Staffordshire

 

(stăf'ərdshĭr) , county (1991 pop. 1,020,300), 1,157 sq mi (2,997 sq km), W central England. The county seat is Stafford. The terrain is gently undulating except for a district of rugged moorlands in the north. The principal river is the Trent, which has various tributaries. Much of the land is devoted to cattle pasturage, but the county is primarily industrial. In the north the Potteries district, centered at Stoke-on-Trent, is known for its manufacture of fine china (Wedgwood and Spode), glass, bricks, and clay pottery. In the south is the Black Country, with its formerly extensive coal fields, foundries, and iron and steel mills. Burton upon Trent is famous for its breweries, and Lichfield for its cathedral. The Univ. of Keele is at Keele. The region was once a part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia. In 1974, Staffordshire was reorganized as a nonmetropolitan county.

Staffordshire
Geography
Status	Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county
Origin	Historic
Region	West Midlands
Area - Total - Admin. council - Admin. area	Ranked 18th  km² ( sq mi) Ranked 18th  km² ( sq mi)
Admin HQ	Stafford
ISO 3166-2	GB-STS
ONS code	41
NUTS 3	UKG24
Demographics
Population - Total (2006 est.) - Density - Admin. council - Admin. pop.	Ranked 14th 1,062,500 /km² (/sq mi) Ranked 8th 816,700
Ethnicity	97.0% White 1.7% S.Asian
Politics
Staffordshire County Council http://www.staffordshire.gov.uk
Executive	Labour
Members of Parliament	Charlotte Atkins (L) William Cash (C) Patrick Cormack (C) Janet Dean (L) Michael Fabricant (C) Paul Farrelly (L) Mark Fisher (L) Robert Flello (L) Brian Jenkins (L) David Kidney (L) Joan Walley (L) Tony Wright (L)
Districts
Tamworth Lichfield Cannock Chase South Staffordshire Stafford Newcastle-under-Lyme Staffordshire Moorlands East Staffordshire Stoke-on-Trent (Unitary)

Staffordshire (abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders. It adjoins the ceremonial counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire, and Shropshire.

The largest city in ceremonial Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent. Lichfield also has city status, though is considerably smaller. Wolverhampton and Walsall used to be in Staffordshire but are now within the West Midlands. Major towns include Burton upon Trent, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Cannock, Tamworth, and Stafford itself.

Staffordshire is divided into a number of districts. These are Cannock Chase, East Staffordshire, Lichfield, Newcastle-under-Lyme, South Staffordshire, the Borough of Stafford, Staffordshire Moorlands, and Tamworth. Stoke-on-Trent is administered as an independent unitary authority.

History

Main article: History of Staffordshire

Historically, Staffordshire was divided into the five hundreds of Cuttlestone, Offlow, Pirehill, Seisdon, and Totmonslow.

The historic boundaries of Staffordshire cover much of what is now the metropolitan county of West Midlands. An administrative county of Staffordshire was set up in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888 covering the county except the county boroughs of Wolverhampton, Walsall, and West Bromwich in the south (the area known as the Black Country), and Hanley in the north. The Act also saw the towns of Tamworth (partly in Warwickshire) and Burton upon Trent (partly in Derbyshire) united entirely in Staffordshire.

Handsworth and Perry Barr became part of the county borough of Birmingham in the early 20th century, and thus associated with Warwickshire. Burton, in the east of the county, became a county borough in 1901, and was followed by Smethwick, another Black Country town in 1907. In 1910 the six towns of the Staffordshire Potteries, including Hanley, became the single county borough of Stoke-on-Trent.

A major reorganisation in the Black Country in 1966, under the recommendation of the Local Government Commission for England led to the creation of an area of contiguous county boroughs. The County Borough of Warley was formed by the merger of the county borough of Smethwick and municipal borough of Rowley Regis with the Worcestershire borough of Oldbury : the resulting county borough was associated with Worcestershire. Meanwhile, the county borough of Dudley, historically a detached part of Worcestershire, expanded and became associated with Staffordshire instead. This reorganisation led to the administrative county of Staffordshire having a thin protusion passing between the county boroughs (to the east) and Shropshire, to the west, to form a short border with Worcestershire.

Under the Local Government Act 1972, on April 1, 1974 the county boroughs of the Black Country and the Staffordshire urban district of Aldridge-Brownhills became, along with Birmingham, Solihull, and Coventry and other districts, a new metropolitan county of West Midlands. County boroughs were abolished, with Stoke becoming a non-metropolitan district in Staffordshire, and Burton forming an unparished area in the district of East Staffordshire. On April 1, 1997, under a recommendation of the Banham Commission, Stoke-on-Trent became a unitary authority independent of Staffordshire once more.

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Staffordshire at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added[1]	Agriculture[2]	Industry[3]	Services[4]
1995	6,447	209	2,349	3,889
2000	8,621	150	2,986	5,485
2003	10,169	169	3,164	6,835

1. ^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
2. ^ includes hunting and forestry
3. ^ includes energy and construction
4. ^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

The Britannia Building Society is based in Leek. JCB are based in Rocester near Uttoxeter. Alton Towers is nearby. Alstom has a factory in Stafford, with some (power transmission) being sold in 2003 to Areva.

Education

Staffordshire has a completely comprehensive system with eight independent schools. Most secondary schools are from 11-16 or 16, but two in Staffordshire Moorlands and South Staffordshire are from 13-18. The percentage of pupils gaining five good GCSEs (A-C) including Maths and English in England is 45.8%. For Staffordshire it is 42.8%. In general, the rural parts of Staffordshire perform reasonably well, with the more urban areas performing quite badly. The calculation of Tamworth's GCSE results includes a school (the Rawlett High School) a few metres just over the boundary in the Lichfield district. If it wasn't for the inclusion of that school, Tamworth's results would be one of the worst districts in England. The best performing schools at GCSE are the Clayton Hall Business and Language College in Clayton, Newcastle-under-Lyme and the John Taylor High School in Barton-under-Needwood. East Staffordshire and Newcastle-under-Lyme have a large variation in their GCSE results, with schools either doing very well or badly. At A-level, Staffordshire does not have many high-performing schools (compared to nearby counties), although there are two that do - with the King Edward VI School in Lichfield (the best overall school in Staffordshire) doing very well, followed by the Moorlands Sixth Form Centre (linked to three nearby schools) in Cheadle. The John Taylor High School also does reasonably well. Nearby Stoke on Trent has a selective school that does well at A level.

GCSE results by council district (%)

• Lichfield 51.2
• Staffordshire Moorlands 49.7
• East Staffordshire 48.5
• Stafford 46.1
• South Staffordshire 44.6
• Newcastle-under-Lyme 43.7
• Cannock Chase 33.4
• (City of Stoke on Trent) 33.3
• Tamworth 32.7

Two major universities are located in the county. Keele University is located in Newcastle-under-Lyme. It is a research-intensive university with particular strengths in health and law. Staffordshire University is located in Stoke-on-Trent and in Stafford. It has strengths in Aerospace & Aeronautics.

Geography

In the north and in the south the county is hilly, with wild moorlands in the far north and Cannock Chase an area of natural beauty in the south. In the middle regions the surface is low and undulating. Throughout the entire county there are vast and important coal fields. In the southern part there are also rich iron ore deposits. The largest river is the Trent. The soil is chiefly clay and agriculture was not highly developed until the mechanisation of farms.

Staffordshire is also home to the highest village in Britain, Flash. The village in the Staffordshire Moorlands stands at 463 m (1518ft) above sea level. This record was confirmed in 2007 by the Ordnance Survey after Wanlockhead in Scotland also claimed the record. The BBC's 'The One Show' investigated the case in a bid to settle the argument and Flash turned out to be the highest.

Government

Staffordshire County Council is the local authority for the county.

Boundary changes

• 1844: The Counties (Detached Parts) Act transferred two parishes from, and part of a township to, the county.
• 1888: Those parts of the town of Tamworth lying in Warwickshire were ceded to Staffordshire.
• 1891: Harborne became part of the county borough of Birmingham and thus transferred from Staffordshire to Warwickshire by the Local Govt. Bd.'s Prov. Orders Conf. (No. 13) Act, 54 & 55 Vic. c. 161 (local act).
• 1895: a small section containing the villages of Shatterford and Upper Arley was transferred to Worcestershire.
• 1911: Handsworth became part of Birmingham, then in Warwickshire.
• 1928: Perry Barr was ceded to Warwickshire, also as part of Birmingham.
• 1966: Smethwick and Rowley Regis became part of Worcestershire, as components of the newly-formed borough of Warley. Dudley was ceded from Worcestershire.
• 1974: Under The Local Government Act 1972, Dudley, Wolverhampton, Walsall and West Bromwich (plus Warley and Birmingham) became part of the newly-formed West Midlands County.
• circa 1994: The western/southern shores of Chasewater, were acquired from the West Midlands.

Towns and villages

See the list of places in Staffordshire and the List of civil parishes in Staffordshire

Dogs

A type of bull terrier called the Staffordshire Bull Terrier was bred for hunting purposes in this county. They are known affectionately as "Staffies", and "Nanny-dogs" for their good disposition with children. Staffies should not be confused with the considerably larger American Staffordshire Terrier, American Pit Bull Terrier, and (English) Bull Terrier.

Transport

Canals

Staffordshire has an extensive network of canals including the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal, Caldon Canal, Coventry Canal, Shropshire Union Canal and Trent and Mersey Canal.

Railways

See Rail transport in Staffordshire

Roads

The county has relatively good links to the national roads network. Several major roads intersect the county, making it a popular location for commuters working in Birmingham.

The M42 has a junction in Tamworth at the south-east of the county, and heads south-west towards Birmingham. The M6 runs north through the county and junctions 10A-16 are in the county. The M6 Toll, the UK's first toll motorway, runs through the county with junctions in Weeford near Lichfield, Cannock and joins the M6 heading north towards Stafford.

The A5 and A34 run through the county. The former has been significantly widened to a dual carriageway at several sections, although much of it remains single carriageway.

Places of interest

Alton Towers Ancient High House Belvide Reservoir Biddulph Grange Blithfield Hall Blithfield Reservoir Brindley Water Mill Broad Eye Windmill Cannock Chase Chasewater Railway Cheddleton Flint Mill Churnet Valley Railway Coors Visitor Centre and Museum of Brewing Croxden Abbey Dovecliff Hall Downs Banks Drayton Manor Theme Park Eccleshall Castle Festival Park Ford Green Hall Foxfield Steam Railway Heart of England Way

Ilam Park Izaak Walton Cottage Museum "The Manifold way" following the route of the former Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway Lichfield Cathedral Madeley Old Hall Moseley Old Hall Mow Cop Castle National Memorial Arboretum RSPB Coombes Valley Rudyard Lake Steam Railway Sandon Hall Shugborough Hall Stafford Castle Staffordshire Way Tamworth Castle Trentham Gardens Tutbury Castle Victoria Park Weston Park Whitmore Hall

Key National Trust Forestry Commission Country Park Accessible open space Museums (free/not free) Heritage railway Historic House Castle Abbey/Priory/Cathedral

See also

• Samuel Hieronymus Grimm
• The Stafford knot - as on the coat of arms above
• Tamworth Pig

External links

• BBC Staffordshire website
• Staffordshire County Council
• Staffordshire Past Track - Historical archive about the county
• The story of a Staffordshire Home Guard Battalion, 1940-1944
• Staffordshire Photographs
• Staffordshire Tourism website
• The Staffordshire Encyclopaedia

Ceremonial county of Staffordshire
Unitary authorities	Stoke-on-Trent
Boroughs/Districts	Cannock Chase • East Staffordshire • Lichfield • Newcastle-under-Lyme • South Staffordshire • Stafford • Staffordshire Moorlands • Tamworth
Cities/Towns	Biddulph • Burntwood • Burton upon Trent • Cannock • Cheadle • Eccleshall • Hednesford • Kidsgrove • Leek • Lichfield • Newcastle-under-Lyme • Penkridge • Rugeley • Stafford • Stoke-on-Trent (Burslem • Fenton • Hanley • Longton • Stoke • Tunstall) • Stone • Tamworth • Uttoxeter See also: List of civil parishes in Staffordshire

Districts of the West Midlands Region

Birmingham Bridgnorth Bromsgrove Cannock Chase Coventry Dudley East Staffordshire Herefordshire Lichfield Malvern Hills Newcastle-under-Lyme North Shropshire North Warwickshire Nuneaton and Bedworth Oswestry Redditch Rugby Sandwell Shrewsbury and Atcham Solihull South Shropshire South Staffordshire Stafford Staffordshire Moorlands Stoke-on-Trent Stratford-on-Avon Tamworth Telford and Wrekin Walsall Warwick Wolverhampton Worcester Wychavon Wyre Forest Counties with multiple districts: Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire

Ceremonial counties of England

Counties of the Lieutenancies Act 1997 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • City of Bristol • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumbria • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • Durham • East Riding of Yorkshire • East Sussex • Essex • Gloucestershire • Greater London • Greater Manchester • Hampshire • Herefordshire • Hertfordshire • Isle of Wight • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • City of London • Merseyside • Norfolk • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • North Yorkshire • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Rutland • Shropshire • Somerset • South Yorkshire • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Tyne and Wear • Warwickshire • West Midlands • West Sussex • West Yorkshire • Wiltshire • Worcestershire

Historic counties of England

Counties that originate prior to 1889 Bedfordshire • Berkshire • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cornwall • Cumberland • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • Durham • Essex • Gloucestershire • Hampshire • Herefordshire • Hertfordshire • Huntingdonshire • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • Middlesex • Monmouthshire • Norfolk • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Rutland • Shropshire • Somerset • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Sussex • Warwickshire • Westmorland • Wiltshire • Worcestershire • Yorkshire

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