stentor

Stentor
Stentor roeseli
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukarya
Kingdom:	Chromalveolata
Superphylum:	Alveolata
Phylum:	Ciliophora
Class:	Heterotrichea
Order:	Heterotrichida
Family:	Stentoridae
Genus:	Stentor Oken, 1815

Stentor, sometimes called trumpet animalcules are a genus of filter-feeding, heterotrophic ciliate protists, representative of the heterotrichs. They are usually horn-shaped, and reaching lengths of 2 millimeters, they are among the biggest known unicellular organisms.

Appearance and characteristics

The body, or lorica, is generally horn-shaped, hence the association with the Greek herald and the former name "trumpet animalcule", with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that sweep in food and aid in swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single celled organisms. Stentor can come in different colors. As in many freshwater protozoans, the Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei.

Ecology

Stentors are common worldwide in freshwater lakes and streams, only S. multiformis has been recorded from marine, freshwater and even terrestrial biotopes. They are usually attached to algae and other detritus. Some Stentor species can live symbiotically with certain species of green algae (Chlorella). After being ingested, the algae live on while their host absorbs nutrients produced, whereas the algae, in turn, absorb and feed on the Stentor's metabolic wastes. Stentors react to outside disturbances by contracting into a ball. Resting cysts are known from a few species^[1].

Systematics

The genus contains over twenty described species, including^[2][3]:

• Stentor amethystinus
• Stentor araucanus
• Stentor baicalius (syn. Stentor pygmaeus)
• Stentor barretti
• Stentor caudatus
• Stentor coeruleus
• Stentor cornutus
• Stentor elegans
• Stentor fuliginosus
• Stentor igneus
• Stentor introversus
• Stentor katashimai
• Stentor loricatus
• Stentor magnus
• Stentor muelleri (syn. Stentor felici)
• Stentor multiformis (syn. Stentor gallinulus, =S. nanus)
• Stentor multimicronucleatus
• Stentor niger
• Stentor polymorphus (syn. Stentor pediculatus)
• Stentor pyriformis
• Stentor roeseli

The type species of the genus is Stentor muelleri Ehrenberg, 1831. According to recent molecular analyses, the genus seems to be monophyletic, and related to the genus Blepharisma^[4].

References

External links

• Stentor