beyond one's needs. hoard, stockpile, treasure. Slang stash. See collect/distribute, give/take/reciprocity.

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squirrel, name for small or medium-sized rodents of the family Sciuridae, found throughout the world except in Australia, Madagascar, and the polar regions; it is applied especially to the tree-living species. Tree squirrels range from the size of a mouse to the size of a house cat and vary greatly in color; some Asian tree squirrels are brilliantly patterned. In addition to the tree squirrels, the family includes the ground squirrel, chipmunk, marmot, woodchuck, prairie dog, and flying squirrel.

Tree Squirrel Characteristics and Behavior

The so-called typical tree squirrels are members of the genus Sciurus, with about 40 species distributed throughout forested regions of Eurasia and the Americas. These are day-active animals with slender bodies, sleek, thick fur, and bushy tails. Their coats are black, gray, brown, or reddish above and light-colored below. Light, swift, and agile, tree squirrels leap from branch to branch and scurry up and down trees using their sharp claws to dig into the trunk; they always descend head first. The tail is used as a rudder when the animal leaps and as a parachute when it drops. They have excellent sight, including good color vision. The handlike forepaws are used for holding food. Tree squirrels make nests in holes in trees or on branches. They spend much time on the ground, foraging for fruit, nuts, and insects; they also sometimes eat eggs, young birds, and smaller mammals. Members of many species store food for the winter in holes or buried in the ground; they locate these stores by means of smell. They do not hibernate.

Types of Tree Squirrels

Sciurus species include the Eurasian red squirrel, S. vulgaris, and the North American gray squirrels, fox squirrel, and tufted-eared squirrels. Gray squirrels have tails about as long as the combined head and body length. The eastern gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, common in the eastern half of the United States and extreme southern Canada, is up to 20 in. (51 cm) in total length, 5 in. (13 cm) high at the shoulder, and weighs 1 to 11/2 lb (450-700 grams). It has been introduced in Europe. The western gray squirrel, S. griseus, of the U.S. West Coast, is slightly larger. The fox squirrel, S. niger, is the largest North American squirrel, reaching 29 in. (74 cm) in total length; its head is somewhat square. It displays great variation in its fur color but is commonly light brown. It is found in the eastern half of the United States, excluding the extreme northeast. Although its numbers have been greatly diminished by hunting and clearing, it is still common in some areas. It has also been introduced in city parks in western states. The tufted-eared squirrels, also called tassel-eared, or Abert, squirrels, are very distinctive, with tall plumes of hair on their ears. They inhabit yellow pine forests of the Colorado Plateau. One variety, the Kaibab squirrel, is found only on the northern rim of the Grand Canyon. North American red squirrels, also known as pine squirrels and chickarees, are species of the genus Tamiasciurus. They are small and noisy, about 12 in. (30 cm) long and 31/2 in. (9 cm) high, weighing 5 to 10 oz (140-280 grams). They are found in the pine forests of Alaska, Canada, and the N and W United States. Other genera of arboreal squirrels are found mostly in Africa, S and SE Asia, and Central and South America.

Classification

Squirrels are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Sciuridae.

Bibliography

See D. MacClintock, Squirrels of North America (1970).



1. n. a strange or eccentric person.  Martin can be such a squirrel.
2. n. a car engine's horsepower. (Usually plural.)  I got 440 squirrels and a gaggle of carburetors.

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squirrel

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pronunciation

IN BRIEF: A small animal with a bushy tale that lives in trees and eats nuts.

pronunciation My dog is barking at the squirrel in the tree.

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sign description: Both bent V-hands make a tapping motion up near the mouth.




Small, arboreal, mostly herbivorous rodents varying in color from gray to shiny black, red and cream, and in size from mouse to large cat. Some are insectivorous, and many are terrestrial, e.g. the chipmunks. Some glide although they are called flying squirrels. Most squirrels are diurnal but the flying genera are nocturnal. They are all members of the family Sciuridae, which includes a very large number of species, and are distinguished by their fine, dense fur and their bushy, plume-like tails and ears that are often surmounted by tufts of hair.

  • s. corndicentra canadensis.
  • s. fibroma — a poxvirus disease caused by a member of the genus Leporipoxvirus in which there are typical subcutaneous fibroma lesions. The virus isolated from the lesions has been used to produce fibroma lesions in rabbits.
  • fox s. — this species has a characteristic of inherited porphyria manifested by fluorescence of bones and teeth when viewed under ultraviolet light, and a pink coloration of these and other tissues. There is no photosensitization. Called also Sciurus spp.
  • s. monkey — a dramatically colored, e.g. yellow-green with red lower limbs, squirrel-sized, carnivorous monkey distinguished by its large brain. Called also Saimiri sciureus.
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  See crossword solutions for the clue Squirrel.
Squirrels
Temporal range: Late Eocene—Recent
Various members of the Sciuridae family
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Sciuridae
Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Subfamilies and tribes

and see text

Squirrels belong to a large family of small or medium-sized rodents called the Sciuridae. The family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including woodchucks), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living species.

Contents

Etymology

The word "squirrel", first specified in 1327, comes from Anglo-Norman esquirel from the Old French escurel, the reflex of a Latin word sciurus. This Latin word was borrowed from the Ancient Greek word σκίουρος, skiouros, which means shadow-tailed, referring to the bushy appendage possessed by many of its members.[1][2]

The native Old English word, ācweorna, survived only into Middle English (as aquerne) before being replaced.[3] The Old English word is of Common Germanic origin, with cognates such as German Eichhorn, Norwegian ekorn, Dutch eekhoorn, Swedish ekorre and Danish egern.

Characteristics

Skull of an Oriental giant squirrel (genus Ratufa) - note the classic sciuromorphous shape of the anterior zygomatic region.

Squirrels are generally small animals, ranging in size from the African pygmy squirrel at 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) in length and just 10 g (0.35 oz) in weight, to the Alpine marmot which is 53–73 cm (21–29 in) long and weighs from 5 to 8 kg (11 to 18 lb). Squirrels typically have slender bodies with bushy tails and large eyes. Their fur is generally soft and silky, although much thicker in some species than others. The color of squirrels is highly variable between—and often even within—species.[4]

The hind limbs are generally longer than the fore limbs, and they have four or five toes on each foot. Their paws on their fore feet include a thumb, although this is often poorly developed. The feet also have soft pads on the undersides.[5]

Squirrels live in almost every habitat from tropical rainforest to semiarid desert, avoiding only the high polar regions and the driest of deserts. They are predominantly herbivorous, subsisting on seeds and nuts, but many will eat insects and even small vertebrates.[6]

As their large eyes indicate, squirrels generally have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for tree-dwelling species. They also have very versatile and sturdy claws for grasping and climbing.[7] Many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their heads and limbs.[5]

The teeth of sciurids follow the typical rodent pattern, with large gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, and grinding cheek teeth set back behind a wide gap, or diastema. The typical dental formula for sciurids is Upper: 1.0.1.3, lower: 1.0.1.3[citation needed]

Behavior

Several species of squirrels have melanistic phases. In large parts of United States and Canada, the most common variety seen in urban areas is the melanistic form of the eastern gray squirrel.

Squirrels breed once or twice a year and give birth to a varying number of young after three to six weeks, depending on species. The young are born naked, toothless, and blind. In most species of squirrel, only the female looks after the young, which are weaned at around six to ten weeks of age and become sexually mature at the end of their first year. Ground-dwelling species are generally social animals, often living in well-developed colonies, but the tree-dwelling species are more solitary.[5]

Ground and tree squirrels are typically diurnal or crepuscular,[8] while flying squirrels tend to be nocturnal—except for lactating flying squirrels and their offspring, which have a period of diurnality during the summer.[9]

Feeding

Squirrel eating a peanut
The Indian palm squirrel is the most common type of squirrel found in India.

Squirrels cannot digest cellulose, so must rely on foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats. In temperate regions, early spring is the hardest time of year for squirrels, because buried nuts begin to sprout and are no longer available for the squirrel to eat, and new food sources have not become available yet. During these times, squirrels rely heavily on the buds of trees. Squirrels' diets consist primarily of a wide variety of plants, including nuts, seeds, conifer cones, fruits, fungi and green vegetation. However, some squirrels also consume meat, especially when faced with hunger.[6] Squirrels have been known to eat insects, eggs, small birds, young snakes and smaller rodents. Indeed, some tropical species have shifted almost entirely to a diet of insects.[10]

Predatory behavior has been noted by various species of ground squirrels, particularly the thirteen-lined ground squirrel.[11] For example, Bailey, a scientist in the 1920s, observed a thirteen-lined ground squirrel preying upon a young chicken.[12] Wistrand reported seeing this same species eating a freshly killed snake.[13] Whitaker examined the stomachs of 139 thirteen-lined ground squirrels and found bird flesh in four of the specimens and the remains of a short-tailed shrew in one;[14] Bradley, examining white-tailed antelope squirrels' stomachs, found at least 10% of his 609 specimens' stomachs contained some type of vertebrate, mostly lizards and rodents.[15] Morgart observed a white-tailed antelope squirrel capturing and eating a silky pocket mouse.[16]

Taxonomy

The living squirrels are divided into five subfamilies, with about 58 genera and some 285 species.[17] The oldest squirrel fossil, Hesperopetes, dates back to the Chadronian (late Eocene, about 40–35 million years ago) and is similar to modern flying squirrels.[18]

A variety of squirrels, from the latest Eocene to the Miocene, could not be assigned with certainty to any living lineage. At least some of these probably were variants of the oldest basal "protosquirrels" (in the sense that they lacked the full range of living squirrels' autapomorphies). The distribution and diversity of such ancient and ancestral forms suggest the squirrels as a group may have originated in North America.[19]

Apart from these sometimes little-known fossil forms, the phylogeny of the living squirrels is fairly straightforward. The three main lineages are the Ratufinae (Oriental giant squirrels), Sciurillinae and all other subfamilies. The Ratufinae contain a mere handful of living species in tropical Asia. The neotropical pygmy squirrel of tropical South America is the sole living member of the Sciurillinae. The third lineage, by far the largest, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution. This further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all squirrels, living and fossil, lived in North America, as these three most ancient lineages seem to have radiated from there; if squirrels had originated in Eurasia, for example, one would expect quite ancient lineages in Africa, but African squirrels seem to be of more recent origin.[19]

The main group of squirrels also can be split into three subgroups, which yield the remaining subfamilies. The Sciurinae contains the flying squirrels (Pteromyini) and the Sciurini, which among others contains the American tree squirrels; the former have often been considered a separate subfamily, but are now seen as a tribe of the Sciurinae. The pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus), on the other hand, are usually included with the main tree squirrel lineage, but appear to be about as distinct as the flying squirrels; hence, they are sometimes considered a distinct tribe, Tamiasciurini.[20]

Two of the three subfamilies are of about equal size, containing between nearly 70 and 80 species each; the third is about twice as large. The Sciurinae contains arboreal (tree-living) squirrels, mainly of the Americas and to a lesser extent Eurasia. The Callosciurinae is most diverse in tropical Asia and contains squirrels which are also arboreal, but have a markedly different habitus and appear more "elegant", an effect enhanced by their often very colorful fur. The Xerinae—the largest subfamily—are made up from the mainly terrestrial (ground-living) forms and include the large marmots and the popular prairie dogs, among others, as well as the tree squirrels of Africa; they tend to be more gregarious than other squirrels, which do not usually live together in close-knit groups.[19]

  • Basal and incertae sedis Sciuridae (all fossil)
    • Hesperopetes
    • Kherem
    • Lagrivea
    • Oligosciurus
    • Plesiosciurus
    • Prospermophilus
    • Sciurion
    • Similisciurus
    • Sinotamias
    • Vulcanisciurus
  • Subfamily Cedromurinae (fossil)
  • Subfamily Ratufinae – Oriental giant squirrels (1 genus, 4 species)
  • Subfamily Sciurillinae – neotropical pygmy squirrel (monotypic)
  • Subfamily Sciurinae
    • Tribe Sciurini – tree squirrels (5 genera, about 38 species)
    • Tribe Pteromyini – true flying squirrels (15 genera, about 45 species)
  • Subfamily Callosciurinae – Asian ornate squirrels
    • Tribe Callosciurini (13 genera, nearly 60 species)
    • Tribe Funambulini palm squirrels (1 genus, 5 species)
  • Subfamily Xerinae – terrestrial squirrels
    • Tribe Xerini – spiny squirrels (3 genera, 6 species)
    • Tribe Protoxerini (6 genera, about 50 species)
    • Tribe Marmotini – ground squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, prairie dogs, etc. (6 genera, about 90 species)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "squirrel, n.". The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd. ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50235460. Retrieved 8 November 2010. 
  2. ^ Whitaker & Elman (1980): 370
  3. ^ "Squirrel". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=squirrel. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
  4. ^ Tree Squirrels, Wildlife Online, 23 November 2010.
  5. ^ a b c Milton (1984)
  6. ^ a b Squirrel Place - squirrels.org - Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  7. ^ "Squirrel" - HowStuffWorks
  8. ^ "Red & Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts". MassWildlife. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/wildlife/living/living_with_squirrels.htm. Retrieved 2012-04-03. 
  9. ^ Törmälä, Timo; Vuorinen, Hannu; Hokkanen, Heikki (1980). "Timing of circadian activity in the flying squirrel in central Finland". Acta Theriologica 25 (32–42): 461–474. http://acta.zbs.bialowieza.pl/contents/?art=1980-025-32-42-0461. Retrieved 11 July 2007. 
  10. ^ Richard W. Thorington, Katie Ferrell - Squirrels: the animal answer guide, JHU Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8018-8402-0, ISBN 978-0-8018-8402-3, p. 75.
  11. ^ Friggens, M. (2002). "Carnivory on Desert Cottontails by Texas Antelope Ground Squirrels". The Southwestern Naturalist 47 (1): 132–133. doi:10.2307/3672818. JSTOR 3672818. 
  12. ^ Bailey, B. (1923). "Meat-eating propensities of some rodents of Minnesota". Journal of Mammalogy 4: 129. 
  13. ^ Wistrand, E.H. (1972). "Predation on a Snake by Spermophilus tridecemlineatus". American Midland Naturalist 88 (2): 511–512. doi:10.2307/2424389. JSTOR 2424389. 
  14. ^ Whitaker, J.O. (1972). "Food and external parasites of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Vigo County, Indiana". Journal of Mammalogy 53 (3): 644–648. doi:10.2307/1379067. JSTOR 1379067. 
  15. ^ Bradley, W. G. (1968). "Food habits of the antelope ground squirrel in southern Nevada". Journal of Mammalogy 49 (1): 14–21. doi:10.2307/1377723. JSTOR 1377723. 
  16. ^ Morgart, J. R. (May 1985). "Carnivorous behavior by a white-tailed antelope ground squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus". The Southwestern Naturalist 30 (2): 304–305. doi:10.2307/3670745. JSTOR 3670745. 
  17. ^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (2011). "Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness". Zootaxa 3148: 56–60. http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p060.pdf. 
  18. ^ Emry, R. J.; Korth, W.W. (2007). "A new genus of squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from the mid-Cenozoic of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 693–698. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[693:ANGOSR]2.0.CO;2. 
  19. ^ a b c Steppan & Hamm (2006)
  20. ^ Steppan et al. (2004), Steppan & Hamm (2006)

References

External links


Translations:

Squirrel

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Dansk (Danish)
n. - egern
v. tr. - gemme væk

idioms:

  • squirrel away    hamstre, gemme væk

Nederlands (Dutch)
eekhoorn

Français (French)
n. - écureuil
v. tr. - mettre de côté

idioms:

  • squirrel away    mettre de côté

Deutsch (German)
n. - Eichhörnchen
v. - hamstern

idioms:

  • squirrel away    horten

Ελληνική (Greek)
n. - (ζωολ.) σκίουρος
v. - μαζεύω, καταχωνιάζω

idioms:

  • squirrel away    καταχωνιάζω

Italiano (Italian)
scoiattolo

idioms:

  • squirrel away    accaparrarsi

Português (Portuguese)
n. - esquilo (m)
v. - armazenar

idioms:

  • squirrel away    esconder

Русский (Russian)
белка, беличий мех, суслик, запасливый человек, собирать про запас

idioms:

  • squirrel away    запасаться

Español (Spanish)
n. - ardilla
v. tr. - guardar o esconder (dinero, valores) para el futuro

idioms:

  • squirrel away    acumular, amontonar

Svenska (Swedish)
n. - ekorre
v. - hamstra, lagra

中文(简体)(Chinese (Simplified))
松鼠, 松鼠毛皮, 把...藏起来, 储存

idioms:

  • squirrel away    贮存

中文(繁體)(Chinese (Traditional))
n. - 松鼠, 松鼠毛皮
v. tr. - 把...藏起來, 儲存

idioms:

  • squirrel away    貯存

한국어 (Korean)
n. - 다람쥐, 잡동사니를 소중히 간직하고 있는 사람, 미치광이
v. tr. - 저장하다, (열차) 지붕에 올라가다

idioms:

  • squirrel away    저장하다, 숨겨두다

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - リス, リスの毛皮

idioms:

  • squirrel away    隠す

العربيه (Arabic)
‏(الاسم) سنجاب (فعل) يدخر, يخبىء مالا تحسبا للمستقبل‏

עברית (Hebrew)
n. - ‮סנאי, אוגר‬
v. tr. - ‮אגר (מזון ועוד)‬


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